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THIS AMERICAN MAVERICK RULED THE LESBIAN LITERARY SCENE OF PARIS

By Molly Fosco

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WHY YOU SHOULD CARE

In Paris, poet Natalie Clifford Barney became a champion of gay rights, simply
by refusing to follow the rules. 

OZY's Disruptive Literary Legends introduces you to writers who broke barriers
around the world. Disruptive Literary Legends: This OZY original series explores
long-forgotten historical figures who changed the way we write, read and
appreciate literature.






The lush, green garden bustles with people on a warm Parisian evening. Guests
drink champagne and snack on hors d’oeuvres, the hum of their chatter rising
into the night air. It’s the roaring twenties and some of the most renowned
writers, artists and musicians in Paris are on hand, including T.S. Eliot and
Gertrude Stein. This was a typical Friday night salon hosted by poet and author
Natalie Clifford Barney, one of the most outspoken and well-respected writers of
her time. Not only did Barney break barriers by living as an openly gay woman in
the 1920s, she also gave female artists and writers a platform to share their
work. In doing so, she became a champion of gay and women’s rights, simply by
refusing to follow cultural norms.

Born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1876 to a wealthy railway pioneer father and an artist
mother, Barney was surrounded by creatives from a young age. At 5 years old, she
met Oscar Wilde, who became a close family friend. At age 10, Barney went to
Paris for the first time, to attend school, fell in love with the city and
learned to speak French like a native. 

Barney published her first book of poems in 1900. Quelques Portraits-Sonnets de
Femmes (Some Portrait-Sonnets of Women) made her the first woman to write openly
about loving other women since the ancient Greek poet Sappho. Reviews were
positive — though most ignored the lesbian themes, except for an article in The
Washington Mirror that directly compared Barney to Sappho. Her father was so
displeased with the review that he bought the publisher and destroyed their
printing plates. Worried by her father’s volatility, Barney published her next
book under the pseudonym “Tryphé.” After he died, leaving her a tidy sum of
money, she resolved never to use a pseudonym again. 

> Barney had a taste for prominent, yet wild, women.

 
        

Source  Corbis Historical

Because Barney was firmly opposed to monogamy, she had many lovers throughout
her life, which became part of her legacy. “The fact that she was sexually
liberated, for many women, that made her ahead of her time,” says Karla Jay,
LGBT activist and author of The Amazon and the Page: Natalie Clifford Barney and
Renée Vivien. In 1899, Barney began a passionate and tumultuous romance with
fellow poet Renée Vivien. But Vivien wanted commitment, and Barney’s dismissal
of monogamy proved detrimental to their relationship. Vivien, who was
an alcoholic, attempted suicide by overdosing on opioids in 1908; she died a
year later at the age of 32. Fifty years after her death, Barney wrote of her
former lover in a memoir: “She could not be saved. Her life was a long suicide.
Everything turned to dust and ashes in her hands,” according to the book Wild
Girls by Diana Souhami.

Barney had a taste for prominent but wild women. She had notable relationships
with the memoirist Élisabeth de Gramont, who was the Duchess of
Clermont-Tonnerre and a descendant of Henry IV of France; the portrait artist
Romaine Brooks; and Dolly Wilde, Oscar Wilde’s niece and, like Vivien, a heavy
drinker and drug user. The two were separated during World War II when Barney
fled to Italy and Wilde fled to the U.K., where she died in 1941 from what was
believed to be a drug overdose.

 


Around the turn of the century, Barney began hosting salons at her home in
Paris, a weekly affair that lasted for 60 years. It was an opportunity for
artists, writers and musicians to meet and exchange ideas. It was at these
salons that some of the most famous modernist writers of the early 20th century
shared their work. In addition to Eliot and Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Colette
and William Carlos Williams attended, among many others. Barney’s salons
welcomed both men and women at a time when the Académie Française, the French
literary academy, refused to admit women. In response to this rule, Barney
founded a “Women’s Academy” in 1927, hosting regular readings to honor the
accomplishments of French female writers who’d been largely ignored by the
mainstream.

After the war, Barney resumed her weekly Parisian salons. She continued her
Women’s Academy readings, including one that featured Marguerite Yourcenar who
in 1980, eight years after Barney’s death, would become the first female member
of the Académie Française. To date, only nine of the 732 members in the history
of the Académie Française have been women and just six of the 40 seats today are
held by women.



Though Barney wrote more than a dozen books of poetry, plays and a novel, she is
remembered mostly for the way she lived. “She really wasn’t a first-rate
writer,” Jay says. “Her life really was, in many ways, her finest work.” And
ironically, the fact that she lived so long — she died of heart failure in 1972
— allowed her work to fall into the shadows, largely neglected by second-wave
feminists. Barney was buried in Paris, but in 2009 her hometown of Dayton
erected a marker in her honor — the first distinction of its kind in the state
to note the sexuality of the honoree.

While she may not be considered an activist by today’s standards, Barney was an
icon for women and the LGBT community, both during her time and after. Her life
was the inspiration for the British novel The Well of Loneliness, by Radclyffe
Hall, the most acclaimed lesbian novel of the 20th century. Barney is depicted
as the “placid and self-assured” salon hostess Valérie Seymour. In her life,
Barney was entirely unapologetic, says Jay. “I think her attitude was ‘I’m a
woman and I’m not going to change that, so we’re going to see what women can
do.’”

 * Molly Fosco, OZY Author Follow Molly Fosco on Twitter Contact Molly Fosco




The Daily Dose June 24, 2019

TOPICS

 * Badass Women of History
 * Books
 * EUROPE
 * European History
 * France
 * HISTORY
 * LGBTQ
 * Writers


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