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DO YOU KNOW YOUR ACTIVE DIRECTORY SECURITY VULNERABILITIES?

By Sean Deuby March 18, 2021 | Active Directory

Microsoft Active Directory security involves dealing with a mixed bag of risks,
ranging from management mistakes to unpatched vulnerabilities. We often write
about the fact that cyber-attackers are targeting AD to elevate privileges and
gain persistence in the organization. Investigate a typical data breach, and
you’ll find that stolen credentials likely were used—sometimes for initial
entry, sometimes for accessing critical systems, but always to the detriment of
the targeted organization.

Hardening AD begins with getting a handle on the vulnerabilities and common
configuration and management mishaps that pave the road to compromises. To
defend AD, administrators need to know how attackers are targeting their
environment. How many, however, can pass a pop quiz about the types of security
holes threat actors are sneaking through as they move through the steps of the
breach?


AUTHENTICATION FAIL

It seems ironic, but some of the most prevalent and damaging configuration
errors impacting Active Directory are related to the authentication process.
Consider a scenario where an organization wants to allow a third-party or
home-grown application that doesn’t integrate with AD, but wants to query AD for
active users. The easiest route is to simply enable anonymous access to Active
Directory. While this action might make sense from a productivity standpoint for
busy administrators, it also allows unauthenticated users to query AD. If that
capability is enabled without mitigating controls, the risk profile of that
organization is going to increase substantially.

The Zerologon vulnerability reported in 2020 was quickly exploited by attackers
because it allowed them to change or remove the password for a service account
on a domain controller. The results of a successful exploit could be
catastrophic. Weak passwords, non-expiring passwords, no passwords—all these are
warning signs that an organization’s AD environment is not secure.

Secure password policies should be the order of the day throughout the Active
Directory infrastructure. Any account with the PASSWD_NOTREQD flag set should
automatically draw additional scrutiny and have a justifiable reason for its
configuration. Additionally, passwords—especially service account
passwords—should be periodically rotated. Leaving passwords unchanged for
lengthy amounts of time increases the likelihood of a successful brute force
attack, as attackers will have more time to take swipes at them.

Authentication issues to watch for include:

 1. Computers and Group Managed Service Accounts (gMSA) objects with passwords
    set over 90 days ago
 2. Reversible passwords found in Group Policy Objects (GPOs)
 3. Anonymous access to Active Directory enabled
 4. Zerologon vulnerability (CVE-2020-1472) if the patch is not applied.


PERMITTING EXCESSIVE PERMISSIONS

As most AD environments have been in production for many years, their attack
surfaces have grown. Many of a forest’s accumulated vulnerabilities can be
traced back to the pattern that someone needs something done, usually in a
hurry, and the least–privilege path to get that done is too time-consuming, not
easily available, or simply not known. As a result, the user or group or
permission is over-privileged just to ensure the request will be satisfied and
the ticket closed. And of course, that entitlement is never ever removed, so the
attack surface simply grows and grows.  

In reality, it’s not uncommon for AD environments to have unnecessarily high
numbers of domain administrators—a fact that can be even more troubling if those
accounts are orphaned and are simply waiting to be leveraged in an attack.
Service accounts with excess permissions also pose a high risk because their
passwords are usually set to not expire, and many of them will have weak
passwords (which makes them a good kerberoasting target). As the number of users
with administrative privileges grows, so does the attack surface that needs to
be protected. Membership to these groups should be tightly controlled.

Mistakes happen, of course. As an AD environment grows larger and more complex,
for example, someone might fail to properly account for inherited permissions
and inadvertently grant an account too many privileges. But even properly
managing privilege delegation is not enough with attackers taking the offensive.

As an example, consider the impact of an AdminSDHolder attack. Just as a
refresher, the AdminSDHolder container stores the Security Descriptor applied to
privileged groups. By default, every 60 minutes, the Security Description
Propagation (SDPROP) process compares the permissions on protected objects and
reverses any discrepancies according to what is defined in AdminSDHolder.

In an AdminSDHolder attack, threat actors exploit SDPROP to maintain persistence
by replacing the permissions of an object with the attacker’s unauthorized
modifications. If the permission changes are identified and undone, but the
unauthorized changes to AdminSDHolder are undetected, the attacker’s changes
will be reinstated.

Auditing permissions and monitoring for suspicious activity is the best defense
against the abuse of privileges.

Permission issues to watch for include:

 1. Privileged objects with unprivileged owners
 2. Permission changes on the AdminSDHolder object
 3. Unprivileged users with DC Sync rights on the domain
 4. Default security descriptor schema changes in the last 90 days


CHEAT SHEET FOR SECURITY

Armed with information about indicators of exposure (IOEs), organizations can
strengthen their AD’s security. One tool that can help is Purple Knight, a free
AD security audit tool that Semperis released in March. Purple Knight queries
your Active Directory environment in “read-only” mode and performs a
comprehensive set of tests against the most common and effective attack vectors
to uncover risky configurations and security weaknesses.

Scanning Active Directory provides insight into its security posture and reduces
the risk of unauthorized changes or misconfigurations going undetected. AD
administrators need to know more than their craft; they also need to know the
tactics of their adversaries. By keeping critical warning signs top of mind,
they can harden AD against common attacks.

 

About the author
Sean Deuby Director of Services
Sean brings 30 years’ experience in enterprise IT and hybrid identity to his
role as Director of Services at Semperis. An original architect and technical
leader of Intel's Active Directory, Texas Instrument’s NT network, and 15-time
MVP alumnus, Sean has been involved with Microsoft identity since its inception.
Since then, his experience as an identity strategy consultant for many Fortune
500 companies gives him a broad perspective on the challenges of today's
identity-centered security. Sean is an industry journalism veteran; as former
technical director for Windows IT Pro, he has over 400 published articles on AD,
hybrid identity, and Windows Server. Linkedin
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Featured March 14, 2023


AD SECURITY RESEARCH: BREAKING TRUST TRANSITIVITY

While playing with Kerberos tickets, I discovered an issue that allowed me to
authenticate to other domains within an Active Directory (AD) forest across
external non-transitive trusts. This means that there is in fact no such thing
as a “non-transitive trust.” The term is at best misleading and offers
systems...

March 09, 2023


AD SECURITY 101: AD MONITORING FOR MALICIOUS CHANGES

Welcome to AD Security 101. This blog series covers essential aspects of Active
Directory (AD) security, offering basic...

February 28, 2023


IDENTITY ATTACK WATCH: AD SECURITY NEWS, FEBRUARY 2023

As cyberattacks targeting Active Directory continue to rise, AD security,
identity, and IT teams face mounting pressure...

Unlock cyber resilience. Get a demo

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   read, and focus on the essential elements more easily.
 * Blind Users Profile (Screen-readers): this profile adjusts the website to be
   compatible with screen-readers such as JAWS, NVDA, VoiceOver, and TalkBack. A
   screen-reader is installed on the blind user’s computer, and this site is
   compatible with it.
 * Keyboard Navigation Profile (Motor-Impaired): this profile enables
   motor-impaired persons to operate the website using the keyboard Tab,
   Shift+Tab, and the Enter keys. Users can also use shortcuts such as “M”
   (menus), “H” (headings), “F” (forms), “B” (buttons), and “G” (graphics) to
   jump to specific elements.

Additional UI, design, and readability adjustments
 1. Font adjustments – users can increase and decrease its size, change its
    family (type), adjust the spacing, alignment, line height, and more.
 2. Color adjustments – users can select various color contrast profiles such as
    light, dark, inverted, and monochrome. Additionally, users can swap color
    schemes of titles, texts, and backgrounds with over seven different coloring
    options.
 3. Animations – epileptic users can stop all running animations with the click
    of a button. Animations controlled by the interface include videos, GIFs,
    and CSS flashing transitions.
 4. Content highlighting – users can choose to emphasize essential elements such
    as links and titles. They can also choose to highlight focused or hovered
    elements only.
 5. Audio muting – users with hearing devices may experience headaches or other
    issues due to automatic audio playing. This option lets users mute the
    entire website instantly.
 6. Cognitive disorders – we utilize a search engine linked to Wikipedia and
    Wiktionary, allowing people with cognitive disorders to decipher meanings of
    phrases, initials, slang, and others.
 7. Additional functions – we allow users to change cursor color and size, use a
    printing mode, enable a virtual keyboard, and many other functions.

Assistive technology and browser compatibility

We aim to support as many browsers and assistive technologies as possible, so
our users can choose the best fitting tools for them, with as few limitations as
possible. Therefore, we have worked very hard to be able to support all major
systems that comprise over 95% of the user market share, including Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Opera and Microsoft Edge, JAWS, and NVDA
(screen readers), both for Windows and MAC users.

Notes, comments, and feedback

Despite our very best efforts to allow anybody to adjust the website to their
needs, there may still be pages or sections that are not fully accessible, are
in the process of becoming accessible, or are lacking an adequate technological
solution to make them accessible. Still, we are continually improving our
accessibility, adding, updating, improving its options and features, and
developing and adopting new technologies. All this is meant to reach the optimal
level of accessibility following technological advancements. If you wish to
contact the website’s owner, please use the website's form

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