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Dietary practice of incorporating seafood into an otherwise vegetarian diet



Pescetarianism


Japanese sushi; shrimp cocktail with lettuce; pizza topped with sardines
DescriptionA diet in which seafood is the only meatRelated Dietary
ChoicesRelated diets
 * Vegetarianism,
 * Veganism,
 * Pollotarianism,
 * Semi-vegetarianism,
 * Plant-based diet

Diet classification table
 * v
 * t
 * e

Pescetarianism (/ˌpɛskəˈtɛəri.ənɪzəm/ PESK-ə-TAIR-ee-ə-niz-əm; sometimes spelled
pescatarianism)[1] is a dietary practice in which seafood is the only source of
meat in an otherwise vegetarian diet.[2] The inclusion of other animal products,
such as eggs and dairy, is optional. According to research conducted from 2017
to 2018, approximately 3% of adults worldwide are pescetarian.[3][4]


CONTENTS

 * 1 Definition and etymology
 * 2 History
   * 2.1 Early history
   * 2.2 19th century to present
 * 3 Trends and demographics
   * 3.1 Global
   * 3.2 United Kingdom
   * 3.3 Other regions
 * 4 Motivations and rationale
   * 4.1 Animal welfare concerns
   * 4.2 Sustainability and environmental concerns
   * 4.3 Health research
   * 4.4 Other considerations
 * 5 In religions
   * 5.1 Christianity
   * 5.2 Judaism
   * 5.3 Hinduism
   * 5.4 Rastafari
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References


DEFINITION AND ETYMOLOGY[EDIT]

Look up pescetarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

"Pescetarian" is a neologism formed as a portmanteau of the Italian word "pesce"
("fish") and the English word "vegetarian".[5] The term was coined in the United
Kingdom in the late 1980s.[6] "Pesco-vegetarian" is a synonymous term that is
seldom used outside of academic research, but it has sometimes appeared in other
American publications and literature since at least 1980.[7][8]


HISTORY[EDIT]

See also: History of vegetarianism


EARLY HISTORY[EDIT]

The first vegetarians in written western history may have been the Pythagoreans,
a title derived from the Greek philosopher Pythagoras. Though Pythagoras loaned
his name to the meatless diet, some biographers suspect he may have eaten fish
as well at some points,[9] which would have made him not a vegetarian but a
pescatarian by today's standards.[10] Many of Pythagoras's philosophies inspired
Plato, who advocated for the moral and nutritional superiority of
vegetarian-oriented diets. In Plato's ideal republic, a healthy diet would
consist of cereals, seeds, beans, fruit, milk, honey and fish.[11][12]

In 675, the consumption of livestock and wild animals was banned in Japan by
Emperor Tenmu, due to the influence of Buddhism and the lack of arable land.[13]
However, Tenmu did not ban the consumption of deer or wild boar.[14]
Subsequently, in the year 737 of the Nara period, the Emperor Shōmu approved the
eating of fish and shellfish. During the twelve hundred years from the Nara
period to the Meiji Restoration in the latter half of the 19th century, Japanese
people ate vegetarian-style meals, and on special occasions, seafood was
served.[15] Exceptions were wild fowl served amongst the Heian nobility, [16]
and when Europeans arrived in Japan in the 15th century, the Japanese diet
included boar meat.[17]

Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption
of meat for ascetic reasons, but none of them abstained from the consumption of
fish; these monks were not vegetarians, but some were pescetarians.[18]

Marcion of Sinope and his followers ate fish but no fowl or red meat.[19] Fish
was seen by the Marcionites as a holier kind of food.[20] They consumed bread,
fish, honey, milk, and vegetables.[19][21]

The "Hearers" of the ecclesiastical hierarchy of Manichaeism lived on a diet of
fish, grain, and vegetables.[22] Consumption of land animals was forbidden,
based on the Manichaean belief that "fish, being born in and of the waters, and
without any sexual connexion on the part of other fishes, are free from the
taint which pollutes all animals".[23]

The Rule of Saint Benedict insisted upon total abstinence of meat from
four-footed animals, except in cases of the sick.[24] Benedictine monks thus
followed a diet based on vegetables, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, and fish.[25]
Paul the Deacon specified that cheese, eggs, and fish were part of a monk's
ordinary diet.[25] Benedictine monk Walafrid Strabo commented, "Some salt,
bread, leeks, fish and wine; that is our menu."[26]

The Carthusians followed a strict diet that consisted of fish, cheese, eggs, and
vegetables, with only bread and water on Fridays.[24]

In the 13th century, Cistercian monks consumed fish and eggs.[27] Ponds were
created for fish farming.[27] From the early 14th century, Benedictine and
Cistercian monks no longer abstained from consuming meat of four-footed
animals.[27][28] In 1336, Pope Benedict XII permitted monks to eat meat four
days a week outside of the fast season if it was not served in the
refectory.[28]

The anchorites of England ate a pescetarian diet of fish seasoned with apples
and herbs, bean or pea soup and milk, butter and oil.[29][30]


19TH CENTURY TO PRESENT[EDIT]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022)

Francis William Newman, who was President of the Vegetarian Society from 1873 to
1883, made an associate membership possible for people who were not completely
vegetarian like pescetarians.[31][32] Eventually, in the 1890s, Newman himself
switched from following an ovo-lacto-vegetarian diet to a pescetarian diet, with
the rationale that fish do not waste land space, are plentiful due to high
reproduction rates, do not care for their young and have no parental feelings to
violate, and can be captured and slaughtered in ways that inflict minimal
pain.[33]

A 2016 book Seagan Eating promoted a seafood diet,[34][35] which is
distinguished from ordinary pescetarian diets because it discourages consumption
of dairy and eggs.[36]


TRENDS AND DEMOGRAPHICS[EDIT]

As of 2020[update], pescetarianism has been described as a plant-based
diet.[37][38] Regular fish consumption and decreased red meat consumption are
recognized as dietary practices that may promote health.[39] Pescetarianism has
been shown to be more popular among women than men in all regions where the data
on sex ratio is available.

Plant foods, such as fresh produce, make up most of a pescetarian diet.


GLOBAL[EDIT]

In 2018, Ipsos MORI reported 73% of people worldwide followed a diet where both
meat and non-animal products were regularly consumed, with 14% considered as
flexitarians, 5% vegetarians, 3% vegans, and 3% pescetarians.[4] These are
similar to the results collected by GlobalData just a year earlier; where 23% of
the sample had below average meat consumption, 5% had vegetarian diets, 2% had
vegan diets and 3% had pescetarian diets.[3] Globally, pescetarian diets seem to
have increased in popularity in the mid-to-late 2010s; only 40% of pescetarians
surveyed had been adhering to the diet for more than a couple years and another
18% reported adhering to diet for about a year.[4]


UNITED KINGDOM[EDIT]

A 2018 poll of 2,000 United Kingdom adults found that ≈12% of adults adhered to
a meat-free diet; with 2% vegan, 6–7% ovo-lacto-vegetarian, and 4%
pescetarian.[40][41][42] Different studies and survey have found a more modest
number of meat-abstainers; a 2021 survey found 10% of Brits were meat abstainers
with 3% of the population being pescetarians.[43]

In Great Britain as of January 2019, women between 18 and 24 years of age were
the most likely demographic group to follow a pescetarian diet. In general, men
were less interested in pescetarianism, and men 35 years and above were the
least likely to adhere to a pescetarian diet pattern.[44]


OTHER REGIONS[EDIT]

In 2018, one survey found that people in Africa and the Middle East had a high
incidence of pescetarian diets (5%) when compared to other areas of the
world.[4] In Europe, the incidence of pescetarianism varied by country,
according to a 2020 survey documenting the dietary practices of residents in
seven European nations: on average, pescetarianism was about 3% of the EU
population, with slightly higher incidence in Germany and Belgium.[45]



Comparison of selected vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets (view template)
Plants Dairy Eggs Seafood Poultry All other animals Vegetarianism Ovo-lacto
vegetarianism Yes Yes Yes No No No Ovo vegetarianism Yes No Yes No No No Lacto
vegetarianism Yes Yes No No No No Veganism Yes No No No No No Semi-vegetarianism
Flexitarianism Yes Yes Yes Sometimes Sometimes Sometimes Pollotarianism Yes
Maybe Maybe Maybe Yes No Pescetarianism Yes Maybe Maybe Yes No No




MOTIVATIONS AND RATIONALE[EDIT]


ANIMAL WELFARE CONCERNS[EDIT]

Pescetarianism may be perceived as a more ethical choice because fish and
shellfish may not experience fear, pain, and suffering as more complex animals
like mammals and other tetrapods do.[46][47][48] As a counterargument, from a
scientific viewpoint, there are functional areas in the brains of fish that can
make them feel pain. Furthermore, fish have pain receptors similar to humans,
and evidence shows that pain signals are sent from these receptors to the brain,
enabling fish to feel pain.[49] However, this is an ongoing debate.[50][51]

Some pescetarians may regard their diet as a transition to vegetarianism, while
others may consider it an ethical compromise,[52] often as a practical necessity
to obtain nutrients that are absent, not easily found, or not readily
bioavailable in plants.[53]


SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS[EDIT]

See also: Sustainable diet and climatarian diet

It is common for all kinds of meat-abstainers to participate in the "green
movement" and be conscientious about global food sustainability and
environmentalism;[54] switching to a pescetarian dietary pattern can potentially
positively affect both.[55][54] People may adopt a pescetarian diet out of
desire to lower their dietary carbon footprint.[56][57] A 2014 lifecycle
analysis of greenhouse gas emissions estimated that a pescetarian diet would
provide a 45% reduction in emissions compared to an omnivorous diet.[58][59]
Research on the diets of over 55,000 UK residents found that meat-eaters had
dietary greenhouse gas emissions that were about 50% higher than
pescetarians.[60] Compared to an omnivorous diet, pescetarian diets also had 64%
less environmental impact overall when the amount of greenhouse gas emissions,
land use and cumulative energy demand were assessed together.[61]

A Japanese study in 2018 found that various diet changes could successfully
reduce the Japanese food-nitrogen footprint, particularly by adopting a
pescetarian diet which may reduce the impact on nitrogen.[62] Switching from an
omnivorous diet to a pescetarian diet also carries high potential in reducing
American food loss because fish and shellfish contribute markedly less to food
waste at the primary, retail and consumer levels than both red meat and
poultry.[63] Additionally, water conservation may be a motivator; a
multinational study found that switching a conventional diet for a balanced
pescetarian diet could reduce dietary water footprint by 33% to 55%.[64]


HEALTH RESEARCH[EDIT]

A common reason for adoption of pescetarianism may be health-related, such as
fish and plant food consumption as part of the Mediterranean diet, which is
associated with lowered risk of cardiovascular diseases.[65][66] Pescetarian
diets are under preliminary research for their potential to affect diabetes,[67]
long-term weight gain,[68] and all-cause mortality.[69]


OTHER CONSIDERATIONS[EDIT]

Further information: Mercury in fish

Concerns have been raised about consuming some fish varieties containing toxins
such as mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),[70] although it is possible
to select fish that contain little or no mercury or moderate the consumption of
mercury-containing fish.[71] According to a 2018 global consumer survey, the
majority of pescetarians, vegetarians and vegans (87% prevalence) reported that
their food product choices are influenced by ideological factors, like ethical
concerns, environmental impact or social responsibility.[72] Pescetarians may be
motivated by ethical concerns that are not related to animal protection or
environmental protection, such as humanitarian or religious reasons. Viable
sources of protein that can be consumed by food-insecure humans are not wasted
on filter feeders or wild-caught fish.


IN RELIGIONS[EDIT]

Further information: Vegetarianism and religion


CHRISTIANITY[EDIT]

Main article: Christian vegetarianism

In both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, pescetarianism is
referred to as a form of abstinence. During fast periods, Eastern Orthodox
Christians often abstain from meat, dairy, eggs, and fish, but on holidays that
occur on fast days (for example, 15 August on a Wednesday or Friday), fish is
allowed, while meat and dairy remain forbidden.[73] Anthonian fasting[74] has
been considered a pescetarian-like variant of Orthodox fasting as poultry and
red meat are restricted throughout the year but fish, eggs, oils, dairy and wine
are allowed most days.[75][76]

Pescetarianism is relatively popular among Seven-day Adventists when compared to
the general population; in the 2000s 10% of North American Seven-day Adventists
who were surveyed reported adhering to a pescetarian diet.[77] The higher
popularity is likely due to the church promoting a "health message" to its
followers and considering meat-consumption to be unfavorable. Adventists who eat
seafood do not eat shellfish because the church expects all followers to only
eat kosher foods deemed permissible by Leviticus 11.[78]


JUDAISM[EDIT]

Pescetarianism (provided the fish is kosher) conforms to Jewish dietary laws.
Fish and all other seafood animals must have both fins and scales to be
considered kosher. Aquatic mammals such as dolphins and whales are not kosher,
nor are cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays, since they all have dermal
denticles and not bony-fish scales. The lack of fins and scales also deems
crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crab, lobster) and molluscs (e.g. oyster, clam, conch,
octopus, squid) to be "treif"—non-kosher. Roe, such as caviar, must come from a
kosher fish to be permitted.[79][80] Pescetarian diets simplify adherence to the
Judaic separation of meat and dairy products, as kosher fish is "pareve"—neither
"milk" nor "meat".[81]

In 2015, members of the Liberal Judaism synagogue in Manchester founded The
Pescetarian Society, citing pescetarianism as originally a Jewish diet, and
pescetarianism as a form of vegetarianism.[82] The society has several advocacy
interests; public health, promoting healthy eating, praising pescetarianism as
"the natural human diet", supporting better animal welfare, bringing awareness
to the climate change crisis and demanding seafood be sustainable and
responsibly-caught.[82][83]


HINDUISM[EDIT]

Some Hindus, by choice, follow a strict lacto-vegetarian diet and in India up to
44% of Hindus self-identify as some type of vegetarian.[84] However, there are
Hindus who consume fish. They are mainly from coastal south-western India.[85]
This community regards seafood in general as "vegetables from the sea", and
refrains from eating land-based animals. Other Hindus who consume seafood are
those from Bengal, Odisha, and other coastal areas.[86] In Bengal, Hindus
consume fish and are known to cook it daily.[87]


RASTAFARI[EDIT]

The expression of Ital eating can vary from Rasta to Rasta but a general
principle is that food should be natural or pure, and from the earth.[88] Though
the Rastafari are generally associated with avid vegetarianism and veganism, a
large minority of adherents do deem certain kinds[89] of fish to be an
acceptable exception in the Ital diet. Rastafari who permit fish will avoid
eating all kinds of shellfish as they are considered to be "unclean"
scavengers,[90][91] a belief that stems from biblical teachings.[92]


SEE ALSO[EDIT]

 * Food portal

 * Ikaria Study – Dietary study of long-lived Ikarian people found to have
   semi-vegetarian diets similar to pescetarianism.
 * List of diets – A comprehensive index of diets covered on Wikipedia
 * Mediterranean diet – Diet inspired by eating habits of the lands surrounding
   the Mediterranean Sea.
 * Okinawa diet – Eating habits of the indigenous people of the Ryukyu Islands.
 * Semi-vegetarianism – Other forms of semi-vegetarianism that include
   occasional seafood or meat consumption.


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 * v
 * t
 * e

Plant-based diets
Diets
 * Flexitarian
 * Fruitarian
 * Lacto vegetarian
 * Lacto-ovo vegetarian
 * Low-carbon diet
 * Mediterranean diet
 * Ovo vegetarian
 * Pescetarian
 * Planetary health diet
 * Pollotarian
 * Portfolio diet
 * Raw vegan
 * Sattvic diet
 * Sustainable diet
 * Vegan
 * Vegetarian

People


Academics, dietitians, and physicians
 * Neal D. Barnard
 * Will Bulsiewicz
 * T. Colin Campbell
 * Brenda Davis
 * Garth Davis
 * Alan Desmond
 * Hans Diehl
 * Gidon Eshel
 * Caldwell Esselstyn
 * Joel Fuhrman
 * Kristi Funk
 * Christopher D. Gardner
 * Michael Greger
 * Julieanna Hever
 * Simon Hill
 * Shireen Kassam
 * David J. Jenkins
 * Joel Kahn
 * David L. Katz
 * Michael Klaper
 * Susan M. Levin
 * Valter Longo
 * Palaniappan Manickam
 * John A. McDougall
 * Tracye McQuirter
 * Gemma Newman
 * Jack Norris
 * Dean Ornish
 * Jane Plant
 * Nathan Pritikin
 * Megan Rossi
 * Terry Shintani
 * Sheil Shukla
 * Tim Spector
 * Mia Syn
 * Ellsworth Wareham

Advocates and cookbook authors
 * Eric Adams
 * Clarence Bass
 * Mark Bittman
 * Dawn Jackson Blatner
 * Brendan Brazier
 * Dan Buettner
 * James Cameron
 * Suzy Amis Cameron
 * Hannah Che
 * Joe Cross
 * Rosanna Davison
 * Robert Downey Jr.
 * Marta Dymek
 * Rip Esselstyn
 * Kathy Freston
 * Matthew Kenney
 * Richa Hingle
 * Daniel Humm
 * Max La Manna
 * Mary McCartney
 * Hetty Lui McKinnon
 * Joanne Lee Molinaro
 * Charity Morgan
 * David H. Murdock
 * Toni Okamoto
 * Steve Pilot
 * Ocean Robbins
 * Derek Sarno
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger
 * Jessica Seinfeld
 * Gene Stone
 * Hannah Sunderani
 * Jeeca Uy
 * Nisha Vora
 * Ella Woodward
 * Robert O. Young


Films
 * Forks Over Knives (2011)
 * PlantPure Nation (2015)
 * What the Health (2017)
 * The Game Changers (2018)

Books,
studies
 * Adventist Health Studies
 * The China Study (2005)
 * How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and
   Reverse Disease (2015)
 * The Longevity Diet (2018)

Organizations
 * Plant-Based Health Professionals UK
 * Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
 * Pritikin Longevity Center

Key concepts
 * Dietary fiber
 * Fermented foods
 * Gut microbiota
 * Gut microbiome
 * Plant-based action plan

Nutrition
 * Vegan nutrition
 * Vegetarian nutrition

Food
 * Beans
 * Fruit
 * Herbs and spices
 * Legumes/Pulses
 * Nuts
 * Seeds
 * Vegetables
 * Whole grains

Drink
 * Cacao
 * Coffee
 * Plant milk
 * Tea

 * Category
 * Commons


 * v
 * t
 * e

Veganism and vegetarianism
Perspectives


Veganism
 * Animal-free agriculture
 * Black veganism
 * Fruitarianism
 * History
 * Raw veganism
 * Straight edge
   * Hardline
 * Nutrition
 * Vegan organic agriculture
 * Vegan school meal
 * Vegan studies

Vegetarianism
 * Economic vegetarianism
 * Environmental vegetarianism
 * History
 * Orthopathy
 * Lacto vegetarianism
 * Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
 * Ovo vegetarianism
 * Cuisine
 * Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
 * Ecofeminism
 * Nutrition
 * By country

Lists
 * Vegetarians
 * Vegans
 * Fictional characters
 * Vegetarian festivals
 * Vegetarian organizations
 * Vegetarian restaurants
 * List of vegan media


Ethics


Secular
 * Animal rights
 * Animal welfare
 * Carnism
 * Deep ecology
 * Environmental vegetarianism
 * Ethics of eating meat
 * Meat paradox
 * Nonviolence
 * Replaceability argument
 * Sentientism
 * Speciesism
 * Tirukkuṟaḷ

Religious
 * Buddhism
 * Christianity (Seventh-day Adventist Church)
 * Hinduism
   * Sattvic
   * Ahimsa
 * Islam
 * Jainism
 * Judaism
 * Pythagoreanism
 * Rastafari
 * Sikhism
 * Taoism


Food
and drink
 * Agave syrup
 * Chicken fillet roll
 * Coconut burger
 * Coconut milk
 * Fruits
 * Grains
   * cereals
   * legumes
 * Gelatin substitutes
   * Agar
   * Carrageenan
   * Gulaman
   * Konjac jelly
   * Microbial cellulose
 * Jambon
 * Meat alternative
   * List of meat substitutes
 * Miso
 * Mochi
 * Mock duck
 * Nutritional yeast
 * Plant cream
 * Plant milk
 * Quinoa
 * Quorn
 * Seitan
 * Soy yogurt
 * Tempeh
 * Tofu
 * Tofurkey
 * Cheese
 * Vegetables
 * Vegetarian bacon
 * Hot dog
 * Vegetarian mark
 * Sausage
 * Sausage roll
 * Beer
 * Wine
 * Veggie burger

Groups
and events


Vegan
 * American Vegan Society
 * Beauty Without Cruelty
 * Food Empowerment Project
 * Go Vegan
 * Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
 * Our Hen House
 * Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
 * Plamil Foods
 * Vegan Awareness Foundation
 * Vegan flag
 * Vegan Outreach
 * Vegan Prisoners Support Group
 * The Vegan Society
 * Veganmania
 * Veganuary
 * Veganz
 * World Vegan Day

Vegetarian
 * Boston Vegetarian Society
 * Christian Vegetarian Association
 * European Vegetarian Union
 * French Vegetarian Society
 * Hare Krishna Food for Life
 * International Vegetarian Union
 * Jewish Veg
 * Meat-free days
   * Meatless Monday
   * Friday Fast
 * North American Vegetarian Society
 * Order of the Golden Age
 * ProVeg Deutschland
 * ProVeg International
 * ProVeg Nederland
 * Swissveg
 * Toronto Vegetarian Association
 * Vegetarian Federal Union
 * Vegetarian Society
 * Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
 * Veggie Pride
 * Viva! Health
 * World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
 * World Vegetarian Day


Companies
 * List of vegetarian and vegan companies

Books,
reports,
journals
 * On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
 * An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
 * Vegetable Cookery (1812)
 * A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
 * Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
 * Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
 * Nature's Own Book (1835)
 * Fruits and Farinacea (1845)
 * The Pleasure Boat (1845)
 * The Ethics of Diet (1883)
 * What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
 * Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
 * Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
 * Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
 * Figs or Pigs? (1896)
 * Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
 * The Meat Fetish (1904)
 * The New Ethics (1907)
 * A Fleshless Diet (1910)
 * The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927)
 * Living the Good Life (1954)
 * Ten Talents (1968)
 * Diet for a Small Planet (1971)
 * The Vegetarian Epicure (1972)
 * Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973)
 * The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975)
 * Laurel's Kitchen (1976)
 * Moosewood Cookbook (1977)
 * Fit for Life (1985)
 * Diet for a New America (1987)
 * The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990)
 * Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997)
 * The China Study (2005)
 * Skinny Bitch (2005)
 * Livestock's Long Shadow (2006)
 * The Bloodless Revolution (2006)
 * Eating Animals (2009)
 * Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
 * The Vegan Studies Project (2015)
 * Animal (De)liberation (2016)
 * The End of Animal Farming (2018)
 * Vegetable Kingdom (2020)
 * Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
 * Meat Atlas (annual)

Films and shows
 * The Animals Film (1981)
 * Diet for a New America (film) (1991)
 * A Cow at My Table (1998)
 * Meet Your Meat (2002)
 * Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
 * Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
 * Earthlings (2005)
 * A Sacred Duty (2007)
 * Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
 * Planeat (2010)
 * Forks Over Knives (2011)
 * Vegucated (2011)
 * Live and Let Live (2013)
 * Cowspiracy (2014)
 * PlantPure Nation (2015)
 * What the Health (2017)
 * Carnage (2017)
 * Dominion (2018)
 * Eating You Alive (2018)
 * The Game Changers (2018)
 * You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)

Magazines
 * Naked Food
 * Satya
 * Vegetarian Times
 * VegNews
 * The Animals' Agenda

Academics,
authors,
physicians


Contemporary
 * Elisa Aaltola
 * Carol J. Adams
 * Suzanne M. Babich
 * Martin Balluch
 * Neal D. Barnard
 * Geoffrey Barstow
 * David Benatar
 * Steven Best
 * Yves Bonnardel
 * Will Bonsall
 * Will Bulsiewicz
 * Jodey Castricano
 * T. Colin Campbell
 * Brenda Davis
 * Garth Davis
 * Jan Deckers
 * Alan Desmond
 * Daniel Dombrowski
 * Mylan Engel
 * Gidon Eshel
 * Caldwell Esselstyn
 * Michael Allen Fox
 * Gary L. Francione
 * Joel Fuhrman
 * Kristi Funk
 * Greta Gaard
 * Valéry Giroux
 * Michael Greger
 * A. Breeze Harper
 * Oscar Horta
 * Michael Huemer
 * Melanie Joy
 * Joel Kahn
 * Avery Yale Kamila
 * Michael Klaper
 * Aph Ko
 * Renan Larue
 * Thomas Lepeltier
 * Andrew Linzey
 * Clair Linzey
 * Howard Lyman
 * Reed Mangels
 * James E. McWilliams
 * Vesanto Melina
 * Gemma Newman
 * David Nibert
 * Jack Norris
 * David Olivier
 * Dean Ornish
 * David Pearce
 * Emelia Quinn
 * Tejal Rao
 * Tom Regan
 * Richard H. Schwartz
 * Jérôme Segal
 * Peter Singer
 * William O. Stephens
 * David Sztybel
 * Sunaura Taylor
 * Richard Twine
 * Kim A. Williams
 * Corey Lee Wrenn
 * Laura Wright
 * Tzachi Zamir

Historical
 * Phyllis B. Acosta
 * William Alcott
 * Bertrand P. Allinson
 * Thomas Allinson
 * Charles R. Attwood
 * William Axon
 * Eduard Baltzer
 * Horace A. Barrows
 * Sidney H. Beard
 * George Bedborough
 * Ernest Bell
 * Robert Bell
 * Ragnar Berg
 * Rynn Berry
 * Maximilian Bircher-Benner
 * George Black
 * Ernest Bonnejoy
 * Lucius Duncan Bulkley
 * J. L. Buttner
 * Paul Carton
 * Job Caudwell
 * George Cheyne
 * Henry S. Clubb
 * Antonio Cocchi
 * Lenna F. Cooper
 * Daniël de Clercq
 * George Dornbusch
 * James Elmslie Duncan
 * Charles W. Forward
 * Mahatma Gandhi
 * Narasinh Narayan Godbole
 * Lewis Gompertz
 * Jeremiah Hacker
 * John Haddon
 * Walter Hadwen
 * Alexander Haig
 * Edward Hare
 * Philippe Hecquet
 * Martin Luther Holbrook
 * Isaac Jennings
 * John Harvey Kellogg
 * Norman Kerr
 * Daniel H. Kress
 * William Lambe
 * W. R. C. Latson
 * Elmer Lee
 * Susan M. Levin
 * Al-Ma'arri
 * Alice G. Marsh
 * Elmer McCollum
 * John A. McDougall
 * William Metcalfe
 * Eli Peck Miller
 * Harry Willis Miller
 * J. Howard Moore
 * Reuben D. Mussey
 * Helen Nearing
 * Scott Nearing
 * Francis William Newman
 * R. E. O'Callaghan
 * Josiah Oldfield
 * Cyril V. Pink
 * Rod Preece
 * James Rachels
 * Ulma Doyle Register
 * Rollo Russell
 * Henry Stephens Salt
 * Johan Lindström Saxon
 * James Simpson
 * Alan Stoddard
 * Russell Thacher Trall
 * Valluvar
 * Ellen G. White
 * Severin Wielobycki
 * Howard Williams
 * Sidney Trist
 * Emil Weilshäuser
 * Frank Wokes
 * Jon Wynne-Tyson
 * Kathleen Keen Zolber


Chefs and
cookbook authors
 * Nava Atlas
 * Mayim Bialik
 * Gypsy Boots
 * BOSH!
 * Edward Espe Brown
 * Tabitha Brown (actress)
 * Suzy Amis Cameron
 * Hannah Che
 * Pinky Cole
 * Chloe Coscarelli
 * Yamuna Devi
 * Sue Donaldson
 * Crescent Dragonwagon
 * Rose Elliot
 * Rip Esselstyn
 * Toni Fiore
 * Carol Lee Flinders
 * Alexis Gauthier
 * Dick Gregory
 * Richa Hingle
 * Madhur Jaffrey
 * Mollie Katzen
 * Frances Moore Lappé
 * Deborah Madison
 * Linda McCartney
 * Mary McCartney
 * Hetty Lui McKinnon
 * Tracye McQuirter
 * Joanne Lee Molinaro
 * Moosewood Collective
 * Isa Chandra Moskowitz
 * Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
 * Gaz Oakley
 * Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
 * Mathew Pritchard
 * Satchidananda Saraswati
 * Derek Sarno
 * Miyoko Schinner
 * Alicia Silverstone
 * Hannah Sunderani
 * Bryant Terry
 * Anna Thomas
 * Haile Thomas
 * Lauren Toyota
 * Jeeca Uy
 * Umberto Veronesi
 * Nisha Vora
 * Alan Wakeman

Restaurants
 * Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
 * Cinnaholic
 * Crossroads Kitchen
 * Greens Restaurant
 * Hiltl Restaurant
 * Little Pine (restaurant)
 * Purezza
 * Slutty Vegan
 * Souley Vegan
 * The Sound Lounge, London
 * Veggie Grill

Former restaurants
 * Cranks (restaurant)
 * Food for Thought (restaurant)
 * InSpiral Lounge
 * Lentil as Anything
 * New Riverside Cafe
 * Nix (restaurant)
 * Penny Cafeteria
 * Pink Peacock
 * The Hollow Reed
 * The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel

Related
 * Vegetarian and vegan symbolism
 * List of vegan media
 * Juice fasting
 * Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
 * Vegaphobia
 * Plant-based diet
 * Plant-based action plan
 * Sustainable diet
   * Low-carbon
   * Planetary health
 * Flexitarianism
   * Pescetarianism
   * Pollotarianism


 * v
 * t
 * e

Human nutrition and healthy diets
Main articles Diet Dieting Cuisine Dietitian Hunger Leptin Meal Nutrition
Obesity Staple food
Dieting


Basic types
 * Omnivore
 * Plant-based

Regional diets
 * Western
 * Mediterranean
 * Atlantic

Sustainable diets
 * Low carbon
 * Planetary health

Religious diets
 * Buddhist
 * Christian
 * Hindu
 * Islamic
 * Jain
 * Jewish
 * Rastafari
 * Sikh

Vegetarianism
and veganism
 * Fruitarianism
 * Meat analogue
 * Milk substitute
 * Raw vegan
 * Tofu

Semi-vegetarianism
 * Ovo-lacto vegetarianism
 * Pescetarian
 * Pollotarian

Supplement diets
 * Bodybuilding supplements
 * Meal replacement
 * Therapeutic food

Non-solid diets
 * Liquid diets
 * Very-low-calorie diet

Specific
restrictions
 * Calorie restriction
 * Cardiac diet
 * Diabetic diet
 * Elimination diet
 * Fluid restriction diet
 * Gluten-free
 * Gluten-free and casein-free
 * Intermittent fasting
 * Low-sodium
 * Low-FODMAP
 * Low-carbohydrate
 * Low-fat
 * Low-fiber/low-residue diet
 * Low-protein
 * Monotrophic diet
 * NPO
 * Renal diet
 * Soft diet
 * Specific carbohydrate

Other diets
 * Entomophagy
 * Cotton ball
 * Pica
 * DASH
 * Inuit
 * MIND
 * Time Restricted Eating
 * Liquid diet
 * Ninja diet
 * Raw foodism
 * U.S. military

Fad diets
 * Cambridge
 * Macrobiotic
 * Master Cleanse
 * Junk food
 * Superfood
 * Slow-Carb

List of diets
 * Diet food


Nutrition


Amino acids
 * Alanine
 * Arginine
 * Asparagine
 * Aspartic acid
 * Cysteine
 * Glutamic acid
 * Glutamine
 * Glycine
 * Histidine
 * Isoleucine
 * Leucine
 * Lysine
 * Methionine
 * Phenylalanine
 * Proline
 * Selenocysteine
 * Serine
 * Threonine
 * Tryptophan
 * Tyrosine
 * Valine

Vitamins
 * Vitamin A
 * Vitamin B1
 * Vitamin B2
 * Vitamin B3
 * Vitamin B5
 * Vitamin B6
 * Vitamin B7
 * Vitamin B9
 * Vitamin B12
 * Vitamin C
 * Vitamin D
 * Vitamin E
 * Vitamin K

Minerals
 * Calcium
 * Chlorine
 * Chromium
 * Cobalt
 * Copper
 * Iodine
 * Iron
 * Magnesium
 * Manganese
 * Molybdenum
 * Nickel
 * Phosphorus
 * Potassium
 * Selenium
 * Sodium
 * Vanadium
 * Zinc


Nutritional
advice
 * 5 A Day
 * Dairy Council of California
 * Food pyramid
 * Fruits & Veggies – More Matters
 * Healthy eating pyramid
 * Latin American Diet Pyramid
 * French paradox
 * Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
 * MyPlate
 * MyPyramid
 * Vegetarian Diet Pyramid

 * Category
 * Commons
 * Cookbook
 * Food portal, Health and fitness portal



Authority control databases: National
 * Israel
 * United States