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ADVANCED FORUM STATISTICS

UNIX, Linux and the Key Differences
What is Unix?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

All Unix, Linux and other Unix-like operating systems are families of computer
operating systems derived from the original Unix System from Bell Telephone
Laboratories. Today, the largest Unix descendent directly certified as "UNIX" is
macOS by Apple. The original commercial Unix derivatives included HP-UX, AIX and
SunOS, to name a few. The diversity and perceived incompatibility between
various Unix systems led to the creation of interoperability standards including
the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX).
Unix is the original and most powerful and popular multi-user and multi-tasking
Operating System. The basic concepts of Unix were originated in the Multics
project of 1969. The Multics system was intended as a time-sharing system that
would allow multiple users to simultaneously access a mainframe computer. Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others developed the basic building blocks of Unix
including a hierarchical file system and a command line interpreter for the
PDP-7. Multiple generations of Unix systems were developed for myriad computers.
As mentioned, historical perceived incompatibility between the various early
Unix systems led to the creation of POSIX and the Single Unix Specification.
Historically, the rigid "standardization" approach led to the creation of
various open source approaches to Unix including the Free Software Foundation
(FSF), GNU and Linux. Unix programs were originally created around core design
philosophies that included requirements like single purpose, interoperable, and
working with a simple standardized text interface. Unix systems are built around
a core kernel that manages the system and the other processes. Kernel subsystems
may include process management, file management, memory management, network
management and others.
Key Features:
 1. Unix is a multi-user system where the resources can be shared by various
    system users.
 2. Unix provides multi-tasking. Users can execute many processes at the same
    time (practically speaking).
 3. Unix was the first computer operating system that was written in a
    high-level language (C Language).
 4. Unix provides a hierarchical file structure which facilitated fast data
    access.
 5. Unix has built-in networking functions so that computers can easily exchange
    information.
 6. Unix functionality can be extended through user programs built on a standard
    programming interface.
 7. UNIX certifies compliance with a full set of interoperability standard,
    managed and maintained by the Open Group, which includes, not only the
    kernel, but the entire operating system.

What is Linux?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Linux is a Unix-like operating system created by Linus Torvalds at the
University of Helsinki in 1991. The name Linux refers to the Linux kernel, the
software on a computer which permits applications and users to access the
devices on the computer to perform specific functions. The development of Linux
was a landmark example of global, free and open source software collaboration.
Many companies and similar numbers of individuals have released their own
version of Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux Kernel.
Similar to Unix kernels, the Linux kernel relays instructions from an
application from the computer's processor and sends the results back to the
application.
Broader in scope than commercial Unix products, Linux has been installed on a
variety of platforms including mobile phones, tablets, video game consoles, NAS
storage arrays, routers and small embedded controllers.
Currently the world's largest and most powerful data centers and scientific
research centers use some "flavor" of Linux.
The development of Linux is a stellar example of the power of free and open
source software development and global human collaboration.
A Linux "distribution" is a release of a Unix-like operating system based on the
specifications of the Linux kernel.
Key Features:
 1. Linux, like Unix, is a multi-user system where the resources can be shared
    by various system users.
 2. Linux, like Unix, provides multi-tasking. Users can execute many processes
    at the same time (practically speaking).
 3. Linux, like Unix, was written in C.
 4. Linux, like Unix, provides a hierarchical file structure which facilitated
    fast data access.
 5. Linux, like Unix, has built-in networking functions so that computers can
    easily exchange information.
 6. Linux, unlike UNIX, specifies only the kernel but not the entire operating
    system.

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An Interest Fact about the History of Unix and Linux
"Unix-like"

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A "Unix-like" operating system is an OS that behaves in a manner similar to a
Unix system but is generally not certified to conform to the Single UNIX
Specification. Then again, a "Unix-like" application is an application that
performs like the corresponding Unix command or shell. In practical terms, there
is no standard for defining the term "Unix-like" and so you will also see terms
like UN*X or *nix.
Historically, there have been myriad opinions as to the degree to which a given
operating system or an application is "Unix-like". "Unix-like" could refer to a
free or open-source operating system inspired by the Bell Labs original Unix
design. "Unix-like" might refer to a design which emulates Unix features,
similar commercial and proprietary versions, and Unix versions based on the
licensed UNIX source code. "Unix-like", for others, simply means an operating
system is sufficiently "Unix-like" to pass certification and bear the "UNIX"
trademark. Obviously, people used to find this phrase controversial. However,
over time people realized that all the historical in-fighting did not help the
Unix brand or the community as a whole; and so the controversy has subsided, for
the most part.
"Unix-like" operating systems burst into the computing scene in the late 1970s
and early 1980s. Back then, proprietary Unix versions such as Idris (1978), UNOS
(1982), Coherent (1983), and UniFlex (1985) marketed the functionality available
to academic users of UNIX as "Unix-like". AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, SunOS, Tru64,
Ultrix, and Xenix (among others) were developed based on relatively inexpensive
AT&T commercial binary sub-licensing of UNIX back in 1979. These licensed Unix
variations displaced most proprietary Unix clones back then. Incompatibility
issues with all these glorious "Unix" operating systems created a need for
robust interoperability standards, including POSIX and the Single UNIX
Specification. The Open Group adopted the UNIX trademark to oversee the Single
UNIX Specification and the "UNIX" name became a certification mark for Unix
system interoperability.
Dennis Ritchie, one of the original Unix legends, has publicly stated that
Unix-like systems such as Linux are de facto Unix systems. The historical years
of in-fighting and legal battles over "Unix", "Unix-like", and "UNIX" standards
arguably contributed to the overall downward trend for Unix over the years and
the rise of Linux as a dominate "Unix-like" global operating system. In 2019,
macOS has the honor of having the largest commercial UNIX in the Unix user
market. Yes, it can be confusing for many people, especially the younger
generations.
Please enjoy and help our forum community by "showing your work" and posting
your code, even when your code is not working as expected. To help others help
you, please wrap your code blocks, sample input, sample output, error messages,
and other data in CODE tags and wrap your short commands and short data objects
in ICODE tags. We were all beginners in the beginning. If you have any questions
about how to register or how to post, please contact us in our forum for
unregistered user support.. Thank you and enjoy this "forever free" technical
support community for UNIX, Linux and computer information technology in
general.
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