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When we think about aliens, it's hard not to think that they are out to destroy
us. In our heads, aliens are super advanced life forms hell-bent on Earth
domination, or at least that's what just about every major sci-fi movie has told
us over the past century.

However, one former NASA astronaut claims that aliens are, in fact, the ones who
prevented us from descending into nuclear war in the first place.

The astronaut in question is Edgar Mitchell, who went to the Moon in 1971 as
part of the Apollo 14 mission. Since his return, he's been notorious for
disseminating a wide range of conspiracy theories.

Mitchell was the sixth person in history to step foot on the Moon. He has spoken
about the fact that aliens have visited Earth numerous times, and during an
interview in 2016, he admitted his belief in the existence of aliens.

During the interview, which was with the Daily Mirror, he also put out the
rambunctious claim that without aliens, the United States would have been in a
nuclear war with the Soviet Union at the pinnacle of the Cold War.




He also discussed the New Mexico White Sands missile testing facility, noting
that extraterrestrials were very interested in the fact that they were testing
atomic weapons there. In essence, these aliens wanted to know about our
capabilities regarding weaponry.



“In conversations that I had with people from the intelligence and military
community, I found out that these aliens were trying to keep us from nuclear war
in order to protect the Earth,” said Mitchell.

In 1945, the very first atomic bomb was detonated at the White Sands Missile
Range. Mitchell noted that officers from the site told him that aliens were
disabling in-flight missiles in the area.

With claims like this, especially from a well-respected man like Mitchell, it
was hard for the UFO community not to take notice. UFO expert Nigel Watson told
the IFL Science publication that this was “another case of speculations and
fantasies regarding UFOs.”



Another prominent figure who addressed Mitchell's claims was Nick Pope, the
former higher-up in the British Defense Ministry who made many investigations
into UFOs.

“While I have plenty of respect for Edgar and have been honored to meet him,
most of the information he dispels comes from second-hand experiences. Sure, he
may have had access to military and government documents, though he never
reveals any of his sources so it's hard to be certain about his claims.”

Mitchell is not alone in his theories, as many others have put out their own
allegations that aliens purposefully neutralize nuclear weapons. 

Former US Air Force lieutenant, Bob Jacobs, had an interview with Larry King in
2008. During the interview, he noted that he was working on the nuclear missile
tests during the 1960s when he saw a huge object appear out of the sky. After,
he was instructed by some of the higher-ups never to speak to anyone about the
incident again. 




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 * Tardigrades can survive in extreme environments, but a 2021 study showed
   they're not indestructible.   
 * Scientists found these creatures couldn't survive speeds above 2,000 mph when
   shot out of a gun.
 * This suggests the microscopic creatures that crashed on the moon in 2019 did
   not survive. 

Tardigrades have a reputation for being among the hardiest critters in the
animal kingdom.

These microscopic creatures can survive in the vacuum of space, inside a
volcano, and in an Antarctic lake nearly a mile underground. They have even
returned to normal functioning after being frozen for three decades. 

But according to a 2021 study from the UK published in the journal Astrobiology,
even seemingly indestructible tardigrades have their limits.

For that study, researchers at the University of Kent shot canisters full of
tardigrades out of a high-speed gun at various speeds to see whether the
creatures could survive the pressure of each resulting impact.

After being shot out at speeds under 900 meters per second (about 2,000 mph) —
that's faster than your average bullet — the tardigrades could be revived. Any
faster than that and they didn't make it, according to the astrochemist
Alejandra Traspas, a coauthor of the study who's now at Queen Mary University.


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1 of 19 Photos in Gallery©Maurice Ramirez for San Francisco Bay Area Water
Emergency Transportation Authority (WETA)


A NOVEL HYDROGEN FUEL CELL-POWERED FERRY IS SCHEDULED TO START CARRYING
PASSENGERS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY IN AUGUST

 * The Sea Change is a hydrogen fuel cell-powered passenger ferry set to start
   operating in August. 
 * The ferry will be part of the San Francisco Bay Ferry network for a six
   months pilot project. 
 * The ferry is scheduled to make four round trips per day, costing $1 each way.
   It carries up to 75 passengers. 

After hydrogen trains, the time has come to test hydrogen ferries. 

The Sea Change, a hydrogen fuel cell-powered passenger ferry, is scheduled to
start operating in the San Francisco Bay this coming August. 

The $14 million motor vessel is expected to run as part of the San Francisco Bay
Ferry network for a six months pilot project intended to explore the viability
of hydrogen technology for high-speed passenger ferries. 

The hydrogen technology runs thanks to fuel cells — battery-like systems that
don't require recharging — which produce electrical energy from the hydrogen in
the vessel's tanks. Hydrogen produces heat and electricity when combined with
oxygen, and the whole thing only emits water vapor and condensed water as an
emission. 

The ferry is owned by Switch Maritime, a US maritime investment company, which
will lease it to the San Francisco Bay Area Water Emergency Transportation
Authority for the pilot project. 

Take a look at the Sea Change: 

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Being shot at more than 2,000 mph meant the critters experienced at least 1.14
gigapascals of pressure on impact.

"They just mush," Traspas told Science.




SOLVING A LUNAR MYSTERY



Tardigrades are also known as water bears or moss piglets — apt nicknames,
considering that these 0.02-inch-long organisms look like eight-legged potatoes
with scrunched-up faces and tiny paws under a microscope.




The critters can withstand temperatures between minus 328 degrees Fahrenheit
(minus 200 degrees Celsius) and 304 degrees Fahrenheit (151 degrees Celsius) and
pressure up to six times that of the deepest part of Earth's oceans.



They're able to survive lethal radiation and temperatures because water bears,
like their namesake, can enter a state of hibernation. Tardigrades can go
without water and oxygen for long periods of time in a state of suspended
animation called cryptobiosis, in which their bodies dry up and their
metabolisms shut down. Place a dehydrated, hibernating tardigrade in water, and
it regains its full function in a matter of hours.

So when an Israeli spacecraft carrying a horde of hibernating tardigrades
crashed on the moon in April 2019 because of a computer glitch, scientists
thought the animals would surely have survived.

But Traspas wasn't so sure. "I was very curious," she told Science. "I wanted to
know if they were alive."

To test the theory, Traspas' team froze 20 tardigrades (to get them to
hibernate), loaded them into hollow nylon bullets, and fired them at sandbags
using a high-speed gun.

They found the animals couldn't survive an impact if the bullet was fired at
more than 2,000 mph — only fragments of the tardigrades remained — because the
pressure of 1.14 gigapascals from the impact was just too great.

Though the spacecraft was traveling only about 310 mph when it smashed into the
moon two years ago, the impact pressure when the lander hit the lunar surface
was "well above" that 1.14-gigapascal threshold, according to Traspas.

"We can confirm they didn't survive," she told Science.




The findings also throw some cold water on the theory known as panspermia, which
suggests microscopic organisms like tardigrades can hitchhike across the solar
system on asteroids fragments that ricocheted into space after their parent
rocks hit a moon, for example.

According to panspermia proponents, those asteroid fragments, or meteorites —
and the organisms they carry — could one day seed life on another planet.

But if tardigrades can't survive the pressures of a collision with our moon,
it's unlikely they could survive a meteorite impact with another planet, the
study authors wrote.

This post has been updated. It was originally published on May 22, 2021.




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