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Navigation Menu Automation | Automation Doesn’t Just Create or Destroy Jobs — It Transforms Them Subscribe Sign In Account Menu Account Menu Hi, Guest Search Menu Close menu Search CLEAR * * * * * * * SUGGESTED TOPICS * * * Explore HBR * Latest * The Magazine * Ascend * Podcasts * Store * Webinars * Newsletters Popular Topics * Managing Yourself * Leadership * Strategy * Managing Teams * Gender * Innovation * Work-life Balance * All Topics For Subscribers * The Big Idea * Data & Visuals * Reading Lists * Case Selections * HBR Learning * Subscribe My Account * My Library * Topic Feeds * Orders * Account Settings * Email Preferences * Log Out * Sign In * * * * Subscribe Latest Podcasts The Magazine Ascend Store Webinars Newsletters All Topics The Big Idea Data & Visuals Reading Lists Case Selections HBR Learning My Library Account Settings Log Out Sign In YOUR CART Your Shopping Cart is empty. Visit Our Store Guest User Subscriber My Library Topic Feeds Orders Account Settings Email Preferences Log Out Reading List Reading Lists Latest Magazine Ascend Topics Podcasts Store The Big Idea Data & Visuals Case Selections HBR Learning Automation AUTOMATION DOESN’T JUST CREATE OR DESTROY JOBS — IT TRANSFORMS THEM Three questions firms should ask themselves when deciding whether to automate. by * Ashley Nunes by * Ashley Nunes November 02, 2021 Drazen_/Getty Images * Post * Post * Share * Annotate * Save * Get PDF * Buy Copies * Print Summary. Automation is everywhere these days. While economists often consider the effects of automation in terms of whether it creates or destroys jobs, less attention is paid to how it changes jobs and the wages paid to the workers that perform them. While there are...more Leer en español Ler em português * Post * Post * Share * Annotate * Save * Get PDF * Buy Copies * Print The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of cutting-edge technologies. From contactless cashiers to welding drones to “chow bots” — machines that serve up salads on demand — automation is fundamentally transforming, rather than merely touching, every aspect of daily life. This prospect may well please consumers. Forsaking human folly for algorithmic (and mechanistic) perfection means better, cheaper, and faster service. But what should workers — who once provided these services — expect? Can they also benefit from technological progress? If so, how? The labor market impact of technology is often viewed through the lens of job creation or job destruction. Economists — with near ubiquity — treat technology as being either labor displacing or labor reinstating. If technology displaces workers, jobs are lost. If technology creates (or reinstates) work, jobs are created. Under this dichotomy, the key question is whether technology creates more jobs than it destroys. The World Economic Forum estimates that by 2025, technology will create at least 12 million more jobs than it destroys, a sign that in the long run, automation will be a net positive for society. Technology’s job boosting ability is often touted by tech advocates. Take Waymo, the Google backed startup developing driverless taxis. In recent years, the company’s sensor-laden, white minivans have become a common sight in some American suburbs. However, mobility sans driver raises concerns about job losses. What will otherwise would-be cab (or more likely Uber and Lyft) drivers now do? Waymo’s response? Take up new jobs created by self-driving technology, gigs like self-driving fleet technicians, rider support operators, and software engineers. “We can be helpful as a company that creates jobs,” noted one Waymo exec. Job creation isn’t everything, however. Equally important is what workers can earn for working those jobs. Do wages rise or fall owing to technological progress? BOTS CAN BOOST WAGES Wages — conventional economic theory posits — are dictated by supply and demand. When jobs require specialized skills, wages rise because fewer people can meet demand for these skills. Wages also rise when workers are — regardless of requisite skill — scarce because there are fewer people available to supply their labor. This explains why pilots earn more than plumbers, chemists more than cashiers. Pilots require more specialized skills than plumbers and chemists are (in part because of pricy education requirements) less plentiful than cashiers. Work by the late Alan Krueger hinted at automation’s wage-boosting abilities. Krueger found that computer-savvy workers — laborers who worked alongside automation — commanded wage premiums of 10 to 15% more than their computer-illiterate counterparts. Economic historian James Bessen has suggested that over the past two centuries, wages have risen 10-fold owing to technological progress. Bessen credits wage growth for many ordinary workers to new technology. It’s an encouraging story, but unfortunately, it’s also an incomplete one. Bots may well boost wages, but they can also depress them. Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo recently found that laborers displaced from jobs owing to automation are often forced to compete with other workers for whatever jobs are left. For example, clerical workers who have been replaced by automation may subsequently seek employment in sectors that have not been automated; say retail work. Their entry into the retail sector causes wages in this sector to drop as clerical and retail workers undercut one another for employment. But even these findings don’t fully capture the wage impact of automation. The transportation sector — which my colleagues and I have been studying closely — provides a vivid example of yet another way in which technology can depress wages. During the birth of commercial flying, pilots commanded a minimum salary of $2,000 annually ($30,000 today). However, aviators willing to fly at night could earn between at least $2,400 and $2,800 annually. The reason? Night flying was considered more dangerous. Back then, taking flight after dusk required specialized skills and temperament, attributes that were in short supply. Firms responded by paying hefty salaries to aviators who had these attributes. However, as technology improved — air traffic-control systems became more mature, aircraft engines more reliable, and cockpit displays more accurate — the risk associated with night flying diminished. Lower risk lessened the necessity for specialized skills and temperament required to manage that risk. The result? A gradual elimination of the skills-based wage premium. Today, pilots who fly at night earn no more than those who fly during the day. Nor do they command a wage premium for flying over hazardous terrain (like mountains). That’s something early aviators could also count on for added earnings because it was considered more dangerous (and hence required more skill). The wage-hindering effects of technology have been observed in other industries. Cab drivers in London could once command a hefty wage premium. The reason? Becoming one wasn’t easy. Would-be cabbies had to demonstrate encyclopedic mastery of London’s streets, and few could do so. The result was an earnings boost for cabbies: Scarcity after all, breeds value. But along came Uber. The ride-hailing giant equips its drivers with a powerful smartphone app that provides turn-by-turn instructions on where to go and how to get there. Landmarks, street names and routes are all laid out in meticulous detail. That should benefit aspiring cabbies. And it did. Uber has — since its 2012 entry into London — created jobs for more than 40,000 drivers. It has afforded these drivers an opportunity to “make money and support my family,” as one driver told the BBC. But by purging the need for specialized knowledge, by making ferrying passengers around London easier, the Uber app also purged the need for encyclopedic mastery that had historically commanded a wage premium. The result? Accusations (and plenty of litigation to boot) that the ride-hailing giant underpays its drivers. AUTOMATE WITH CAUTION Technology can boost earnings particularly when using that technology demands specialized skills and knowledge. But bots can also depress wages by making some jobs easier to perform. If a job is simple, anyone can do it. And if anyone can do it, why pay some workers a premium? When the market demands fewer skills, workers with anything extra become less valuable. This prospect may please firms. Paying workers less is a surefire way to boost margins. But this strategy is also risky. Technology does not purge the need for human labor but rather changes the type of labor required. Autonomous does not mean humanless. Technology can and will fail. And when it does, firms will confront the prospect of making nice with the very workers who — during automation’s better days — were shortchanged. In 2018, “Flippy,” a hamburger-flipping robot was forced to the sidelines after one day after being unable to keep up with customers orders. The restaurant’s response? Asking human cooks to step in. Automation can increase productivity, improve efficiency, and reduce errors. Robots can, and should, occupy professions that are too risky for human workers to perform, offer little in the way of purpose, and deprive human workers of the joys of free living. Machines have — as Bertrand Russell aptly noted — “given us the possibility of ease and security for all.” Ignoring this reality, reasoned Russell, makes us foolish, “but there is no reason to go on being foolish forever.” Yet the long-term benefits of forsaking humans for robots are hardly guaranteed. Firms stand to lose cash should the productivity benefits of technology adoption dwarf costs. These costs (and there’s always a cost) are typically discounted by firms keen to show solvency. But adopting bots can push firms further into the red. Technological singularity — the idea that machines know all, and can fix call — remains, despite what we’re told, a long, long way away. Firms should consider this reality when adopting technology. Execs should ask themselves three questions when scrutinizing the value of bots. First, what can’t technology do? Technological valor may be dizzying but it too — much like humans — has limits. What are they? Second, how do those limits impact the operation? Investing in tech can boost productivity but only up to a point. What does that point look like and is it acceptable to shareholders? And third, how does the cost of overseeing technology affect is value proposition? Technology should be observed and kept in check. This is particularly true in safety critical industries like transportation, energy, and healthcare. What is the cost of doing so and how does it impact a bot’s cost advantage? Asking these questions may reveal surprising answers about when (and under what conditions) forsaking human muscle for algorithmic prowess makes sense. There is, as Nicholas Carr notes, no economic law that says that everyone, or even most people, automatically benefit from technological progress. READERS ALSO VIEWED THESE ITEMS * AUTOMATION DOESN'T JUST CREATE OR DESTROY JOBS - IT TRANSFORMS THEM Digital Article Buy Now * USING TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE WORK MORE HUMAN Digital Article Buy Now Read more on Automation or related topics Compensation and benefits, Human resource management and Technology and analytics * AN Ashley Nunes is a Senior Research Associate at Harvard Law School. He was previously a Research Scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. * Post * Post * Share * Annotate * Save * Get PDF * Buy Copies * Print Read more on Automation or related topics Compensation and benefits, Human resource management and Technology and analytics RECOMMENDED FOR YOU PODCAST HOW AI CAN IMPROVE HOW WE WORK RESEARCH ROUNDUP: HOW TECHNOLOGY IS TRANSFORMING WORK WHAT HAPPENS TO SOCIETY WHEN ROBOTS REPLACE WORKERS? WHY ROBOTS WON'T STEAL YOUR JOB PARTNER CENTER Start my subscription! 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View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline LUMEN RESEARCH LIMITED Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline AMAZON AD SERVER Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline OPENX Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent YIELDLAB (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ROKU ADVERTISING SERVICES Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline SIMPLIFI HOLDINGS LLC Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device identifiers, Precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PUBMATIC, INC Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline COMSCORE B.V. Cookie duration: 720 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent FLASHTALKING Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PULSEPOINT, INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SMAATO, INC. Cookie duration: 21 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline SEMASIO GMBH Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline GENIUS SPORTS UK LIMITED Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CRITEO SA Cookie duration: 390 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADLOOX SA Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED Cookie duration: 400 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC Cookie duration: 274 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent LIVERAMP Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GROUPM UK LIMITED Cookie duration: 395 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline LOOPME LIMITED Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent DYNATA LLC Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ASK LOCALA Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NEAR INTELLIGENCE Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline DOUBLEVERIFY INC. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline BIDSWITCH GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent IPONWEB GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NEXTROLL, INC. Cookie duration: 183 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent TEADS FRANCE SAS Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline OS DATA SOLUTIONS GMBH & CO. KG Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline PERMODO GMBH Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PLATFORM161 B.V. Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ADACADO TECHNOLOGIES INC. (DBA ADACADO) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline SMADEX, S.L.U. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent BOMBORA INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline EASYMEDIA GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent REMERGE GMBH Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADVANCED STORE GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline MAGNITE CTV, INC. Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline DELTA PROJECTS AB Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Users’ profiles more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent EMETRIQ GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH Cookie duration: 1825 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent M.D. PRIMIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD. Cookie duration: 25 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ONETAG LIMITED Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES S.A. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SMARTOLOGY LIMITED Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: IP addresses more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline IMPROVE DIGITAL Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADOBE ADVERTISING CLOUD Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline BANNERFLOW AB Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline TABMO SAS Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent INTEGRAL AD SCIENCE (INCORPORATING ADMANTX) Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline WIZALY Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent WEBORAMA Cookie duration: 393 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline JIVOX CORPORATION Cookie duration: 30 (days). Data collected and processed: Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SAGE+ARCHER BV Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ON DEVICE RESEARCH LIMITED Cookie duration: 30 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ROCKABOX MEDIA LTD Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline EXACTAG GMBH Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CELTRA INC. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent MAINADV SRL Cookie duration: 30 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GEMIUS SA Cookie duration: 1825 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent THE KANTAR GROUP LIMITED Cookie duration: 914 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NIELSEN MEDIA RESEARCH LTD. Cookie duration: 120 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline SOLOCAL SA Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline PIXALATE, INC. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ORACLE ADVERTISING Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NUMBERLY Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent AUDIENCEPROJECT APS Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline DEMANDBASE, INC. Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent EFFILIATION / EFFINITY Cookie duration: 2 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SEENTHIS AB Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses more View details | Privacy policylaunch COMMANDERS ACT Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device identifiers more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent TRAVEL AUDIENCE GMBH Cookie duration: 397 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent HUMAN Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline ADLUDIO LTD. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent BLENDEE SRL Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent INNOVID LLC Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline PAPIRFLY AS Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline NEUSTAR, INC., A TRANSUNION COMPANY Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline VERVE GROUP EUROPE GMBH Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent OTTO (GMBH & CO KG) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADOBE AUDIENCE MANAGER, ADOBE EXPERIENCE PLATFORM Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent LOCALSENSOR B.V. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ONLINE SOLUTION Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, User-provided data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent RELAY42 NETHERLANDS B.V. Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, User-provided data more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GP ONE GMBH Cookie duration: Uses session cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline THE MEDIAGRID INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent MINDTAKE RESEARCH GMBH Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CINT AB Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GOOGLE ADVERTISING PRODUCTS Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline GFK GMBH Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, User-provided data more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent REVJET Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PROTECTED MEDIA LTD Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline CLINCH LABS LTD Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ORACLE DATA CLOUD - MOAT Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline HEARTS AND SCIENCE MÜNCHEN GMBH Cookie duration: 60 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent AMAZON ADVERTISING Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent MOLOCO, INC. Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADTRIBA GMBH Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent OBJECTIVE PARTNERS BV Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ENSIGHTEN Cookie duration: 1825 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline EBAY INC Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses, Privacy choices more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent HURRA COMMUNICATIONS GMBH Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. 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