www.nfsupplements.co.uk
Open in
urlscan Pro
23.227.38.74
Public Scan
URL:
https://www.nfsupplements.co.uk/
Submission: On June 14 via api from US — Scanned from CA
Submission: On June 14 via api from US — Scanned from CA
Form analysis 5 forms found in the DOM
GET /search
<form action="/search" method="get" role="search" class="search search-modal__form">
<div class="field">
<input class="search__input field__input" id="Search-In-Modal" type="search" name="q" value="" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false" aria-owns="predictive-search-results-list" aria-controls="predictive-search-results-list"
aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-autocomplete="list" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false">
<label class="field__label" for="Search-In-Modal">Search</label>
<input type="hidden" name="options[prefix]" value="last">
<button class="search__button field__button" aria-label="Search">
<svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="presentation">
<use href="#icon-search">
</use>
</svg>
</button>
</div>
<div class="predictive-search predictive-search--header" tabindex="-1" data-predictive-search="">
<div class="predictive-search__loading-state">
<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="presentation" class="spinner" viewBox="0 0 66 66" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<circle class="path" fill="none" stroke-width="6" cx="33" cy="33" r="30"></circle>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<span class="predictive-search-status visually-hidden" role="status" aria-hidden="true"></span>
</form>POST /cart
<form action="/cart" method="post" id="cart-notification-form">
<button class="button button--primary button--full-width" name="checkout">Check out</button>
</form>POST /contact#ContactFooter
<form method="post" action="/contact#ContactFooter" id="ContactFooter" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="footer__newsletter newsletter-form"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="customer"><input type="hidden" name="utf8" value="✓"><input
type="hidden" name="contact[tags]" value="newsletter">
<div class="newsletter-form__field-wrapper">
<div class="field">
<input id="NewsletterForm--footer" type="email" name="contact[email]" class="field__input" value="" aria-required="true" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Email" required="">
<label class="field__label" for="NewsletterForm--footer"> Email </label>
<button type="submit" class="newsletter-form__button field__button" name="commit" id="Subscribe" aria-label="Subscribe">
<svg viewBox="0 0 14 10" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="presentation" class="icon icon-arrow" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8.537.808a.5.5 0 01.817-.162l4 4a.5.5 0 010 .708l-4 4a.5.5 0 11-.708-.708L11.793 5.5H1a.5.5 0 010-1h10.793L8.646 1.354a.5.5 0 01-.109-.546z" fill="currentColor">
</path>
</svg>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST /localization
<form method="post" action="/localization" id="FooterCountryFormNoScript" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization"><input type="hidden" name="utf8"
value="✓"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put"><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/">
<div class="localization-form__select">
<h2 class="visually-hidden" id="FooterCountryLabelNoScript">Country/region</h2>
<select class="localization-selector link" name="country_code" aria-labelledby="FooterCountryLabelNoScript">
<option value="AF"> Afghanistan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AX"> Åland Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AL"> Albania (GBP £) </option>
<option value="DZ"> Algeria (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AD"> Andorra (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AO"> Angola (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AI"> Anguilla (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AG"> Antigua & Barbuda (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AR"> Argentina (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AM"> Armenia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AW"> Aruba (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AC"> Ascension Island (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AU"> Australia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AT"> Austria (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AZ"> Azerbaijan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BS"> Bahamas (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BH"> Bahrain (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BD"> Bangladesh (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BB"> Barbados (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BY"> Belarus (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BE"> Belgium (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BZ"> Belize (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BJ"> Benin (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BM"> Bermuda (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BT"> Bhutan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BO"> Bolivia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BA"> Bosnia & Herzegovina (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BW"> Botswana (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BR"> Brazil (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IO"> British Indian Ocean Territory (GBP £) </option>
<option value="VG"> British Virgin Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BN"> Brunei (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BG"> Bulgaria (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BF"> Burkina Faso (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BI"> Burundi (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KH"> Cambodia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CM"> Cameroon (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CA"> Canada (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CV"> Cape Verde (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BQ"> Caribbean Netherlands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KY"> Cayman Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CF"> Central African Republic (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TD"> Chad (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CL"> Chile (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CN"> China (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CX"> Christmas Island (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CC"> Cocos (Keeling) Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CO"> Colombia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KM"> Comoros (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CG"> Congo - Brazzaville (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CD"> Congo - Kinshasa (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CK"> Cook Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CR"> Costa Rica (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CI"> Côte d’Ivoire (GBP £) </option>
<option value="HR"> Croatia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CW"> Curaçao (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CY"> Cyprus (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CZ"> Czechia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="DK"> Denmark (GBP £) </option>
<option value="DJ"> Djibouti (GBP £) </option>
<option value="DM"> Dominica (GBP £) </option>
<option value="DO"> Dominican Republic (GBP £) </option>
<option value="EC"> Ecuador (GBP £) </option>
<option value="EG"> Egypt (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GQ"> Equatorial Guinea (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ER"> Eritrea (GBP £) </option>
<option value="EE"> Estonia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SZ"> Eswatini (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ET"> Ethiopia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="FK"> Falkland Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="FO"> Faroe Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="FJ"> Fiji (GBP £) </option>
<option value="FI"> Finland (GBP £) </option>
<option value="FR"> France (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GF"> French Guiana (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PF"> French Polynesia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TF"> French Southern Territories (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GA"> Gabon (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GM"> Gambia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GE"> Georgia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="DE"> Germany (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GH"> Ghana (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GI"> Gibraltar (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GR"> Greece (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GL"> Greenland (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GD"> Grenada (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GP"> Guadeloupe (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GT"> Guatemala (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GG"> Guernsey (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GN"> Guinea (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GW"> Guinea-Bissau (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GY"> Guyana (GBP £) </option>
<option value="HT"> Haiti (GBP £) </option>
<option value="HN"> Honduras (GBP £) </option>
<option value="HK"> Hong Kong SAR (GBP £) </option>
<option value="HU"> Hungary (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IS"> Iceland (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IN"> India (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ID"> Indonesia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IQ"> Iraq (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IE"> Ireland (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IM"> Isle of Man (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IL"> Israel (GBP £) </option>
<option value="IT"> Italy (GBP £) </option>
<option value="JM"> Jamaica (GBP £) </option>
<option value="JP"> Japan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="JE"> Jersey (GBP £) </option>
<option value="JO"> Jordan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KZ"> Kazakhstan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KE"> Kenya (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KI"> Kiribati (GBP £) </option>
<option value="XK"> Kosovo (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KW"> Kuwait (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KG"> Kyrgyzstan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LA"> Laos (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LV"> Latvia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LB"> Lebanon (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LS"> Lesotho (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LR"> Liberia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LY"> Libya (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LI"> Liechtenstein (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LT"> Lithuania (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LU"> Luxembourg (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MO"> Macao SAR (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MG"> Madagascar (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MW"> Malawi (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MY"> Malaysia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MV"> Maldives (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ML"> Mali (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MT"> Malta (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MQ"> Martinique (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MR"> Mauritania (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MU"> Mauritius (GBP £) </option>
<option value="YT"> Mayotte (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MX"> Mexico (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MD"> Moldova (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MC"> Monaco (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MN"> Mongolia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ME"> Montenegro (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MS"> Montserrat (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MA"> Morocco (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MZ"> Mozambique (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MM"> Myanmar (Burma) (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NA"> Namibia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NR"> Nauru (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NP"> Nepal (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NL"> Netherlands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NC"> New Caledonia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NZ"> New Zealand (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NI"> Nicaragua (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NE"> Niger (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NG"> Nigeria (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NU"> Niue (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NF"> Norfolk Island (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MK"> North Macedonia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="NO"> Norway (GBP £) </option>
<option value="OM"> Oman (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PK"> Pakistan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PS"> Palestinian Territories (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PA"> Panama (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PG"> Papua New Guinea (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PY"> Paraguay (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PE"> Peru (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PH"> Philippines (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PN"> Pitcairn Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PL"> Poland (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PT"> Portugal (GBP £) </option>
<option value="QA"> Qatar (GBP £) </option>
<option value="RE"> Réunion (GBP £) </option>
<option value="RO"> Romania (GBP £) </option>
<option value="RU"> Russia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="RW"> Rwanda (GBP £) </option>
<option value="WS"> Samoa (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SM"> San Marino (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ST"> São Tomé & Príncipe (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SA"> Saudi Arabia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SN"> Senegal (GBP £) </option>
<option value="RS"> Serbia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SC"> Seychelles (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SL"> Sierra Leone (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SG"> Singapore (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SX"> Sint Maarten (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SK"> Slovakia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SI"> Slovenia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SB"> Solomon Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SO"> Somalia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ZA"> South Africa (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GS"> South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KR"> South Korea (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SS"> South Sudan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LK"> Sri Lanka (GBP £) </option>
<option value="BL"> St. Barthélemy (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SH"> St. Helena (GBP £) </option>
<option value="KN"> St. Kitts & Nevis (GBP £) </option>
<option value="LC"> St. Lucia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="MF"> St. Martin (GBP £) </option>
<option value="PM"> St. Pierre & Miquelon (GBP £) </option>
<option value="VC"> St. Vincent & Grenadines (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SD"> Sudan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SR"> Suriname (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SJ"> Svalbard & Jan Mayen (GBP £) </option>
<option value="SE"> Sweden (GBP £) </option>
<option value="CH"> Switzerland (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TW"> Taiwan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TJ"> Tajikistan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TZ"> Tanzania (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TH"> Thailand (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TL"> Timor-Leste (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TG"> Togo (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TK"> Tokelau (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TO"> Tonga (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TT"> Trinidad & Tobago (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TA"> Tristan da Cunha (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TN"> Tunisia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TR"> Turkey (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TM"> Turkmenistan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TC"> Turks & Caicos Islands (GBP £) </option>
<option value="TV"> Tuvalu (GBP £) </option>
<option value="UG"> Uganda (GBP £) </option>
<option value="UA"> Ukraine (GBP £) </option>
<option value="AE"> United Arab Emirates (GBP £) </option>
<option value="GB" selected=""> United Kingdom (GBP £) </option>
<option value="US"> United States (GBP £) </option>
<option value="UY"> Uruguay (GBP £) </option>
<option value="UZ"> Uzbekistan (GBP £) </option>
<option value="VU"> Vanuatu (GBP £) </option>
<option value="VA"> Vatican City (GBP £) </option>
<option value="VE"> Venezuela (GBP £) </option>
<option value="VN"> Vietnam (GBP £) </option>
<option value="WF"> Wallis & Futuna (GBP £) </option>
<option value="EH"> Western Sahara (GBP £) </option>
<option value="YE"> Yemen (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ZM"> Zambia (GBP £) </option>
<option value="ZW"> Zimbabwe (GBP £) </option>
</select>
<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="presentation" class="icon icon-caret" viewBox="0 0 10 6">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.354.646a.5.5 0 00-.708 0L5 4.293 1.354.646a.5.5 0 00-.708.708l4 4a.5.5 0 00.708 0l4-4a.5.5 0 000-.708z" fill="currentColor">
</path>
</svg>
</div>
<button class="button button--tertiary">Update country/region</button>
</form>POST /localization
<form method="post" action="/localization" id="FooterCountryForm" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="localization-form" enctype="multipart/form-data"><input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="localization"><input type="hidden" name="utf8"
value="✓"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put"><input type="hidden" name="return_to" value="/">
<div class="no-js-hidden">
<h2 class="caption-large text-body" id="FooterCountryLabel">Country/region</h2>
<div class="disclosure">
<button type="button" class="disclosure__button localization-form__select localization-selector link link--text caption-large" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="FooterCountryList" aria-describedby="FooterCountryLabel"> United Kingdom (GBP £)
<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="presentation" class="icon icon-caret" viewBox="0 0 10 6">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.354.646a.5.5 0 00-.708 0L5 4.293 1.354.646a.5.5 0 00-.708.708l4 4a.5.5 0 00.708 0l4-4a.5.5 0 000-.708z" fill="currentColor">
</path>
</svg>
</button>
<ul id="FooterCountryList" role="list" class="disclosure__list list-unstyled" hidden="">
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AF">
Afghanistan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AX">
Åland Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AL">
Albania <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="DZ">
Algeria <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AD">
Andorra <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AO">
Angola <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AI">
Anguilla <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AG">
Antigua & Barbuda <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AR">
Argentina <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AM">
Armenia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AW">
Aruba <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AC">
Ascension Island <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AU">
Australia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AT">
Austria <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AZ">
Azerbaijan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BS">
Bahamas <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BH">
Bahrain <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BD">
Bangladesh <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BB">
Barbados <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BY">
Belarus <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BE">
Belgium <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BZ">
Belize <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BJ">
Benin <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BM">
Bermuda <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BT">
Bhutan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BO">
Bolivia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BA">
Bosnia & Herzegovina <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BW">
Botswana <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BR">
Brazil <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IO">
British Indian Ocean Territory <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="VG">
British Virgin Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BN">
Brunei <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BG">
Bulgaria <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BF">
Burkina Faso <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BI">
Burundi <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KH">
Cambodia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CM">
Cameroon <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CA">
Canada <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CV">
Cape Verde <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BQ">
Caribbean Netherlands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KY">
Cayman Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CF">
Central African Republic <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TD">
Chad <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CL">
Chile <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CN">
China <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CX">
Christmas Island <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CC">
Cocos (Keeling) Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CO">
Colombia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KM">
Comoros <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CG">
Congo - Brazzaville <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CD">
Congo - Kinshasa <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CK">
Cook Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CR">
Costa Rica <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CI">
Côte d’Ivoire <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="HR">
Croatia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CW">
Curaçao <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CY">
Cyprus <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CZ">
Czechia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="DK">
Denmark <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="DJ">
Djibouti <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="DM">
Dominica <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="DO">
Dominican Republic <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="EC">
Ecuador <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="EG">
Egypt <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GQ">
Equatorial Guinea <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ER">
Eritrea <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="EE">
Estonia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SZ">
Eswatini <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ET">
Ethiopia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="FK">
Falkland Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="FO">
Faroe Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="FJ">
Fiji <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="FI">
Finland <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="FR">
France <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GF">
French Guiana <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PF">
French Polynesia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TF">
French Southern Territories <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GA">
Gabon <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GM">
Gambia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GE">
Georgia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="DE">
Germany <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GH">
Ghana <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GI">
Gibraltar <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GR">
Greece <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GL">
Greenland <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GD">
Grenada <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GP">
Guadeloupe <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GT">
Guatemala <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GG">
Guernsey <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GN">
Guinea <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GW">
Guinea-Bissau <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GY">
Guyana <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="HT">
Haiti <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="HN">
Honduras <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="HK">
Hong Kong SAR <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="HU">
Hungary <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IS">
Iceland <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IN">
India <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ID">
Indonesia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IQ">
Iraq <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IE">
Ireland <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IM">
Isle of Man <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IL">
Israel <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="IT">
Italy <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="JM">
Jamaica <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="JP">
Japan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="JE">
Jersey <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="JO">
Jordan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KZ">
Kazakhstan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KE">
Kenya <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KI">
Kiribati <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="XK">
Kosovo <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KW">
Kuwait <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KG">
Kyrgyzstan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LA">
Laos <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LV">
Latvia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LB">
Lebanon <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LS">
Lesotho <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LR">
Liberia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LY">
Libya <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LI">
Liechtenstein <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LT">
Lithuania <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LU">
Luxembourg <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MO">
Macao SAR <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MG">
Madagascar <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MW">
Malawi <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MY">
Malaysia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MV">
Maldives <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ML">
Mali <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MT">
Malta <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MQ">
Martinique <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MR">
Mauritania <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MU">
Mauritius <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="YT">
Mayotte <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MX">
Mexico <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MD">
Moldova <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MC">
Monaco <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MN">
Mongolia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ME">
Montenegro <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MS">
Montserrat <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MA">
Morocco <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MZ">
Mozambique <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MM">
Myanmar (Burma) <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NA">
Namibia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NR">
Nauru <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NP">
Nepal <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NL">
Netherlands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NC">
New Caledonia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NZ">
New Zealand <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NI">
Nicaragua <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NE">
Niger <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NG">
Nigeria <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NU">
Niue <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NF">
Norfolk Island <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MK">
North Macedonia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="NO">
Norway <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="OM">
Oman <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PK">
Pakistan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PS">
Palestinian Territories <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PA">
Panama <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PG">
Papua New Guinea <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PY">
Paraguay <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PE">
Peru <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PH">
Philippines <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PN">
Pitcairn Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PL">
Poland <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PT">
Portugal <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="QA">
Qatar <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="RE">
Réunion <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="RO">
Romania <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="RU">
Russia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="RW">
Rwanda <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="WS">
Samoa <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SM">
San Marino <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ST">
São Tomé & Príncipe <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SA">
Saudi Arabia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SN">
Senegal <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="RS">
Serbia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SC">
Seychelles <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SL">
Sierra Leone <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SG">
Singapore <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SX">
Sint Maarten <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SK">
Slovakia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SI">
Slovenia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SB">
Solomon Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SO">
Somalia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ZA">
South Africa <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="GS">
South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KR">
South Korea <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SS">
South Sudan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LK">
Sri Lanka <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="BL">
St. Barthélemy <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SH">
St. Helena <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="KN">
St. Kitts & Nevis <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="LC">
St. Lucia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="MF">
St. Martin <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="PM">
St. Pierre & Miquelon <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="VC">
St. Vincent & Grenadines <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SD">
Sudan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SR">
Suriname <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SJ">
Svalbard & Jan Mayen <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="SE">
Sweden <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="CH">
Switzerland <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TW">
Taiwan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TJ">
Tajikistan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TZ">
Tanzania <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TH">
Thailand <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TL">
Timor-Leste <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TG">
Togo <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TK">
Tokelau <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TO">
Tonga <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TT">
Trinidad & Tobago <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TA">
Tristan da Cunha <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TN">
Tunisia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TR">
Turkey <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TM">
Turkmenistan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TC">
Turks & Caicos Islands <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="TV">
Tuvalu <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="UG">
Uganda <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="UA">
Ukraine <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="AE">
United Arab Emirates <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large disclosure__link--active focus-inset" href="#" aria-current="true" data-value="GB">
United Kingdom <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="US">
United States <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="UY">
Uruguay <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="UZ">
Uzbekistan <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="VU">
Vanuatu <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="VA">
Vatican City <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="VE">
Venezuela <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="VN">
Vietnam <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="WF">
Wallis & Futuna <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="EH">
Western Sahara <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="YE">
Yemen <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ZM">
Zambia <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="disclosure__item" tabindex="-1">
<a class="link link--text disclosure__link caption-large focus-inset" href="#" data-value="ZW">
Zimbabwe <span class="localization-form__currency">(GBP £)</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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from 1068 reviews
Erectile Dysfunction Bundle 4 Products To Increase Blood Flow To The Penis &
Increase Sperm Count
Jose Plascencia
12/06/2023
Erectile Dysfunction Bundle 4 Products To Increase Blood Flow To The Penis &
Increase Sperm Count
It genuinely honestly works
I live a very active life and work a lot. I weight train in the gym intensely 5
times a week to maintain my strength and decent size, usually have 10-12hour
working days and then I still need to find the energy and fire to please my girl
every weekend! Fadogia and Tongkat taken in combination once a day for me has
worked wonders. I have been able to get my body back close to the vigour I would
get when I would practice semen retention which I can’t really practice anymore.
The supplements honestly have the effect of viagra for me, dont take these if
you’re not ready to have your libido on 1000% 😁
Ashley King
11/06/2023
Fadogia Agrestis - Increase Testosterone & Sexual Performance
Natural Testosterone Booster Bundle - Tongkat Ali & Fadogia Agrestis
Szymon Wroblewski
09/06/2023
Natural Testosterone Booster Bundle - Tongkat Ali & Fadogia Agrestis
Great
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Kenneth Starovla
07/06/2023
Natural Muscle Builder Bundle - Tongkat Ali, Fadogia & Turkesterone
Horny goat weed
They do everything they supposed to !!!!
Chris Hill
05/06/2023
Horny Goat Weed Tablets - Natural Libido Boost
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Mark Dragan
03/06/2023
Natural Muscle Builder Bundle - Tongkat Ali, Fadogia & Turkesterone
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Dany Emozione
02/06/2023
Vitamin D3 and K2 MK7 Tablets - Muscles, Bones & Immune System Health
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Kate
01/06/2023
Ashwagandha Withania Somnifera - Reduce Stress & Anxiety
I have to admit that after switching to this Booster Bundle I have certainly
noticed a positive change for the better! I will be re-ordering fairly soon.
James Crow
01/06/2023
Natural Testosterone Booster Bundle - Tongkat Ali & Fadogia Agrestis
Almost a month in and feel great
I had emailed to return this product as the taste is absolutely vile. But almost
a month in and I can see and feel the difference. I am 51 and on HRT, go to the
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better strength and just generally feel and look better. Won’t be returning my
other two packs now.
Tip however - eat something, as you are about to swallow pop one in the mouth
and swallow quickly. It’s the only bearable way to take them
hayley scott
30/05/2023
Tongkat Ali For Women - Fat Loss, Balance Hormones, Improve Mood, Libido &
Energy
This really mellowed me out
When I took it, after a short while it felt as if I was just living in the
moment. Nothing really bothered me while on ashwagandha and as easy as it was to
get on the pills, however I felt no drawbacks getting off. Slight change in mood
but effective imo for people similar to me who have problems controlling their
“minds” emotions not per say my actions if that makes sense.
Sarah
23/05/2023
Ashwagandha Withania Somnifera - Reduce Stress & Anxiety
Amazing
Ryan Mckenzie
22/05/2023
Natural Muscle Builder Bundle - Tongkat Ali, Fadogia & Turkesterone
Good stuff
I have seen a marked improvement all round and highly recommend this product.
MN
22/05/2023
Natural Testosterone Booster Bundle - Tongkat Ali & Fadogia Agrestis
It does work as expected
As many, I heard about tongka Ali on Joe Rogan podcast. So at 36 yo I decided to
give it a try. The biggest effect is a massive increase in libido :) not that I
was bad before, but I went from 3 per week to literally 10 per week. I actually
had to lower the dose and take it every second day. I also take citrulline
malate and alpha lipoid acid from Swanson.
Javier Garijo
22/05/2023
Natural Testosterone Booster Bundle - Tongkat Ali & Fadogia Agrestis
Amazing produc
I've been taking this in small amount due to stomach upsetting. Slowly
increasing however I will recommend it to take it after lunch if you are not
having a big breakfast. This will help you to avoid nausea. Also I would like to
add they have a really helpful customer service.
Javier De Nobrega
22/05/2023
Natural Testosterone Booster Bundle - Tongkat Ali & Fadogia Agrestis
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117 reviews
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3RD PARTY TESTING
Third-party testing is essential for supplement companies to ensure their
products are safe, meet regulatory requirements, and build consumer confidence.
By investing in third-party testing, Natural Foundation Supplements hopes to
demonstrate their commitment to providing high-quality products and earn your
trust.
See Our Third Party Test Results
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES DATABASE BY NATURAL FOUNDATION
We've collected over 1000 studies on the products we sell. We've compiled the
most interesting studies on this page.
We stay on top of the latest scientific research to ensure our products are as
effective and safe as possible.
All Products Testosterone Boosters Muscle Building Blood Flow & Blood Pressure
Libido & Erectile Dysfunction Vitamins Anti-ageing Stress, Anxiety & Sleep Fibre
Liver Health Joint Health Nootropics Antioxidants Hair Loss
TONGKAT ALI
TURKESTERONE
CISTANCHE
FADOGIA AGRESTIS
ECDYSTERONE
HORNY GOAT WEED
BEETROOT
L-CITRULLINE
VITAMIN D
NMN
SAW PALMETTO
GREEN TEA
ASHWAGANDHA
LEMON BALM
LION'S MANE
TURMERIC
MILK THISTLE
PSYLLIUM HUSK
ZMA
CREATINE
COLLAGEN
RESVERATROL
Previous Slide Next Slide
TONGKAT ALI
TURKESTERONE
FADOGIA AGRESTIS
ECDYSTERONE
ZMA
CREATINE
Previous Slide Next Slide
TONGKAT ALI
TURKESTERONE
FADOGIA AGRESTIS
ECDYSTERONE
ASHWAGANDHA
CREATINE
Previous Slide Next Slide
BEETROOT
L-CITRULLINE
Previous Slide Next Slide
TONGKAT ALI
CISTANCHE
FADOGIA AGRESTIS
HORNY GOAT WEED
Previous Slide Next Slide
VITAMIN D
Previous Slide Next Slide
NMN
COLLAGEN
RESVERATROL
Previous Slide Next Slide
ASHWAGANDHA
LEMON BALM
LION'S MANE
ZMA
Previous Slide Next Slide
PSYLLIUM HUSK
Previous Slide Next Slide
MILK THISTLE
Previous Slide Next Slide
TURMERIC
Previous Slide Next Slide
LION'S MANE
Previous Slide Next Slide
GREEN TEA
TURMERIC
MILK THISTLE
Previous Slide Next Slide
SAW PALMETTO
Previous Slide Next Slide
TONGKAT ALI SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Numerous clinical trials have investigated the effects of tongkat ali in humans
over the past 20 years. We have summarised some of the most important studies
related to testosterone, sexual function, stress and energy.
Testosterone
Muscle Mass & Strength
Sexual Function
Stress
STUDY 1
Study type:
Clinical trial (double-blind, placebo-controlled)
Dose:
600 mg/day of Tongkat Ali with 1.45% eurycomanone
Participants:
32 men aged from 20 to 30
Duration:
2 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed steroidogenic effects after Tongkat Ali
supplementation. No adverse side effects were observed.
600mg/day was correlated with significant increases in testosterone (15%), free
testosterone (34%) and estrogen (30%) levels. The testosterone level was raised
slightly above the normal human range. The authors concluded that 600mg/day of
Tongkat Ali could have a positive impact on sports performance.
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/and.14001
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
200mg, 400mg and 600mg of Tongkat Ali per day
Participants:
20 healthy males aged from 38 to 58
Duration:
2 months
Results:
Testosterone levels increased after 3 weeks of Tongkat Ali supplementation. The
high dose of 600mg/d did not adversely affect liver function, renal function,
blood profiles, electrolytes, cancer markers and the immune system.
Link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295384337_Standardized_watersoluble_extract_of_eurycoma_longifolia_LJ100_on_men's_health
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
50mg of Tongkat Ali per day
Additional interventions:
Multivitamin mix
Participants:
95 men and women aged from 25 to 65
Duration:
24 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with significant increases in free
testosterone. Males experienced a 682% average increase in free testosterone.
Females experienced a 700% average increase in free testosterone.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v62.1374
STUDY 4
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
100mg or 200mg of Tongkat Ali per day
Participants:
106 males aged from 50 to 70 with low testosterone
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
Tongkat ali supplementation was associated with significant increases in total
testosterone. A dose of 200mg per day was associated with a 12.2% increase in
total testosterone and a 16.9% increase in free testosterone.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v65.5647
STUDY 5
Study type:
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
200mg of Tongkat Ali per day
Additional interventions:
3 hour-long training sessions per week
Participants:
45 middle-aged, androgen-deficient males
Duration:
6 months (the longest trial of tongkat ali supplementation to date)
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with increases in total testosterone
levels and improvements in erectile function.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.12.002
Next Slide Previous Slide
STUDY 1
Study type:
Placebo-controlled clinical trial
Dose:
100mg per day
Additional interventions:
Intense strength training on alternate days
Participants:
14 healthy men
Duration:
5 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with:
• 4.1% Increase in lean body mass (from 52.26kg to 54.39kg)
• 2.86% reduction in body fat (from 31.3% to 28.44%)
• 6.8% increase in strength
• 1.8cm increase in mean arm circumference (from 30.87cm to 32.67cm)
Link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341998425_The_Ergogenic_Effect_of_Eurycoma_longifolia_Jack_A_Pilot_Study
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
250mg of Tongkat Ali per day
Additional interventions:
High-intensity resistance training; 2500mg of branched-chain amino acids; 1020mg
of beta-alanine.
Participants:
32 young males with at least 1 year of experience in squatting, bench pressing
and deadlifting.
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with large strength increases in
bench pressing (102kg to 108kg), squatting (120kg to 133kg) and deadlifting
(158kg to 172kg), corresponding to an overall strength increase of 33kg. The
placebo group experienced a much lower overall strength increase (24kg).
Year:
2015
Link:
https://www.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000995
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
300mg
Participants:
40 men aged 30 to 35
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with a strength increase of around
14kg in the back and leg muscles compared to the placebo group.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0673.1000127
STUDY 4
Study type:
Clinical trial (uncontrolled)
Dose:
200mg per day
Participants:
13 physically active males and 12 physically active females aged 57 to 72
Duration:
5 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with a strength increase of 16.6% in
men and 13.7% in women after 5 weeks. These increases in muscle strength
indirectly reflected an increase in muscle mass. * Strength was measured with a
hand dynamometer.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5017
Next Slide Previous Slide
STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
300mg of Tongkat Ali per day
Participants:
109 healthy men aged from 30 to 55
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali was associated with significant improvements in erectile function,
sexual libido and overall sexual satisfaction scores. Tongkat Ali was also
associated with higher sperm motility and semen volume. The study also indicated
that healthy, younger males may require doses higher than 300mg per day to
increase testosterone levels.
Year:
2012
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/429268
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
200mg per day
Participants:
26 men aged from 45 to 60 with mild erectile dysfunction
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with significant improvements in the
frequency of sexual performance, sexual satisfaction, penile erection and
hardness, and overall sexual wellbeing. Participants also experienced an average
increase in total testosterone by 36%. No adverse effects were observed; liver
and kidney values showed no significant changes from baseline.
Year:
2014
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/179529
STUDY 3
Study type:
Clinical trial (uncontroled)
Dose:
200mg per day
Participants:
75 males (aged 33 on average) with idiopathic infertility
Duration:
3 months
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with significantly improved sperm
quality (higher semen concentration, sperm motility and sperm concentration) and
11 spontaneous pregnancies.
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2010.7
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
50mg of Tongkat Ali per day
Additional interventions:
Multivitamin mix
Participants:
95 men and women aged from 25 to 65
Duration:
24 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with significant improvements in
reported stress levels, quality-of-life, mood, vigour, emotional well-being and
cognition.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v62.1374
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
200mg per day
Participants:
32 men and 31 women experiencing moderate stress
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
Tongkat Ali supplementation was associated with significant improvements in
tension (-11%), confusion (-15%) and anger (-21%). Tongkat Ali was also
associated with a reduction in cortisol (−16%) and increased testosterone
(+37%). Note that cortisol levels generally increase in response to stress.
Year:
2022
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-28
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TURKESTERONE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Several studies have investigated the effects of turkesterone. We have
summarised the most interesting results.
STUDY 1: TURKESTERONE OUTPERFORMS ANABOLIC STEROIDS
Study type:
Rodent study (male rats)
Purpose
To compare the anabolic activity of phytoecdysteroids and steranabols (anabolic
steroids). Specifically, turkesterone and ecdysterone were compared with
methyandrostenediol (Anabol) and nerobol (Dianabol). The effect of
phytoecdysteroids upon protein-anabolic processes were judged by changes in body
weight and the weight of internal organs and skeletal muscles.
Dose:
5 mg/kg/day of phytoecdysteroids for 10 days or 10 mg/kg/day of Dianabol/Anabol
for 10 days.
Results:
The results showed that the anabolic activity of turkesterone outperformed
anabolic steroids.
As visible in the table pictured, puberal and intact impuberal rodents
experienced greater weight gain from turkesterone than from nerabol (Dianabol)
and methylandrostenediol (Anabol).
These results are remarkable for several reasons:
1. Dianabol and Anabol are potent anabolic steroids that bodybuilders have used
for decades.
2. Anabol and Dianabol generally lead to artificial weight gain due to water
retention, unlike turkesterone and ecdysterone.
3. Turkesterone and ecdysterone stimulated protein synthesis without adverse
effects on the endocrine system.
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02524596
STUDY 2
Study type:
Non-randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose:
To measure the effects of ecdysteroids (ecdysterone) on sports performance and
body composition.
Interventions:
Ecdysterone supplement and 3 sessions of resistance training per week
Participants:
46 young men with at least 1 year of experience in weight-lifting (bench press,
deadlift and squat)
Duration:
10 weeks
Results:
Compared to the placebo group, ecdysterone was correlated with significantly
larger increases in muscle mass. The placebo group actually lost muscle mass.
Ecdysterone supplementation was also correlated with a significant increase in
bench press and squat performance compared to the placebo group.
Importantly, biomarkers for liver or kidney toxicity did not increase after
ecdysterone supplementation.
Year:
2019
Study sponsor:
WADA
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x
STUDY 3
Study type:
Animal & cellular study
Purpose
To elucidate the anabolic potency of ecdysterone (an ecdysteroid similar to
turkesterone) in comparison to other known anabolic agents and to support the
hypothesis of ERβ mediated action by in-silico modelling.
Dose:
5 mg/kg/day of phytoecdysteroids for 10 days or 10 mg/kg/day of
methylandrostenediol (Anabol) or nerobol (Dianabol) for 10 days.
Results:
In the rodent study, ecdysterone exhibited a strong hypertrophic effect on the
fibre size of the soleus muscle that was found to be even stronger than dianabol
(metandienone), trenbolox (estradienedione), and SARMS1, all administered with
the same dose (5 mg/kg for 21 days).
In the cellular study, ecdysterone (1 µM) induced a significant increase of the
diameter of myotubes (a cell found in muscle fibres) comparable to
dihydrotestosterone (1 µM) and IGF1 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor, 1.3 nM).
Conclusion:
The anabolic potency of ecdysterone was comparable or even higher than the
anabolic androgenic steroids, SARMs or IGF-1.
Year
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1144420
STUDY 4
Study type:
Cellular study
Purpose
To study the mechanism of action of phytoecdysteroids in mammalian tissue.
Results:
In human primary myotubes (cells found in muscle fibres), phytoecdysteroids
increased protein synthesis by up to 20%.
Year
2008
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf073059z
STUDY 5
Study type:
Cellular study
Purpose
To evaluate whether phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis.
Results:
20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone), a common phytoecdysteroid in both insects and
plants, increased protein synthesis in myotubes (cells found in muscle fibres)
by up to 16%.
Year
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2010.03.008
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CISTANCHE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting studies of Cistanche related to
depression, cognitive health, testosterone levels, sperm quality, erectile
function and hair loss.
Testosterone & Sperm
Erectile Function
Hair Loss
Cognition & Mood
STUDY 1
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Purpose:
To determine the effects of Cistanche tubulosa extract on hormone levels and
testicular steroidogenic enzymes in rats.
Results:
Cistanche tubulosa increased blood levels of testosterone and progesterone. It
also increased sperm count 2.3 to 2.7-fold, increased sperm motility 1.3 to
1.4-fold, decreased abnormal sperm 0.76 to 0.6-fold, and increased the
expression (activation) of the steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and
CYP3A4. Steroidogenic enzymes are enzymes that are involved in steroid
biosynthesis.
Conclusion:
Cistanche tubulosa extract decreased abnormal sperm and increased testosterone,
progesterone, sperm count, sperm motility and the activation of enyzmes that are
involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
Year
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.1050114
STUDY 2
Study type:
Cellular and animal study (diabetic rats)
Purpose:
To investigate the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of echinacoside in
Cistanche tubulosa extracts on the reproductive system of male diabetic rats
(echinacoside is an active component of Cistanche tubulosa).
Results:
Rats treated with various concentrations of echinacoside in Cistanche tubulosa
extracts exhibited higher levels of testosterone than the non-treated diabetic
rats. Similarly, the results of the cellular study indicated that eichinacoside
restored the testosterone synthesis pathway.
Echinacoside also improved blood sugar levels, insulin resistance (the
responsiveness of cells to insulin), leptin resistance (the body’s
responsiveness to leptin, a hormone that signals the brain to stop eating when
enough body fat has been stored), and lipid peroxidation (a process that causes
oxidative deterioration of lipids, the fundamental building block of cells).
Summary:
Cistanche tubulosa and echinacosides increased testosterone and displayed
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.
Year
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101562
STUDY 3
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Purpose:
To investigate the proactive effects of Cistanche tubulosa and echinacoside (an
active ingredient of Cistanche) against testicular and sperm toxicity.
Results:
Cistanche tubulosa and echinacoside normalised blood testosterone and reversed
abnormalities in sperm characteristics and testicular structure. Cistanche and
echinacoside also increased steroidogenic enzymes (enzymes involved in the
production of steroid hormones), indicating that testosterone production was
improved.
The results are especially interesting as the testicular toxicity was induced in
the rats via a toxic chemical called bisphenol A (BPA) which has been used to
make many plastics such as food containers since the 1950s. BPA is known to be
an endocrine-disruptor, meaning that it interferes with the body’s hormones.
Studies have indicated that BPA has estrogen-like activity and exhibits
inhibitory effects on testosterone synthesis and developmental toxicity in the
reproductive organs. Daily BPA exposure is unavoidable for most people.
This study indicated that Cistanche may help to protect against the potential
effects of daily BPA exposure.
Conclusion:
Cistanche tubulosa and echinacoside improved testicular and sperm damage in
rats.
Year
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.033
STUDY 4
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Purpose:
To investigate the protective effects of echinacoside (echinacoside is an active
component of Cistanche tubulosa) against infertility in rats.
Results:
Echinacoside increased sperm quantity and protected against oligoasthenospermia
(low sperm count and sperm motility, a primary cause of male infertility).
Echinacoside blocked androgen-receptor activity (the binding sites of
testosterone) in the hypothalamus, thereby increasing testosterone.
Conclusion:
Echinacoside increased sperm quantity and protected against low sperm count and
low sperm motility. It also increased levels of testosterone and luteinizing
hormone.
Year
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22211-1
STUDY 5 (GROWTH HORMONE)
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Results:
Eichanoside from Cistanche tubulosa stimulated growth hormone secretion via
activation of the ghrelin receptor. Note that the ghrelin receptor is the target
of performance enhancing drugs and SARMS (drugs similar to anabolic steroids).
Conclusion:
Eichanoside from Cistanche tubulosa stimulated the secretion of growth hormone.
Year
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22211-1
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Purpose:
To examine the effects of Cistanche deserticola extract on penis erectile
response.
Results:
The findings indicated that Cistanche deserticola shortened erectile latency and
prolonged erectile duration to minimise the negative effects of castration.
The results also indicate that Cistanche deserticola regulated the blood
concentration of luteinizing hormone to normal levels. In men, luteinizing
hormone stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. This acts
to support sperm production.
Conclusion:
In castrated rats, the results indicated that Cistanche deserticola decreased
the time taken to get an erection and increased the duration of erections.
Year
2016
Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27087079/
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose:
To investigate the efficacy of Cistanche tubulosa and Laminaria japonica in
preventing hair loss and promoting scalp health.
Number of participants:
94
Duration:
16 weeks
Results:
Researchers observed a statistically significant increase in the hair density of
the test group after 16 weeks of Cistanche tubulosa and Laminaria japonica.
Researchers also observed a statistically significant increase in hair diameter
in the test group compared to control group at week 16. The test group also
experienced greater improvements in dandruff compared to the control.
Conclusion:
Cistanche tubulosa extract was associated with improvements in patterned hair
loss, dandruff and inflammation of the scalp.
Year
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2015.4.2.124
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STUDY 1 (DEPRESSION)
Study type:
Animal study (mice)
Purpose:
To examine the antidepressant effects of Cistanche tubulosa.
Results:
The results showed promising effects as a potential therapy for depression.
The mice treated with Cistanche displayed:
1. An improved ability of spatial learning and memory.
2. Downregulated monoamine oxidase activity. It is important to note that
monoamine oxidase inhibitors are used as antidepressant drugs. Monoamine oxidase
is an enzyme that serves to inactivate monoamine neurotransmitters such as
dopamine and serotonin.
3. Upregulated dopamine concentration in the brain (dopamine is a chemical
involved in feelings of pleasure and motivation).
4. Downregulated blood concentration of corticosterone, indicating that the mice
had reduced stress levels (corticosterone is a biomarker of stress levels).
Conclusion:
Cistanche improved markers of depression.
Year
2017
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3925903
STUDY 2 (DEPRESSION)
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Purpose:
To examine the impact of Cistanche tubulosa on markers of depression.
Results:
Cistanche tubulosa extract significantly improved depression-like behaviours in
rats under chronic unpredictable stress. Cistanche restored levels of serotonin
(serotonin plays a key role in mood stabilisation and sleep). Cistanche also
restored BDNF protein expression (loss of BDNF is thought to be involved in
depression).
Year
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00967
STUDY 3 (DEPRESSION)
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Purpose:
To explore the active components of Cistanche tubulosa against depression
Results:
Molecules called glycosides from the stems of Cistanche tubulosa improved
depression-like behaviours in rats.
Year
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153471
STUDY 4 (ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE)
Study type:
Animal study (Alzheimer’s disease-like rat model)
Propose:
To evaluate the effect of Cistanche in rats with Alzheimer’s disease-like
pathology
Results:
More specifically, Cistanche reversed cholinergic and dopaminergic dysfunction
in rats. The results are promising as Alzheimer’s disease is associated with
cholinergic and dopaminergic dysfunction.
Conclusion:
Cistanche reversed dysfunction associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Year
2014
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-202
STUDY 5 (PARKINSON'S DISEASE)
Study type:
Animal study (rodent model of Parkinson’s disease)
Purpose:
To identify potential therapeutic effects of Cistanche on Parkinson’s disease.
Results:
Cistanche had protective effects on dopaminergic neurons in a rodent model of
Parkinson’s disease. This is promising as Parkinson’s disease mainly affects the
dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons.
Conclusion:
Cistanche treatment resulted in protective effects against Parkinson’s disease.
Year
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00295
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FADOGIA AGRESTIS SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting studies on Fadogia agrestis.
STUDY 1 (TESTOSTERONE & LIBIDO)
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Study length:
5 days
Results:
The various doses of Fadogia agrestis (18 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg)
produced two-, three- and six-fold increases in blood testosterone compared with
the control.
All doses of Fadogia agrestis significantly prolonged the ejaculatory latency
and improved markers of libido. It increased mount and intromission frequency
(higher intercourse frequency) and reduced mount and intromission latency
(reduced time before intercourse).
Conclusion:
All doses of Fadogia agrestis increased testosterone levels, delayed
ejaculation, increased intercourse frequency and improved markers of libido. 100
mg/kg of Fadogia agrestis increased blood testosterone levels by 600%.
Year
2005
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00052.x
STUDY 2 (ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION)
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Results:
Fadogia agrestis restored the NO/cGMP pathway (a mediator of erections) and key
enzymes in the penile and testicular tissues of male rats.
Conclusion:
Fadogia agrestis may help improve erectile dysfunction, although clinical trials
are needed.
Year
2023
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-022-01050-6
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ECDYSTERONE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Several studies have investigated the effects of ecdysterone. We have summarised
the most interesting results.
STUDY 1
Study type:
Non-randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose:
To measure the effects of ecdysteroids (ecdysterone) on sports performance and
body composition.
Interventions:
Ecdysterone supplement and 3 sessions of resistance training per week
Participants:
46 young men with at least 1 year of experience in weight-lifting (bench press,
deadlift and squat)
Duration:
10 weeks
Results:
Compared to the placebo group, ecdysterone was correlated with significantly
larger increases in muscle mass. The placebo group actually lost muscle mass.
Ecdysterone supplementation was also correlated with a significant increase in
bench press and squat performance compared to the placebo group.
Importantly, biomarkers for liver or kidney toxicity did not increase after
ecdysterone supplementation.
Year:
2019
Study sponsor:
WADA
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x
STUDY 2
Study type:
Animal & cellular study
Purpose
To elucidate the anabolic potency of ecdysterone in comparison to other known
anabolic agents and to support the hypothesis of ERβ mediated action by
in-silico modelling.
Dose:
5 mg/kg/day of phytoecdysteroids for 10 days or 10 mg/kg/day of
methylandrostenediol (Anabol) or nerobol (Dianabol) for 10 days.
Results:
In the rodent study, ecdysterone exhibited a strong hypertrophic effect on the
fibre size of the soleus muscle that was found even stronger compared to
dianabol (metandienone), trenbolox (estradienedione), and SARMS1, all
administered in the same dose (5 mg/kg body weight, for 21 days).
In the cellular study, ecdysterone (1 µM) induced a significant increase of the
diameter of myotubes (a cell found in muscle fibres) comparable to
dihydrotestosterone (1 µM) and IGF1 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor, 1.3 nM).
Conclusion:
The anabolic potency of the ecdysterone was comparable or even higher than the
anabolic androgenic steroids, SARMs or IGF-1.
Year
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1144420
STUDY 3
Study type:
Animal study (male rats)
Purpose
To compare the anabolic activity of phytoecdysteroids and steranabols (anabolic
steroids). Specifically, ecdysterone and turkesterone were compared with
methyandrostenediol (Anabol) and nerobol (Dianabol). The effect of
phytoecdysteroids upon protein-anabolic processes were judged by changes in body
weight and the weight of internal organs and skeletal muscles.
Dose:
5 mg/kg/day of phytoecdysteroids for 10 days or 10 mg/kg/day of
methylandrostenediol (Anabol) or nerobol (Dianabol) for 10 days.
Results:
The results showed that the anabolic activity of phytoecdysteroids outperformed
anabolic steroids.
As visible in the table below, puberal rodents experienced similar weight gain
from ecdysterone similar to the anabolic steroid Anabol (methylandrostenediol).
Intact impuberal rodents experienced greater weight gain from ecdysterone than
from Anabol.
These results are significant for several reasons:
- Anabol leads to artificial weight gain due to water retention, unlike
ecdysterone.
- The phytoecdysteroids (ecdysterone and turkesterone) stimulated protein
synthesis without adverse effects on the endocrine system.
Year
2000
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02524596
STUDY 4
Study type:
Cellular study
Purpose
To study the mechanism of action of phytoecdysteroids in mammalian tissue.
Results:
In human primary myotubes (cells found in muscle fibres), phytoecdysteroids
increased protein synthesis by up to 20%.
Year
2008
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf073059z
STUDY 5
Study type:
Cellular study
Purpose
To evaluate whether phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis.
Results:
20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone), a common phytoecdysteroid in both insects and
plants, increased protein synthesis in myotubes (cells found in muscle fibres)
by up to 16%.
Year
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2010.03.008
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HORNY GOAT WEED SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised some of the most interesting scientific studies on horny goat
weed and icariin. Icariin is the main active component of horny goat weed.
STUDY 1
Study type:
Rats with erectile dysfunction due to nerve injury
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of icariin (icariin is believed to be the main active
component of horny goat weed) on penile blood flow and tissues in cavernous
nerve-injured rats (the cavernous nerve is the main autonomic nerve regulating
penile erection).
Dose:
1, 5, and 10 mg/kg of icariin
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
Daily treatment with low-dose icariin for 4 weeks improved penile blood flow
dynamics in rats with a cavernous nerve injury (the nerve that regulates
erections).
Compared to the control, the researchers detected significantly higher nNOS in
the penile tissue. Note that nNOS, or neuronal NO synthase, generates nitric
oxide which initiates penile erections.
Conclusion:
This study indicates that icariin (found in horny goat weed) may improve penile
blood flow. Note that penile blood flow is essential for erections. Clinical
studies are needed to investigate its efficacy in humans.
Year
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01699.x
STUDY 2
Study type:
Rats with erectile dysfunction due to nerve injury
Purpose
To investigate the effect of icariin on erectile function and the expression of
nitric oxide synthase* in castrated rats. *Nitric oxide synthase generates
nitric oxide that initiates penile erections.
Dose:
1 mg/kg/day and 5 mg/kg/day
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
Several markers of erectile function improved in most treatment groups:
1. In 2 out of 3 treatment groups, the expression (activation) of two forms of
nitric oxide synthase significantly improved in the erectile tissue of rats.
Note that nitric oxide synthase generates nitric oxide which initiates penile
erections.
2. In 1 of the treatment groups, phosphodiasterase-5 was significantly
decreased. Note that phosphodiesterase-5 interferes with blood flow to the penis
that is needed for an erection.
Conclusion:
Oral treatment with icariin for 4 weeks potentially improves erectile function
in rodents.
Year
2005
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00066.x
STUDY 3
Study type:
Rats with erectile dysfunction
Purpose
To investigate the effects of orally administered icariin on the expression
(levels) of nitrogen oxide synthase* in the erectile tissue of rats with
erectile dysfunction.
Dose:
5 mg/kg/day or 10 mg/kg/day
Duration:
30 days
Results:
Chronic oral treatment with icariin increases erectile function and restores
nitric oxide synthase* in the erectile tissue of rats.
Year
2004
Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329286/
*(note that nitric oxide synthase generates nitric oxide which initiates penile
erections)
STUDY 4
Study type:
Laboratory study
Purpose
To investigate the effect of icariin on phosphodiesterase-5
Results:
Icariin exhibited inhibitory effects on all forms of phosphodiesterase-5.
Year
2006
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2006.09.031
STUDY 1 (ESTROGEN, CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of dried Epimedium extract on blood lipid levels and sex
hormone levels (estradiol, progesterone and testosterone).
Background information:
Horny goat weed contains phytoestrogens, compounds that act like the hormone
estrogen.
Dose:
300mL of hot water Epimedium extract (with 25% icariin)
Participants:
90 postmenopausal women
Duration:
6 months
Results:
Epimedium water extract was associated with a significant increase in blood
levels of estradiol (an estrogen hormone) compared with the pre-treatment level.
It was also associated with a significant decrease in total cholesterol and
total triglyceride levels.
Year
2008
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2451
STUDY 2 (BONE HEALTH)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effect of the phytoestrogen flavonoids derived from Epimedium
brevicornum maxim (horny goat weed) on bone loss in postmenopausal women.
Dose:
60mg icariin (with 15mg Daidzein and 3mg Genistein) paired with 300mg elemental
calcium daily
Participants:
85 healthy late postmenopausal women
Duration:
24 months
Results:
Phytoestrogen flavonoids from horny goat weed were associated with preventative
effects on bone loss in late postmenopausal women.
Year
2007
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.070405
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BEETROOT SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Dozens of clinical trials have investigated the effects of beetroot
supplementation. We have summarised some the most interesting scientific
studies.
Blood Pressure
Performance Enhancement
STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
250 mL/day of beetroot juice (containing ~6.4mmol of nitrate) or a placebo (250
mL of nitrate-depleted beetroot juice)
Participants:
64 hypertensive men and women aged 18 to 85
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
Daily supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with
a reduction in blood pressure. Specifically, the mean 24h ambulatory blood
pressure decreased by 7.7/5.2 mmHg and the mean clinical blood pressure
decreased by 7.7/2.4 mmHg. These reductions are clinically significant as they
resemble the average reduction in blood pressure after a single
anti-hypertensive drug at standard dose (9.1/5.5 mmHg). The authors of the study
suggested that dietary nitrate could be used as an adjunctive therapy for
managing hypertension.
Year:
2014
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial
Dose
Participants were randomly assigned to consume either:
1. High-nitrate beetroot juice (∼400 mg nitrate) and folic acid (∼5 mg folic
acid) (N+F)
2. High-nitrate beetroot juice and placebo (N+P)
3. Nitrate-depleted beetroot juice and placebo (P+P)
Participants:
47 men and women aged 50 to 70 with BMIs between 26 and 29
Duration:
60 days
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary inorganic nitrate) was associated
with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. At the end of the study, 24h
systolic blood pressure dropped by −10.8, −6.1 and −0.3 mmHg in the N+P, N+F,
and P+P groups, respectively. There was a significant decrease in 24h diastolic
blood pressure in the N+P group (−5.4 mmHg), whereas changes were not
significant in the N+F (−1.8 mmHg) and P+P (1.6 mmHg) groups.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa170
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
314 mM of nitrate tablets or a placebo (nitrate-free tablets). The nitrate
tablets consisted of nitrate-rich beetroot extract 20mg, thiamine mononitrate
90mg, potassium nitrate 480mg, ascorbic acid 150mg, folic acid 200mcg,
methylcobalamin 200mcg, calcium 115mg, pomegranate fruit extract 5mg and green
coffee bean extract 115mg. Ascorbic acid was added to facilitate NO
bioavailability.
Participants:
67 hypertensive men and women with a mean age of 59
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
Nitrate tablets were associated with a larger average reduction in systolic
blood pressure than the placebo (-12.5 vs -6.19 mmHg at the end of the study).
Nitrate tablets were associated with a reduction in diastolic blood pressure
(-4.7 mmHg on average), whilst no significant reduction was observed in the
placebo group. Endothelial function also improved by 0.8 after 12 weeks
(compared to a 0.1 improvement in the placebo group). The authors concluded that
endothelial function improved robustly, reducing both systolic and diastolic
blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.08.007
STUDY 4
Study type:
Randomised, single-blind, cross-over postprandial trial (pilot study)
Dose:
In study 1, participants were randomly assigned to consume either 0, 100, 250 or
500mL of beetroot juice (each having a nitrate concentration of <0.5, 2.3, 5.7
and 11.4 mmol respectively). In study 2, participants were randomly assigned to
consume either 200g of unfortified bread (<0.5 mmol of nitrate) or 200g of bread
fortified with white or red beetroot (1.6 and 1.8 mmol of nitrate respectively).
All participants consumed a low-nitrate/nitrite diet for 1 day before each
study.
Participants:
18 healthy normotensive males in study 1 and 14 healthy normotensive males in
study 2.
Duration:
Acute: blood pressure was measured over a 24h period following the consumption
of beetroot juice, beetroot-fortified bread and the controls.
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice or beetroot-fortified bread was associated
with larger reductions in blood pressure than the control. The peak reduction in
blood pressure occurred after 2-3 hours:
- 100mL of beetroot juice was associated with a 13.1/16.6 mmHg reduction in
blood pressure.
- 250mL of beetroot juice was associated with a 20.5/14.6 mmHg reduction in
blood pressure.
- 500mL of beetroot juice was associated with a 22.2/18.3 mmHg reduction in
blood pressure.
- Bread fortified with white beetroot was associated with a 19.3/16.5 mmHg
reduction in blood pressure.
* Bread fortified with red beetroot was associated with a 23.6/23.2 mmHg
reduction in blood pressure.
These results suggest that nitrate in beetroot may significantly help to reduce
blood pressure. The reductions in blood pressure after the consumption of
fortified bread suggest that processed beetroot may lower blood pressure to a
similar degree as unprocessed beetroot. Thus, beetroot supplements may help to
reduce overall blood pressure.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2014.114
STUDY 5
Study type:
Randomised non-blinded postprandial trial
Dose:
The experimental group consumed 500mL of beetroot juice with a mean nitrate
concentration of 45.0±2.6 mMol/L (2.79g/L). The control group consumed water.
Participants:
14 healthy subjects
Duration:
Acute: blood pressure was measured over a 24h period following the consumption
of beetroot juice.
Results:
Beetroot juice supplementation (dietary nitrate) was associated with larger
reductions in blood pressure than the control. Specifically, blood pressure
dropped by 10.4/8 mmHg after 2.5 hours compared to the control. The drop in
blood pressure was correlated with increases in plasma nitrite concentration.
This suggests that dietary nitrate may underlie the beneficial effects of
beetroot. After 24 hours, systolic blood pressure was 4.4 mmHg lower with
beetroot juice than water.
Year:
2008
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523
STUDY 6
Study type:
Randomised non-blinded crossover trial
Dose
250mL of beetroot juice (containing 5.5 mmol of nitrate) or placebo (250mL of
water)
Participants:
9 healthy men and women.
Duration:
Acute (less than 24 hours)
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with a 5.4
mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure. The authors suggested that a dietary
nitrate approach to cardiovascular disease may have therapeutic use.
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153536
STUDY 7
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, crossover trial
Dose
2 x 70 mL/day of organic beetroot juice (each containing 4.8 mmol of nitrate).
The placebo consumed nitrate-depleted beetroot juice.
Participants:
12 healthy, normotensive, non-smoking, older adults (6 males and 6 female)
Duration:
2.5 days
Results:
2.5 days of dietary nitrate supplementation was associated with a four-fold
increase in plasma nitrite concentration and significant reductions in resting
blood pressure. More specifically, plasma nitrite increased to 418% of the
placebo value, and blood pressure decreased by 5/3 mmHg relative to the placebo
(115/70 vs 120/73 mmHg). The authors suggested that nitrate supplementation
could potentially reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in
older adults.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00406.2012
STUDY 8
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
Nitrate-rich beetroot juice (12.9 mmol of nitrate) or a placebo
(nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (0.5 mmol of nitrate)
Participants:
20 men and women (mean age: 62.5) with uncontrolled hypertension
Duration:
7 days
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with a
significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the
placebo. Beetroot juice supplementation was also significantly associated with
increased plasma nitrite. Significant decreases in 24h (−8/−4 mmHg) and day
blood pressure (−9/−4 mmHg) profiles were observed.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518000144
STUDY 9
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
150 mL of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (10.5 mmol of nitrate) or a placebo (1
mmol nitrate) 2.25 hours prior to a 30-min treadmill walk
Participants:
13 younger (18–30) and 11 older (50–70) normotensive adults
Duration:
Acute (3.5 hours)
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with a
significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in both age groups and
diastolic blood pressure in older adults. Beetroot juice was also associated
with increased plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations.
The authors concluded that acute supplementation with beetroot may reduce blood
pressure.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071683
STUDY 10
Study type:
Randomised, placebo-controlled, single-blind crossover trial
Dose:
140 mL of beetroot juice (containing 7.58 millimoles of nitrate) or a placebo
(163 ml of prune juice with less than 0.01 millimoles of nitrate)
Participants:
15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (11 males and 3 females)
Duration:
48 hours
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with a
significant reduction in resting systolic blood pressure (-8 mmHg),
end-of-exercise diastolic blood pressure (-5 mmHg) and a trend for a decrease in
resting diastolic blood pressure (−3 mmHg). Beetroot juice was also associated
with increased plasma nitrate (+938%) and nitrite (+379%) relative to the
placebo.
The authors concluded that dietary nitrate supplementation may reduce blood
pressure and elevate plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2014.10.007
STUDY 11
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
Nitrate-rich beetroot juice (500mg/8.1mmol of nitrate) or a placebo
(nitrate-depleted beetroot juice with less than 0.08 mmol of nitrate)
Participants:
18 untreated hypertensives aged 44 on average.
Duration:
Acute (8 hours)
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with a
larger reduction in ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure (-6.7/-5.2
mmHg) compared to the placebo (-0.8/-1.7 mmHg) after 8 hours.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12525
STUDY 12
Study type:
Randomised controlled trial
Dose:
∼5.76 mmol of nitrate in the form of a concentrated beetroot juice drink (55
mL), a non-concentrated beetroot juice drink (456 mL) and a solid beetroot
flapjack (60 g). A drink containing soluble beetroot crystals (∼1.40 mmol of
nitrate) and a control drink (70mL of deionised water) were also ingested.
Participants:
10 healthy males
Duration:
Acute (24 hours)
Results:
Beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with lower blood pressure and
higher concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites. All nitrate-rich vehicles in
the study were associated with elevated plasma, salivary and urinary nitric
oxide metabolites compared with baseline and the control.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2017.12.001
STUDY 13
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
70mL of beetroot juice (400 mg of nitrate) or a placebo (nitrate-depleted
beetroot juice)
Participants:
14 healthy males (aged 22 on average)
Duration:
15 days
Results:
Compared with the placebo, beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with
reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and
total peripheral resistance at rest and during exercise.
Beetroot juice was also associated with significant increases in baseline
concentrations of plasma nitrate and nitrite compared to the placebo.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2015
STUDY 14
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Dose:
500 mL/day of beetroot juice (containing ∼6.2 mmol of nitrate) or a placebo (500
mL/day of nitrate-depleted beetroot juice)
Participants:
9 normotensive, physically active males
Duration:
6 days
Results:
Short-term supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated
with significant increases in plasma nitrite (+105%) and reductions in systolic
blood pressure (-5 mmHg) in normotensive young men consuming a normal, balanced
diet. The placebo had no effect on systolic, diastolic or mean arterial blood
pressure.
Year:
2011
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010
STUDY 15
Study type:
Randomised double-blind crossover trial (study 1)
Dose
24 mmol of potassium nitrate (1488mg of nitrate) in capsules or a placebo (24
mmol of potassium chloride)
Participants:
21 healthy men and women
Duration:
Acute (less than 24 hours)
Results:
Potassium nitrate supplementation was associated with substantial reductions in
systolic and diastolic blood pressure over 24 hours, whereas a similar dose of
potassium chloride did not alter blood pressure over the same time period. These
findings suggest that the changes in blood pressure were not attributable to the
potassium content. Instead, the changes were likely dependent on the endogenous
conversion to nitrite and, thereupon, to nitric oxide: the changes in plasma
nitrite correlated closely with reductions in blood pressure.
Kapil et al.’s findings also showed dose-dependent reductions in systolic blood
pressure with incremental doses of inorganic nitrate (4mmol and 12mmol).
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153536
STUDY 16
Study type:
Systematic review
Intervention under study:
Beetroot juice (dietary inorganic nitrate) supplementation
Studies reviewed:
11 randomised controlled trials published between 2008 and 2018
Results:
The review concluded that supplementation with beetroot juice may reduce blood
pressure in different populations, probably through the nitrate-nitrite/nitric
oxide pathway and secondary metabolites found in beetroot. The review also
concluded that beetroot juice may significantly decrease the risk of suffering
cardiovascular events, and the authors believe that beetroot juice should be
promoted as a key component of a healthy lifestyle to control blood pressure in
healthy and hypertensive individuals.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom8040134
STUDY 17
Study type:
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Intervention under study:
Dietary nitrate supplementation
Outcome under study:
Medium-term effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on systolic and diastolic
blood pressure.
Studies included:
13 randomised clinical trials with 7 to 65 participants per study. Most of the
trials were placebo-controlled (75%).
Results:
Overall, dietary nitrate supplementation for more than one week was associated
with a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The pooled
effect for the two interventions showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure
(-4.1 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (-2.0 mmHg).
Year:
2017
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001305
STUDY 18
Study type:
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Intervention under study:
Dietary nitrate supplementation. The intervention time ranged from 3 to 60 days
with daily dosages of 70–250 mL of beetroot juice.
Outcome under study:
The role of dietary nitrate in lowering blood pressure in patients older than 18
with arterial hypertension ( > 130/80 mmHg).
Studies included:
7 single/double-blinded randomised controlled trials published between 2013 and
2020.
Results:
Inorganic nitrate derived from beetroot juice was associated with reductions in
systolic blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension. The authors
concluded that dietary nitrate from beetroot juice may be an effective method to
reduce the blood pressure of patients with arterial hypertension (in
interventions up to 2 months duration).
Year:
2022
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.823039
STUDY 19
Study type:
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Intervention under study:
Dietary inorganic nitrate/nitrite
Outcome under study:
Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans
Studies included:
34 studies were included for qualitative synthesis, 23 of which were eligible
for meta-analysis.
Results:
Inorganic nitrate intake was associated with significant reductions in resting
blood pressure (systolic blood pressure: -4.80 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure:
1.74 mmHg).
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy005
STUDY 21
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
70mL of beetroot juice (6.1 mmol nitrate). The placebo group consumed 70mL of
nitrate-depleted beetroot juice.
Participants:
20 patients suffering from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (aged
69 on average)
Duration:
First phase: acute (24 hours)
Second phase: 1 week
Results:
In both study phases, supplementation with nitrate-rich beetroot juice was
associated with significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (resting) and
increases in plasma nitrate and nitrite. After a single, acute dose of
nitrate-rich beetroot juice, resting systolic blood pressure was significantly
lower than the placebo (127 mmHg vs. 134 mmHg).
Compared to the placebo, plasma nitrite levels increased significantly after the
nitrate-rich beetroot juice (38% after an acute dose and 129% after 1 week of
daily doses).
The authors concluded that beetroot may significantly improve blood pressure in
elderly patients with heart failure.
Year:
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2015.12.013
STUDY 22
Study type:
Randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose
500 mL/day of beetroot juice (5.2 mmol of nitrate/day) and placebo (500 mL/day
of juice). Participants also engaged in moderate-intensity exercise after 2.5
hours and on day 5 and day 15.
Participants:
8 healthy subjects (5 males and 3 females) with an average age of 29
Duration:
Acute (2.5 hours) and chronic (up to 15 days)
Results:
Nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation was associated with significantly
lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure throughout the supplementation
period (∼-4%). It was also associated with significantly elevated plasma nitrite
concentration (+39% after 2.5 hours; +25% after 5 days; and +46% after 15 days).
The results indicate that dietary NO3− supplementation may acutely reduce blood
pressure, and that this effect may be maintained for at least 15 days if
supplementation is continued.
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00206.2010
STUDY 23
Study type:
Randomised unblinded crossover trial
Dose:
Participants were assigned either:
1. 200mL of beetroot juice (with ~800mg of nitrate) and 40 minutes of
moderate-intensity aerobic exercise
2. 200mL of low-nitrate fruit soda and the same exercise
3. 200mL of water (insignificant nitrate) and no exercise.
Participants:
14 non-hypertensive obese males
Duration:
Acute (24 hours)
Results:
Compared to the control, supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate)
was associated with a reduction in systolic ambulatory blood pressure (-5.3
mmHg) up to 6 hours after ingestion and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise.
Beetroot juice supplementation was also associated with a significantly higher
plasma nitric oxide concentration up to 1 hour after ingestion.
The authors concluded that inorganic nitrate may have important therapeutic
applications to decrease the blood pressure response to exercise when
individuals have an increased cardiovascular risk.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30787659/
STUDY 25
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
500 mL/day of either nitrate-rich beetroot juice (containing 5.1 mmol of
nitrate/day) or placebo (a drink with negligible nitrate content
Participants:
7 men aged 19 to 38
Duration:
6 days
Results:
Overall, systolic and diastolic was significantly lower after 6 days of nitrate
supplementation (-7/7 mmHg). Relative to the placebo, nitrate supplementation
was associated with reductions in systolic blood pressure (-5 mmHg), diastolic
blood pressure (-2 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (-2 mmHg).
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010
STUDY 26
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
0.11 mmol of nitrate per kg of body weight (a body mass-normalised moderate dose
of nitrate) via beetroot juice.
Participants:
11 patients with peripheral artery disease
Duration:
Acute (∼1 hour)
Results:
Compared to the placebo, dietary nitrate supplementation was associated with
reductions in peripheral and central systolic blood pressure (−4.7 mmHg and
−8.2 mmHg, respectively) and significant increases in serum nitrate/nitrite
level.
The authors concuded that acute, body mass-normalised, moderate doses of dietary
nitrate may improve blood pressure and nitric oxide bioavailability.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00121.2021
STUDY 27
Study type:
Randomised crossover trial
Dose:
∼400mg of nitrate at lunch, provided through nitrate-rich vegetables or beetroot
juice supplementation
Participants:
15 healthy men and women (aged 24 on average)
Duration:
1 week
Results:
Nitrate-rich vegetables and beetroot juice supplementation were associated with
increases in plasma nitrate concentrations and reductions in mean systolic and
diastolic blood pressure throughout both intervention periods (∼2.5 hours after
lunch).
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.02.014
STUDY 28
Study type:
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Intervention under study:
Dietary inorganic nitrate (with doses ranging from 150 to 1000mg over a
treatment range from 7 to 168 days).
Outcome under study:
Effect of repeated administrations of inorganic nitrate on blood pressure and
arterial stiffness.
Studies included:
47 randomised controlled trials, including 1101 participants (including healthy,
overweight, hypertensive, diabetic and hypercholesterolemic individuals, and
patients with heart failure and peripheral artery disease).
Results:
The results found that inorganic nitrate supplementation was associated with an
overall beneficial effect on blood pressure. Repeated (≥ 3 days) administrations
of inorganic nitrates were associated with reductions in peripheral and central
blood pressure.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002524
STUDY 29
Study type:
Unblinded randomised controlled trial (pilot study)
Dose:
70mL of beetroot concentrate (containing ~300 to 400mg of nitrate)
Participants:
10 overweight men and women between the ages of 55 and 70
Duration:
21 days
Results:
Supplementation with beetroot juice (dietary nitrate) was associated with a
10.2/3.1 mmHg reduction in blood pressure after 3 weeks of supplementation.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2014.114
Next Slide Previous Slide
STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised double-blind cross-over trial
Intervention & outcome:
Researchers studied the effects of acute beetroot ingestion on cycling
performance in normobaric hypoxic conditions. The performance trials consisted
of submaximal steady-state exercise for 15 minutes at 60% maximum work rate and,
after a 5 minute break, a 16.1 km time trial at simulated altitude. During the
time trial, participants were encouraged to complete the 16.1 km in the shortest
time possible. The heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation and respiratory
variables were continuously monitored throughout each trial.
Dose:
The performance trials were preceded by ingestion of either 70mL of nitrate-rich
beetroot juice (~5 mmol of nitrate) or a placebo (nitrate-depleted beetroot
juice) 3h before exercise.
Participants:
9 competitive amateur male cyclists (aged 28 on average)
Duration:
Acute
Results:
A single dose of beetroot juice was associated with reduced oxygen cost of
steady-state exercise and enhanced 16.1-km time trial performance at simulated
altitude. 8 of the 9 participants were quicker during the beetroot trial than
during the placebo trial. Beetroot juice was associated with a 2.9% performance
improvement compared with baseline (1716 s at baseline; 1664 s after beetroot)
with a medium effect size. Performance after beetroot ingestion was
significantly improved compared with the placebo (1702 s after placebo).
Performance was not different between baseline and placebo trials.
Year:
2014
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a1dc51
STUDY 2
Study type:
Systematic review
Intervention under study:
Dietary nitrate supplementation
Outcome under study:
Muscular power, velocity of contraction and muscular endurance during
weightlifting in healthy adults
Studies included:
4
Results:
2 of the 4 studies included in the review indicate that nitrate supplementation
may increase aspects of upper body exercise performance (i.e. bench press):
there were associations with increases in mean power, velocity of contraction
and number of repetitions to failure. Another study observed an increase in the
number of repetitions to failure during back squats.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082227
Next Slide Previous Slide
L-CITRULLINE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised some of the most interesting scientific studies on
L-citrulline.
It is important to note that a decrease between 5 and 12 mmHg of systolic blood
pressure and between 5 and 6 mmHg of diastolic blood pressure is associated with
a 14–38% risk reduction in stroke and a 21% risk reduction of death due to
coronary disease.
Blood Pressure
Performance Enhancement
STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised controlled trial
Participants:
12 young adults with normal blood pressure
Dose:
3g of citrulline tablets per day
Duration:
1 week
Results:
Citrulline consumption was associated with a 6% reduction in systolic blood
pressure and a 14% reduction in diastolic blood pressure.
Year:
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3418-7
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised controlled trial
Participants:
41 obese postmenopausal women
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
L-citrulline supplementation was associated with significant reductions in blood
pressure.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0465
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised controlled trial
Dose:
3g per day
Participants:
Heart failure patients
Duration:
2 months
Results:
L-citrulline supplementation was associated with significant reductions in
systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0465
STUDY 4
Study type:
Systematic review
Intervention under study:
Oral supplementation with L-citrulline
Studies reviewed:
8 randomised controlled trials
Results:
The results suggest that L-citrulline supplementation may reduce systolic blood
pressure (-4 mmHg). A significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure was
observed only in the studies that used doses greater than 6 g of L-citrulline
per day.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30788274/
Next Slide Previous Slide
STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised controlled trial
Dose:
6 g L-citrulline-malate 2 h prior exercise
Participants:
17 male pre-professional cyclists
Duration:
Acute (before and after a 137-km cycling race)
Results:
After the cycling race, growth hormone levels were higher among participants
taking L-citrulline malate than among participants in the control group.
L-citrulline supplementation was also associated with higher levels of
arginine-derived metabolites such as nitrite, creatinine, ornithine and urea.
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1509-4
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial
Dose:
2.4g of L-citrulline for 7 days and 2.4 g of L-citrulline 1h before a 4-km
cycling time trial on day 8.
Participants:
22 athletically-trained males
Duration:
8 days
Results:
Compared to the placebo, L-citrulline supplementation was associated with a 1.5%
reduction in the time taken to complete a 4-km cycling time trial. It was also
associated with significant increases in plasma L-arginine levels.
Year:
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0117-z
STUDY 3
Study type:
Systematic review
Intervention under study:
L-citrulline supplementation before exercise
Studies reviewed:
13 studies comprising 206 participants
Results:
The results show a correlation between citrulline supplements and significant
reductions in the rate of perceived exhaustion during physical activity and
muscle soreness 24h and 48h after exercise.
The results suggest that athletes may benefit from ingesting either L-citrulline
alone or 1h before exercise to resist fatigue or relieve muscle soreness.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.003
Next Slide Previous Slide
VITAMIN D SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
There is a large amount of evidence to suggest that adequate levels of vitamin D
in the blood can have protective effects against COVID-19, dementia, diabetes
and autoimmune disease. We have summarised some of the most interesting
scientific studies.
COVID-19
Diabetes
Dementia
Autoimmune Disease
STUDY 1
Study type:
Retrospective cohort study. This type of observational study in which a group of
individuals with a common exposure are compared to another group of individuals
using historical records.
Purpose:
To investigate whether Vitamin D treatment can reduce the associated risk of
COVID-19 infection.
Subjects:
- 220,265 American veterans supplemented with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol or
calcifediol)
- 34,710 supplemented with vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol or doxercalciferol)
- 407,860 untreated patients (control)
Duration:
January 1st 2019 to December 12th 2020 (before and during the pandemic)
Doses:
Dosage options included 20 IU, 40 IU, 100 IU, 125 IU, 200 IU, 250 IU, 400 IU,
500 IU, 800 IU, 1000 IU, 2000 IU, 5000 IU, 8000 IU, and 50,000 IU.
Source of data:
Veterans Administration Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) electronic health records
between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020
Results:
In US veterans, Vitamin D supplementation during the pandemic was associated
with a significant 20% and 28% reduction in COVID-19 infection rates for vitamin
D3 and vitamin D2, respectively.
Vitamin D3 was associated with a significant 33% decrease in mortality within
30-days of COVID-19 infection and 25% lower with Vitamin D2.
Veterans receiving higher cumulative doses and higher average daily doses of
Vitamin D had a greater associated reduction in COVID-19 infection rates than
veterans receiving lower doses. The 50,000 IU dosage may be especially
beneficial.
Based on these results, there would have been approximately 4 million fewer
COVID-19 cases and 116,000 deaths avoided in 2020. These values were calculated
by applying the estimated 20% average reduction in infection and 33% reduction
in death after infection to a total of 19,860,000 cases and 351,999 deaths
through 2020.
The COVID-19 rates were 2.66% among participants treated with vitamin D3 and
3.30% among the untreated participants, The rates of COVID-19 infection followed
by death within 30 days were 0.23% among participants treated with vitamin D3
and 0.35% among untreated participants.
Conclusion:
Vitamin D3 could be a helpful tool for reducing the spread of COVID-19 infection
and related deaths, particularly as a large proportion of the UK and US
population have suboptimal blood levels of vitamin D.
Year:
2022 (November 12th)
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24053-4
STUDY 2
Study type:
Meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors:
Leading Italian doctors and scientists
Purpose:
To explain the strength of the association between the protective role of
vitamin D supplementation and the risk of death and admission to intensive care
units (ICUs) in patients with COVID-19.
Studies analysed:
5 randomised clinical trials that had been published before September 2022
Doses analysed:
5000 IU; 10,000 IU; 21,280 IU; 21,260 IU; 200,000 IU
Results:
The study found a conclusive association between vitamin D administration and a
decreased risk of death (0.49) and ICU admission (0.28). This means that vitamin
D was associated with 51% better protection against death and 72% better
protection against ICU administration. The trial sequential analysis showed
that, since the pooling of the studies reached a definite sample size, the
positive association is conclusive.
Conclusion:
The results found a definitive association between the protective role of
vitamin D and ICU hospitalisation.
Year:
2023 (January 16th)
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010130
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised clinical trial
Purpose:
To determine the effects of 5000 IU versus 1000 IU of daily vitamin D3
supplementation on the recovery of symptoms among mild to moderate COVID-19
patients with sub-optimal vitamin D levels.
Dose:
5000 IU or 1000 IU of vitamin D. The study used 1000 IU as the control because
it would be unethical to give a placebo to individuals with suboptimal vitamin D
levels. 1000 IU is regarded as a standard control.
Participants:
69 men and women
Duration:
90 days
Results:
Among patients with sub-optimal vitamin D status and mild to moderate COVID-19
symptoms, 5000 IU of daily oral vitamin D3 supplementation for 2 weeks was
associated with a significantly shorter time to recovery for coughs and loss of
taste. 5000 IU of vitamin D resulted in a significant increase in vitamin D
levels in the blood, whilst 1000 IU of vitamin D did not.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072170
STUDY 4
Study type:
Randomised clinical trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 treatment on intensive care unit admissions
and death rates among Spanish patients hospitalised with COVID-19.
Dose:
21,280 IU (0.532 mg) of oral vitamin D3 (calcifediol) on days 1,3 and 7 and then
weekly until discharge or ICU admission. The control group received no vitamin
D. All patients also received standard treatments for COVID.
Participants:
76 Spanish patients hospitalised with COVID-19
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
Vitamin D administration was associated with significant reductions in the need
for ICU treatment of patients requiring hospitalisation due to proven COVID-19.
Vitamin D was also associated with reductions in the severity of COVID-19.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751
STUDY 5
Study type:
Randomised clinical trial (single-blind)
Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 on the immune response against COVID-19 in
individuals with severe COVID-19 symptoms.
Dose:
10.000 IU of daily vitamin D3 or a control (2000 IU of vitamin D3)
Participants:
85 patients hospitalised with COVID-19
Duration:
8 to 29 days
Results:
Vitamin D3 administration was associated with shorter hospital stays and
improvements in the inflammatory and cytotoxic response against COVID-infected
cells.
Year:
2022
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112965
STUDY 6
Study type:
Clinical trial (non-randomised)
Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 treatment on COVID-19–related outcomes
Dose:
21.620 IU on day 1 (532 mcg) and 10.810 IU on days 3, 7, 15, and 30 (266 mcg)
Participants:
838 patients with COVID-19
Study duration:
March to May 2020
Results:
In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, treatment with vitamin D3 was associated
with significantly reduced ICU admission and death.
Year:
Published in 2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab405
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Systematic review & meta-analysis
Purpose:
To evaluate whether administration of vitamin D decreases risk for diabetes
among people with prediabetes.
Studies analysed:
3 randomised clinical trials
Doses analysed:
20 000 IU (500 mcg) weekly; cholecalciferol, 4000 IU (100 mcg) daily; or
eldecalcitol, 0.75 mcg daily, versus matching placebos.
Results:
Vitamin D reduced risk for diabetes by 15% in adjusted analyses, with a 3-year
absolute risk reduction of 3.3%.
Among participants assigned to the vitamin D group who maintained a blood level
of at least 50 ng/mL compared with 20 to 29 ng/mL, vitamin D3 supplementation
was associated with a reduced risk for diabetes by 76%, with a 3-year absolute
risk reduction of 18.1%.
Conclusion:
In adults with prediabetes, vitamin D may be effective at decreasing risk for
diabetes.
Year:
2023
Link:
https://doi.org/10.7326/M22-3018
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Cohort study (a group of individuals were observed over a long period of time to
evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation)
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of Vitamin D on the incidence of dementia.
Number of participants:
12,388 participants with average age of 71
Study duration:
10 years
Results:
Vitamin D exposure was associated with 40% lower dementia rates versus no
exposure to vitamin D. Participants taking vitamin D had less mild cognitive
impairment and less depression.
2,696 of the 12,388 participants developed dementia. Among these 2,696
participants, 2,017 (74.8%) had no exposure to vitamin D. Thus, the majority of
participants who developed dementia did not take any vitamin D. The researchers
did not find any difference in effects between vitamin D3 and D2.
Year:
2023
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12404
STUDY 2
Study type:
Meta-analysis
Purpose:
To estimate the association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of developing
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
Studies analysed:
5 observational studies
Results:
The meta-analysis showed that subjects with deficient vitamin D status (with
blood levels less than 20 ng/mL) were at increased risk of developing
Alzheimer’s disease by 21% compared with those with vitamin D levels greater
than 50 nmol/L.
Conclusion:
Vitamin D status may be associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s
disease and dementia.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0063-7
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised clinical trial (double-blind and placebo-controlled)
Purpose:
To investigate whether vitamin D and marine-derived long chain omega 3 fatty
acids reduce the risk of autoimmune disease.
Dose:
- 2000 IU (50 mcg) per day of vitamin D per day or matched placebo,
- 1000 mg/day omega 3 fatty acids or matched placebo.
Participants:
There were 25 871 participants (12 786 men ≥ 50 years old and 13 085 women ≥ 55
years old).
Duration:
~5 years
Results:
Among the participants who received vitamin D, 123 individuals developed an
autoimmune disease compared to 155 individuals in the placebo group
(statistically significant). Although omega 3 fatty acid supplementation was
associated with a lower rate of autoimmune disease, the results were not
statistically significant.
Conclusion:
Vitamin D was associated with a 22% reduction in autoimmune disease (based on a
hazard ratio of 0.78).
Year:
2022
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-066452
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NMN SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Several studies have investigated the effects of NMN. They have indicated that a
dose of 500mg of NMN is the most effective without any adverse side effects. We
have summarised the most interesting results from rodent studies and clinical
trials.
Clinical Trials
Rodent Studies
STUDY 1
Study type:
Clinical trial
Purpose:
To investigate the safety of single NMN administration in 10 healthy men
NMN dose:
100, 250, and 500 mg (single administrations)
Duration:
Acute (5 hours)
Results:
The study observed an increase in the levels of NAD+ following NMN
supplementation. The increase in NAD+ levels is meaningful due to its critical
role in cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signalling
pathways. By replenishing NAD+ levels, it is hypothesised to have potential
benefits for overall health, longevity and addressing age-related conditions.
The single oral administration of NMN up to 500 mg was safe and well-tolerated
in healthy men.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ19-0313
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial
NMN dose:
There were 3 different dosage groups and a placebo group:
1. 300 mg/day (low dosage group)
2. 600 mg/day (medium dosage group)
3. 1200 mg/day (high dosage group)
Each group consisted of 10 male participants and 2 female participants.
Additional interventions:
All participants actively trained during the study period by adhering to an
exercise program: 6 weeks of aerobic exercise (running and cycling), with 5–6
sessions per week lasting 40–60 min each.
Participants:
48 young and middle-aged recreational runners
Duration:
6 weeks
Results:
The NMN group demonstrated improved VO2max and increased running performance.
They exhibited enhanced aerobic capacity compared to the placebo group. The
authors attribute this improvement to enhanced oxygen utilisation in skeletal
muscles. The moderate and higher doses of NMN were associated with greater
improvements in aerobic capacity than the lower dose. Improvements in aerobic
capacity can have a beneficial effect on running performance.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00442-4
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STUDY 1 (ANTI-AGEING)
Study type:
Animal study (ageing mice)
Purpose:
To investigate the long-term effects of NMN supplementation on age-related
physiological decline in mice.
NMN dose:
100 and 300 mg/kg for 12 months
Duration:
12 months
Results:
The findings revealed that long-term NMN administration mitigated several
age-related physiological declines in the mice. The NMN-treated mice exhibited
improvements in body weight control, physical activity, muscle function, liver
health, glucose metabolism, and visual acuity. Additionally, NMN supplementation
preserved bone density and resulted in gene expression patterns associated with
youthful states. Orally administered NMN was quickly utilised to synthesise
NAD+.
No apparent deleterious or toxic effects were observed.
The study suggests that long-term NMN supplementation has potential anti-aging
effects and can ameliorate age-related physiological decline in mice.
Year
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.013
STUDY 2 (ANTI-AGEING)
Study type:
Animal study (aged mice)
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of NMN supplementation on vascular dysfunction and
oxidative stress associated with aging in mice. Note that vascular dysfunction
and oxidative stress associated with aging are detrimental as they contribute to
increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, impaired cellular function, chronic
inflammation, and accelerated aging.
NMN dose:
300 mg/kg body weight/day in drinking water or a control (just drinking water)
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
NMN supplementation effectively reversed age-related vascular dysfunction (a
condition where the inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium) does not
function properly), resulting in enhanced endothelial function and reduced
vascular oxidative stress (oxidative stress can lead to blood vessel damage).
NMN-treated mice exhibited enhanced blood vessel dilation, reduced arterial
stiffness, decreased levels of reactive oxygen species, increased nitric oxide
levels, and complete or partial normalisation of structural proteins in the
arterial wall (which helps to restore the function of blood vessels).
These observed benefits contribute to improved cardiovascular function, better
blood flow, and reduced oxidative stress, which are all favourable for overall
cardiovascular health.
Year
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12461
STUDY 3 (ANTI-AGEING)
Study type:
Animal study (age-induced and diet-induced diabetic mice)
Purpose:
To investigate whether NMN could help treat diabetes caused by diet and ageing
in mice.
NMN dose:
500 mg/kg body weight/day intraperitoneally for 7–10 days
Results:
Researchers observed several positive effects of NMN in mice with type 2
diabetes. Firstly, NMN improved glucose and lipid metabolism; more specifically,
it enhanced insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, hepatic
insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Secondly, NMN restored NAD+ levels in
the liver and body fat. Thirdly, NMN normalised the inflammatory response,
circadian rhythm and oxidative stress.
These improvements were partly attributed to increased NAD+ levels and the
activation of SIRT1, a sirtuin protein associated with metabolic regulation and
longevity.
Year
2011
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.014
STUDY 4 (ANTI-AGEING)
Study type:
Animal study (rats)
Purpose:
To investigate whether β-NMN is superior to nicotinamide (a form of vitamin B3)
as a precursor of NAD+
NMN dose:
45 μmol//kg body weight injected intraperitoneally (single dose)
Results:
Compared to nicotinamide, NMN resulted in a higher yield of NAD+. NMN was
retained for a longer duration compared to nicotinamide. This suggests that NMN
has a longer half-life and potentially prolonged effects, making it a promising
candidate compound for anti-ageing interventions.
Year
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.62.272
STUDY 5 (ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE)
Study type:
Animal study (a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease)
Purpose:
To investigate the impact of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on mitochondrial
dysfunction, a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s
disease.
In other words, the study looked at how NMN affects problems with energy
production in the brain's powerhouses, known as mitochondria.
NMN dose:
100 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously every other day for 28 days
Duration:
28 days
Results:
NMN treatment improved mitochondrial function, enhancing respiration and energy
production. It also reduced reactive oxygen species production and mitigated
mitochondrial dysfunction.
In other words, the study found that giving NMN to the mice improved the energy
production in their brain cells by fixing some of the issues with the
mitochondria. This also helped reduce the damage caused by harmful molecules and
improved the overall health of the mitochondria.
The findings suggest that NMN supplementation could be a potential therapeutic
approach for addressing mitochondrial impairments associated with Alzheimer’s
disease.
Year
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-015-0272-x
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SAW PALMETTO SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting studies of saw palmetto related to hair
loss.
STUDY 1 (HAIR LOSS)
Study type:
Systematic review
Purpose:
To describe the effects of Saw Palmetto extract on hair loss conditions and its
associated side effects.
Intervention under study:
Oral and topical supplements containing 100-320 mg/day Saw Palmetto
Studies Reviewed:
5 randomised controlled trials, 3 prospective cohort studies, and 1 case report
Results:
The systematic review found associations between saw palmetto supplements and
positive effects on patients with androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss)
and telogen effluvium (temporary hair loss that usually happens after stress, a
shock, or a traumatic event), such as improvements in hair quality by 60%, hair
density, and hair count by 3.4 to 27%.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000509905
STUDY 2 (HAIR LOSS)
Study type:
Clinical trial (Uncontrolled)
Purpose:
To compare the effects of Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) with finasteride on
treating male androgenetic alopecia
Dose
320 mg/day of saw palmetto or 1 mg/day finasteride per day
Participants:
100 men aged 20 to 40 years
Duration:
2 years
Results:
The study found an association between that 320 mg/day of saw palmetto and an
increase in crown hair growth in 38% of patients. 68% of those treated with
finasteride noted an improvement.
Year:
2012
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1177/039463201202500435
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GREEN TEA SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting studies on green tea.
STUDY 1 (OXIDATIVE STRESS & DIABETES)
Study type:
Randomised, single-blind, controlled trial
Purpose:
To examine the effects of green tea extracts and beverages on body weight,
fasting glucose, and lipids, and oxidative stress in obese subjects with
metabolic syndrome (which is a medical term for a combination of diabetes, high
blood pressure and obesity).
Dose:
870 mg/day of green tea capsules (2 x 435 mg capsules) or 928 mg/day of green
tea beverages (4 cups x 232 mg tea bags)
Participants:
35 obese males and females with metabolic syndrome and an average age of 43
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed that the average body weight and body mass index (BMI)
of obese participants in the green tea beverage and supplementation group
significantly decreased after 8 weeks. A significant reduction in the biomarkers
of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal) was also observed in
green tea drinkers but not in the green tea supplementation group. A decrease in
oxidative stress is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease.
The study also found that the green tea drinkers were associated with a
decreasing trend in LDL-cholesterol and an increasing trend in HDL-cholesterol
compared to the control groups. High levels of LDL-cholesterol, also known as
“bad” cholesterol, are associated with a higher risk for heart disease and
stroke. In contrast, higher levels of HDL-cholesterol is associated with a lower
risk of heart disease and stroke.
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2010.10719814
STUDY 2 (MORTALITY RATE)
Study type:
Prospective cohort study
Purpose:
To investigate the associations between green tea consumption and mortality from
all causes and specific causes.
Method of evaluation:
The amount of green tea consumption was determined using a food frequency
questionnaire. The causes of death were investigated by reviewing the death
certificates filed at Ohsaki Public Health Center.
Participants:
40,530 participants from the Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort Study
Duration:
11 years of follow-up for all-cause mortality and up to 7 years of follow-up for
cause-specific mortality
Results:
The study found an association between increased green tea consumption and lower
deaths from all causes and cardiovascular disease, except cancer. The
association with lower cardiovascular disease deaths was stronger than that with
deaths from all causes. The association with deaths from all causes was stronger
in women.
Year:
2006
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.10.1255
STUDY 3 (MORTALITY RATE)
Study type:
Population-based, prospective cohort study
Purpose:
To investigate the association between green tea consumption and death from all
causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease among elderly people.
Method of evaluation:
The frequency of green tea consumption was determined using questionnaires. The
causes of death of the deceased subjects were identified using the National
Vital Statistics Database from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of
Japan.
Participants:
12,251 men and women aged 65–84 years
Duration:
6 years follow up from December 1999 to March 2006
Results:
The study found that those who consumed seven or more cups of green tea per day
were associated with a 55% lower risk of death from all causes and a 75% lower
risk of death from cardiovascular disease when compared with those who consumed
less than one cup per day. A moderate dose of green tea consumption was also
associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer mortality.
Year:
2009
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.06.003
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ASHWAGANDHA SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Numerous clinical trials have investigated the effects of ashwagandha in humans.
We have summarised some of the most important studies related to anxiety,
stress, sleep, mood, testosterone, sexual function, muscle strength, energy,
immune system, oxidative stress, joint health, hypothyroidism, and tuberculosis.
Anxiety & Mood
Stress
Sleep
Testosterone & Sperm
Sexual Function
Perimenopausal Health
Muscle Mass & Strength
Performance Enhancement
Immune System
Oxidative Stress
Arthritis
Hypothyroidism
Tuberculosis
STUDY 1
Study type:
Pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Purpose:
To compare the effects of ashwagandha treatment with a standardised
psychotherapy on employees with moderate to severe anxiety.
Method of evaluation:
Anxiety levels were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire which measured
subjective symptoms of anxiety. Quality of life was also assessed using
questionnaires which measured health-related quality of life, physical and
mental fatigue, and qualitative patient experiences.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha (2 x 300 mg) or placebo
Additional interventions:
In addition to the ashwagandha treatment, participants in the naturopathic care
group received an adult multivitamin, lifestyle and nutritional counselling, and
engaged in diaphragmatic deep breathing exercises during their treatment
sessions.
Participants in the control group received 12 weeks of psychotherapy sessions
targeting anxiety, consisting of patient-directed counselling and
cognitive-behavioural therapy, along with placebo pills.
Participants:
75 male and female employees with moderate to severe anxiety
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
The study found a significant association between naturopathic treatment, which
included dietary changes and daily intake of 600 mg of ashwagandha, and a
reduction in anxiety symptoms. Additionally, the researchers observed that the
naturopathic group experienced better outcomes in terms of fatigue, motivation,
concentration, and overall well-being compared to the psychotherapy group.
Patient-centred assessments also revealed significant reductions in specific
symptoms and improvements in mental health, vitality, social functioning, and
general health in the naturopathic group.
Year:
2009
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006628
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the stress-relieving and pharmacological activity of ashwagandha
extract in stressed adults.
Method of Evaluation:
Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed using both clinician-administered
and self-reported questionnaires, which measured the severity of anxiety,
stress, and depression.
Dose:
240 mg/day of standardised ashwagandha extract containing 35% withanolides or
placebo
Participants:
60 males and females aged 18 to 65 years
Duration:
60 days
Results:
The study found an association between ashwagandha supplementation and a
statistically significant reduction in anxiety symptoms, as measured by Hamilton
Anxiety Scale when compared to the placebo. Additionally, a notable but not
statistically significant decrease in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and
stress, as measured by the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21, was
observed. Moreover, ashwagandha supplementation was linked to greater reductions
in morning cortisol levels, a hormone associated with stress, as well as
dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels, a hormone involved in hormone
production, compared to the placebo. Reductions of DHEA along with morning
cortisol levels may be a marker of decreased stress. The researchers also
observed an increase in testosterone levels increased in males but not in
females over time, although this change was not statistically significant
compared with the placebo.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017186
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, placebo-controlled, between-group trial
Purpose:
To assess the effects of ashwagandha on improving cognitive performance, mood,
anxiety, food cravings, and cortisol levels in healthy adults with high
perceived stress.
Method of Evaluation:
Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed using self-reported questionnaires
which measured trait anxiety levels, magnitude of depression, anxiety, and
perceived stress.
Cognitive ability was assessed using a neurocognitive test which measured verbal
memory, visual memory, finger tapping, digit coding, stroop test, attention, and
performance.
Dose:
225 mg/day of ashwagandha root and leaf extract or 400 mg/day of ashwagandha
root and leaf extract or placebo
Participants:
60 healthy men and women with an average age of 34 years
Duration:
30 days
Results:
The researchers observed significant improvements over time in self-report
assessments for anxiety, stress, depression, perceived stress, and food
cravings. However, these improvements were not specific to the intervention
group, as the main effect for the group and interactions were not significant.
Additionally, significant improvements were observed in cognitive flexibility,
visual memory, reaction time, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning, with
the Ashwagandha groups often out-performing the placebo group. Cortisol levels
in the ashwagandha groups also exhibited reductions, with larger effects
observed in the 225 mg/day ashwagandha group. In contrast, the placebo group
showed a nonsignificant increase in cortisol levels. Increased cortisol levels
in short term can enhance the body's ability to respond to stressors by
providing a burst of energy, heightened focus, and increased alertness.
Year:
2022
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2021.08.003
STUDY 4
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of an aqueous ashwagandha root extract in reducing
stress and anxiety in adults.
Method of Evaluation:
Anxiety was assessed using a clinician-based psychological questionnaire which
measures intensity of anxiety. Stress and quality of sleep was assessed using
self-reported questionnaires which measure perceived stress, and overall sleep
quality.
Dose:
250 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract (2 x 125 mg capsules) or 600 mg/day of
ashwagandha root extract (2 x 300 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
60 male and female participants
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed that the group taking 600 mg of ashwagandha showed
significant reductions in stress and anxiety levels, as well as significant
improvement in sleep quality compared to the placebo group. Relative to the
value at baseline, there was a statistically significant reduction in the mean
serum cortisol level in both the 250mg and 600mg ashwagandha groups compared to
the placebo group. Lower levels of cortisol indicate a decrease in stress
response within the body. Researchers observed a statistically significant
reduction in the stress levels in both treatment groups.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6466
STUDY 5
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha root extract on patients with generalised
anxiety disorder.
Method of evaluation:
Anxiety was assessed using a clinician-based questionnaire which measured the
severity of generalised anxiety disorder.
Dose:
1 g/day of ashwagandha or placebo
Participants:
40 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of generalised anxiety disorder
Duration:
Six weeks
Results:
The study found an association between a daily dose of 1g ashwagandha oral
intake and greater reduction in anxiety rating scores. The researchers observed
a 14-unit reduction in anxiety scores in the ashwagandha group. In contrast, an
8-unit reduction was observed in the placebo group after six weeks of treatment.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.2174/1574884715666200413120413
STUDY 6
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha extract in patients with anxiety
disorders.
Method of Evaluation:
Anxiety was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, a clinician-based
questionnaire used to measure the severity of anxiety.
Dose:
500 mg/day of ashwagandha (2 x 250 mg tablets) or placebo
Participants:
39 men and women with an average age of 41
Duration:
6 weeks
Results:
The study found a trend for superior anti-anxiety effects of Ashwagandha over
the placebo at week 2, and statistically significant superior anti-anxiety
effects at week 6.
Ashwagandha was well tolerated and adverse effects were comparable to those
observed after the placebo.
Year:
2000
Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21407960/
STUDY 7
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To assess the effects of a standardised extract of ashwagandha in patients with
bipolar disorder.
Method of Evaluation:
Cognitive function was assessed using various cognitive assessments that measure
executive functions, processing speed, attention/working memory, memory,
psychomotor speed, and social cognition.
Dose:
250 mg/day of ashwagandha extract on the first week and 500 mg/day (2 x 250 mg
capsules) for the next 7 weeks or placebo
Participants:
60 males and females diagnosed with bipolar disorder
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The study revealed a significant association between ashwagandha extract and
notable improvements in specific cognitive tasks after an 8-week treatment
period. These tasks included remembering numbers in reverse order, responding
quickly to neutral stimuli, and accurately identifying emotions.
Reported adverse events were mild and temporary (5 participants reported
diarrhoea and 3 participants reported sleepiness). No participants withdrew from
the study or experienced serious adverse events.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08413
STUDY 8
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of ashwagandha root extract in patients with
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Method of Evaluation:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms were assessed using the Yale-Brown
Obsessive Compulsive Scale, a symptom checklist which measures the frequency and
severity of the symptoms in OCD patients.
Dose:
120 mg/day of ashwagandha (4 x 30 mg of ashwagandha extract) or placebo
Participants:
30 patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and undergoing
treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) drugs at an
adequate dose and duration.
Duration:
6 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between daily oral supplementation of 120 mg of
ashwagandha and significantly greater reduction in obsessive-compulsive disorder
symptoms. The researchers observed an 8-unit reduction in obsessive-compulsive
disorder symptoms in the treatment group, while the placebo group only had a
2-unit reduction.
Year:
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.018
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Single-centred, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of
ashwagandha roots in reducing stress and anxiety and improving the general
well-being of stressed adults.
Method of evaluation:
Stress was assessed using self-reported questionnaires which measured various
dimensions of stress.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha (300 mg x 2 capsules) or placebo
Participants:
64 men and women with history of chronic stress
Duration:
60 days
Results:
The study found an association between the daily dose of 600 mg ashwagandha
root extract and a significant reduction in scores on all stress-assessment
scales on day 60 compared to the placebo group. Additionally, the researchers
observed a reduction in serum cortisol levels in the ashwagandha group which is
considered beneficial and indicative of reduced stress levels. No serious
adverse events were reported in both groups.
Year:
2012
Link:
https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.106022
STUDY 2
Study type:
Two-arm, randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha root extract on cognitive functions,
stress level, sleep, and quality of life in adults with stress.
Method of Evaluation:
Cognitive function was assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test
Automated Battery which included tests of working memory, learning and executive
function, visual, verbal, and episodic memory, attention, information
processing, reaction time, social and emotion recognition, decision making, and
response control.
Stress, happiness, and sleep quality were assessed using self-reported
questionnaires which measured perceived stress, psychological well-being, and
quality and pattern of sleep, respectively.
Dose:
300 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract capsules with 15 mg withanolides or
placebo
Participants:
125 males and females with an average age of 34 years
Duration:
90 days
Results:
The researchers observed significant improvements in recall memory and a
decrease in the total error rate in the ashwagandha treatment group compared to
the placebo group. Additionally, the study found associations between
ashwagandha treatment and lower stress levels, reduced serum cortisol levels,
better psychological well-being, and improved sleep quality. Lower serum
cortisol levels suggest reduced stress and improved regulation of the body's
stress response.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8254344
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of standardised ashwagandha root extract on overall
well-being and stress markers linked to obesity in adults with chronic stress.
Method of Evaluation:
Weight management was assessed using body weight, body mass index, and
self-reported questionnaires that evaluated stable dimensions of food cravings
and eating behaviour. Stress and general well-being were also assessed using
self-reported questionnaires that evaluated perceived stress, happiness,
well-being, and optimism.
Dose:
600 mg/day of standardised ashwagandha root extract (2 x 300 mg capsules with 5%
withanolides) or placebo.
Participants:
52 men and women aged 16 to 60 years, experiencing chronic stress
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between oral ingestion of 600 mg of ashwagandha
root extract and significant decrease in perceived stress levels after 4 and 8
weeks of daily intake. Participants who received the ashwagandha treatment
reported feeling happier, experiencing an overall improvement of 19.18%.
Additionally, they exhibited improvements in controlling their eating habits and
managing emotional eating.
Furthermore, the researchers observed reductions in body weight, body mass
index, and serum cortisol levels among those who received the ashwagandha
treatment. Serum cortisol levels are indicators of stress and can influence
appetite. Lower cortisol levels have the potential to improve appetite control
and weight management.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216641830
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind parallel-group, placebo-controlled study
Purpose:
To compare the effects of ashwagandha root extract between healthy subjects and
in subjects with insomnia.
Method of Evaluation:
Sleep parameters were assessed using actigraphy, a non-invasive method of
monitoring human rest and activity cycles such as sleep onset latency, total
sleep time, wake after sleep onset, total time in bed, and sleep efficiency. In
addition, sleep quality was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire, which
measured subjective sleep quality.
Anxiety was self-assessed using a psychological questionnaire which measured the
severity of perceived anxiety.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract (2 x 300 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
80 participants with an average age of 37 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed significant improvements in all sleep parameters,
including sleep onset latency (the time it takes to fall asleep), total sleep
time, wake after sleep onset (the duration of wakefulness during the sleep
period), time in bed, and sleep efficiency (the percentage of time spent asleep
while in bed). The improvements were more notable in individuals with insomnia
compared to healthy subjects, suggesting that ashwagandha treatment may have a
greater impact on improving sleep in those with existing sleep difficulties.
Moreover, improvements in subjective sleep quality were observed for both the
ashwagandha group in the healthy study population and the insomnia study group.
Additionally, the researchers also noticed a notable reduction in anxiety
symptoms among individuals with insomnia who received the ashwagandha
supplement.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113276
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
Purpose:
To determine the effects of ashwagandha root extract in patients with insomnia
and anxiety.
Method of Evaluation:
Sleep onset latency and other sleep parameters were assessed by actigraphy, a
non-invasive technique used to get an objective measurement of your sleep
schedule. Sleep quality was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire and
sleep logs which evaluated mental alertness on rising and quality of sleep.
Anxiety was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire which measured mental
agitation, psychological distress, and physical complaints related to anxiety.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract (2 x 300 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
60 males and females aged 18-60 years.
Duration:
10 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between ashwagandha treatment and the
significantly shorter sleep onset latency after 10 weeks. The researchers also
observed significant improvements in other sleep parameters including total
sleep time, sleep efficiency and sleep quality. Furthermore, ashwagandha
treatment was associated with lower anxiety levels after 10 weeks of ashwagandha
treatment.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5797
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To assess the effects of ashwagandha root extract on sperm production in
patients with oligospermia, or low sperm count.
Dose:
675 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract (3 x 225 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
46 infertile male patients aged 22-40 years
Duration:
90 days
Results:
The study found an association between ashwagandha treatment and significant
increases in sperm concentration, semen volume, and sperm motility.
Additionally, the researchers observed a 17% increase in serum testosterone and
a 34% increase in luteinizing hormone following treatment with ashwagandha root
extract compared to the baseline. In males, an increase in luteinizing hormone
stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/571420
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of ashwagandha on seminal plasma metabolites in
infertile men.
Dose:
5 g/day of ashwagandha root powder or placebo
Participants:
180 infertile men in the treatment group and 50 normal healthy fertile men in
the control group. Within the treatment group, there were three subgroups of
infertile males: 60 men with normal semen parameters but an unknown cause of
infertility (normozoospermic), 60 men with low sperm concentration
(oligozoospermic), and 60 men with poor sperm motility (asthenozoospermic).
Duration:
3 months
Results:
The study found that ashwagandha treatment was associated with significant
increases in the concentrations of alanine, glutamate, citrate,
glycerophosphocholine, and histidine, and a decrease in phenylalanine in the
normozoospermic group. Similar findings were observed in the oligozoospermic and
asthenozoospermic groups after three months of ashwagandha treatment. These
improvements in alanine, glutamate, citrate, GPC, and histidine indicate
positive effects on male fertility, as these substances are important
biomarkers. Additionally, the decrease in phenylalanine suggests potential
improvements in overall health and metabolic profile among men.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.024
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of ashwagandha supplementation in overweight men with
mild-to-moderate, self-reported fatigue.
Method of Evaluation:
Symptomatic changes and mood states were assessed using self-reported
questionnaires which measured psychological, somatic, and sexual symptoms, and
fatigue inertia and vigour-activity.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha extract (2 x 300 mg capsules with 10.5 mg of of
withanolide glycosides) or placebo
Participants:
57 overweight males with mild-to-moderate symptoms of fatigue aged 40-70 years
Duration:
16 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed significant improvements in most symptom scores from
baseline to week 8 for both the placebo and ashwagandha conditions. In the
placebo group, improvements were observed in psychological, somatic, and sexual
symptoms, as well as fatigue-inertia and vigour-activity. Similar improvements
were found in the ashwagandha group, except for fatigue-inertia scores which did
not show significant improvement. The study also found that daily
supplementation of 600 mg ashwagandha was associated with an 18% higher increase
in salivary dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) and a 14.7% higher increase
in testosterone compared to the placebo group. Higher concentrations of DHEA-S
are associated with improvements in mood and reductions in fatigue.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319835985
STUDY 4
Study type:
Triple-blind, randomised clinical trial
Purpose:
To compare the effects of ashwagandha and pentoxifylline on sperm parameters in
idiopathic male infertility.
Dose:
5 g/day of ashwagandha extract (6 x 0.83 g capsules) or 800 mg/day of
pentoxifylline (6 x 133.33 mg capsules) and placebo
Participants:
100 infertile male patients with an average age of 34 years old
Duration:
90 days
Results:
The researchers observed a significant increase of 12.5% in average sperm count,
21.42% in progressive motility, and 25.56% improvement in sperm morphology with
ashwagandha supplementation compared to baseline measurements. Similarly, a
significant increase of 16.46% in average semen volume, 25.97% in progressive
motility, and 13.28% improvement in sperm morphology compared to baseline was
observed with pentoxifylline. However, no statistical differences were found
between the treatment groups.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13041
STUDY 5
Study type:
Randomised clinical trial (uncontrolled)
Purpose:
To explore the potential protective effects of ashwagandha in infertile men who
were either experiencing psychological stress or were smokers.
Dose:
5 g/day of ashwagandha root powder with a cup of skimmed milk
Participants:
121 men, aged 25-38 years
Duration:
3 months
Results:
The study found an association between ashwagandha treatment and improved semen
parameters in men. The researchers observed a 17% increase of sperm
concentration in men with normal sperm parameters (normozoospermic), 20% in
cigarette smokers, and 36% in men experiencing psychological stress. The
movement of sperm also improved by 9%, 10%, and 13% in the respective groups
along with decrease in their semen liquefaction time by 19, 20 and 34%, as
compared with the pretreatment parameters. A decrease in semen liquefaction time
improves the chances of successful fertilisation.
In addition, the researchers examined the pregnancy outcomes of the men's
partners and observed a 15% success rate for men with normal sperm parameters,
15% for men experiencing psychological stress, and 10% for cigarette smokers,
leading to an overall success rate of 14%.
Year:
2009
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep138
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha root extract on sexual performance and
well-being in adult males.
Method of Evaluation:
Sexual activity and quality of sexual function were assessed using a
self-reported questionnaire which included questions related to sexual
cognition/fantasy, sexual arousal, sexual behaviour/experiences, orgasm, and
drive/desire. Quality of life was also assessed using a self-reported
questionnaire that evaluated physical functioning, emotional well-being, pain,
energy, and fatigue.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract (2 x 300 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
50 healthy males aged 21-45 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
Participants who took the ashwagandha root extract had an 88.5% greater
probability of scoring higher on questionnaires about their sexual activity and
quality of sexual function. Additionally, the researchers observed a 17% rise in
serum testosterone in the ashwagandha group, while the placebo group only had a
2% change. Participants in the ashwagandha group also showed slight improvement
and stability in quality of life parameters compared to the placebo group,
although there were no statistically significant improvements observed for
either group.
Year:
2022
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.741
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of ashwagandha root extract supplementation on
improving sexual function in healthy females.
Method of Evaluation:
Female sexual function was assessed using self-reported questionnaires which
measured sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, pain,
distress, and sexual activity.
Dose:
600 mg/day of high-concentration ashwagandha root extract (2 x 300 mg capsules)
or placebo
Participants:
50 women aged 21-50 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between high-concentration ashwagandha root
extract supplementation and a significant increase in female sexual function.
Specifically, improvements were observed in lubrication, orgasm, and sexual
distress. The average number of successful sexual encounters also showed a
significant increase, with a 96% improvement at week 4 and a 126% improvement at
week 8, compared to the 59-61% increase observed in the placebo group.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/284154
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha root extract on climacteric symptoms,
quality of life, and hormonal parameters in perimenopausal women.
Method of Evaluation:
Menopausal symptoms were assessed using self-reported questionnaires, which
measured the severity of menopausal symptoms and their impact on various aspects
of a woman's life, including vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes), psychosocial,
physical, and sexual symptoms.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract (2 x 300 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
100 women with climacteric symptoms
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between 600 mg of ashwagandha daily intake and
improvement in menopause-specific quality of life. Additionally, the researchers
observed a significant increase in serum estradiol. An increase in serum
estradiol levels can have several implications, such as supporting reproductive
health, promoting bone density, and influencing mood and cognitive function.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.15030
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of a standardised ashwagandha (Sensoril) root and
leaf extract on strength training adaptations and recovery.
Method of Evaluation:
Muscular strength was measured through one-repetition bench press and back squat
using standard methods
Dose:
500 mg/day of ashwagandha supplementation or placebo taken every morning with 12
fluid ounces of cold tap water
Additional interventions:
4 days/week resistance-training program designed to train the upper body and
lower body
Participants:
40 males with an average age of 26 years
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
The study found that the daily dose of 500 mg ashwagandha extract, combined with
a heavy resistance-training program is associated with the significant
improvements in lower-body and upper-body strength after 12 weeks. Additionally,
the researchers observed significant improvements in squat power, bench press
power, 7.5 km time trial performance, and perceived recovery scores in the
ashwagandha group but not in placebo.
Furthermore, no change in the android/gynoid ratio was observed in the
ashwagandha group, whereas the placebo group experienced a significant increase
in android/gynoid ratios. Higher android/gynoid ratios are associated with an
increased risk of health conditions such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic
disorders.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111807
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Purpose:
To examine the effects of ashwagandha root extract on muscle mass and strength
in healthy young men engaged in resistance training.
Method of evaluation:
Muscular strength was measured through one-repetition leg and bench press using
standard methods.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha (2 x 300 mg capsules with 5% withanolides) or placebo
Additional interventions:
Resistance training program in both upper body and lower body
Participants:
57 young males aged 18-50 years with little experience in resistance training
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed significant improvements in muscle strength and size in
both the ashwagandha group and placebo group, which can be expected with
resistance training. However, the ashwagandha group showed significantly greater
increases in muscle strength for both the upper and lower body compared to the
placebo group. Additionally, the ashwagandha group experienced greater
improvements in muscle size, muscle recovery, and a decrease in body fat
percentage compared to the placebo group. The study also found an association
between ashwagandha treatment and significantly greater increase in serum
testosterone.
Year:
2015
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha root extract on cardiorespiratory
endurance in healthy athletic adults.
Method of Evaluation:
Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using Cooper’s 12-minute run test which
measured maximum oxygen consumption (VO₂ max).
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha (2 x 300 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
50 healthy athletic adults with an average age of 29 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between ashwagandha supplementation and
statistically significant improvements in antioxidant levels and VO₂ max
compared to the placebo group. Higher values of VO₂ max indicate better aerobic
fitness.
In addition, the researchers observed significant improvements in various
assessments of recovery, well-being, and performance in the ashwagandha group
compared to the placebo group. The TQR (Total Quality Recovery) scores
indicated better overall recovery and well-being in the Ashwagandha group. The
DALDA (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes) scores, which measures
different aspects of performance, also favoured the ashwagandha group. The RESTQ
(Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes) assessment showed better outcomes
in terms of fatigue recovery, lack of energy, and fitness analysis in the
ashwagandha group.
Year:
2019
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113929
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, controlled, parallel group, single-blinded trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of ashwagandha and terminalia arjuna, both
individually and in combination, on physical and cardiovascular performance in
healthy young adults.
Dose:
500 mg/day of ashwagandha and/or 500 mg/day of Terminalia arjuna or placebo
Participants:
40 healthy males and females with an average age of 21 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed significant improvements in velocity, power, and
maximal aerobic capacity (VO₂ max) in participants taking ashwagandha, while
those who took Terminalia arjuna had increased VO₂ max and lower resting
systolic blood pressure. VO₂ max is a measure of the body's oxygen usage during
exercise and higher values indicate better fitness. In addition, a lower resting
systolic blood pressure is generally considered beneficial for cardiovascular
health. When the two supplements were administered together, improvements were
seen in all physical performance and endurance parameters except balance and
diastolic blood pressure.
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.72485
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of ashwagandha supplementation in enhancing the
aerobic performance of elite Indian cyclists.
Method of Evaluation:
Aerobic capacity in terms of maximal aerobic capacity (VO₂ max), metabolic
equivalent, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and total time for the athlete to
reach his exhaustion stage was determined during a treadmill test in which
subjects were asked to perform till volitional exhaustion.
Dose:
1,000 mg/day of Ashwagandha (2 x 500 mg capsules) or a placebo
Participants:
40 elite Indian cyclists aged 18-27 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The study found a significant association between ashwagandha treatment and
improvements in all parameters related to aerobic capacity, such as VO₂ max,
metabolic equivalents of tasks (METs), and time to exhaustion on the
treadmill.These findings indicate that ashwagandha supplementation can enhance
endurance and cardiovascular fitness. VO₂ max measures the body's maximum
ability to utilise oxygen during intense exercise, and higher values indicate
better aerobic fitness. METs, on the other hand, provide a measure of the
intensity of physical activity, and improvements in METs suggest increased
aerobic performance and overall fitness levels.
Year:
2012
Link:
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.104444
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label
extension
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha extract in middle-aged healthy
individuals exposed to environmental influences of seasonal change.
Dose:
180 mg/day capsule containing 60 mg of ashwagandha with 21 mg withanolides or
placebo
Participants:
24 healthy healthy men and women aged 45-72 years
Duration:
30 days and an open-label extension study for another 30 days
Results:
The study found an association between ashwagandha treatment and significant
improvements in the participant’s immune system after 30 days. They had higher
levels of certain immune markers, such as antibodies (IgA, IgM, IgG), cytokines
(IFN-γ, IL4), and different types of immune cells (TBNK cells). Higher levels of
antibodies, cytokines, and immune cells indicate an enhanced immune response. In
contrast, the group that received a placebo had a decrease in immune cells and
no change in antibody levels or cytokines.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163644
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To compare the effect of ashwagandha and guduchi on oxidative stress in healthy
volunteers
Dose:
1,000 mg/day of ashwagandha (2 x 500 mg capsules) or 1,000 mg/day guduchi (2 x
500 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
30 males and females aged 18-45 years
Duration:
6 months
Results:
The study found that ashwagandha treatment was associated with increased
haemoglobin levels. Higher levels of haemoglobin can indicate factors such as
improved oxygenation and increased red blood cell production. Additionally, the
researchers observed a significant increase in the level of superoxide dismutase
and a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde. An increase in superoxide
dismutase levels, as observed in the study, suggests that the body's antioxidant
defence system is enhanced. It indicates a potential improvement in the body's
ability to cope with oxidative stress. In contrast, a decrease in
malondialdehyde levels reflects a decrease in the harmful effects of oxidative
stress.
No adverse effects were found in the trial period of 6 months.
Year:
2014
Link:
https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.141919
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha root and leaf extracts in patients with
knee joint pain and discomfort.
Method of Evaluation
Knee joint pain and discomfort were assessed using a self-administered
questionnaire which measures pain, stiffness, and physical functional disability
in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis.
Dose:
250 mg/day of ashwagandha (2 x 125 mg capsules) or 500 mg/day of ashwagandha (2
x 250 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
60 males and females with knee joint pain and discomfort with an average age of
58 years
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed that both daily doses of 250 mg and 500 mg of
ashwagandha taken over a period of 12 weeks resulted in significant improvements
in various measures of osteoarthritis, including the osteoarthritis index score
(mWOMAC), knee swelling, pain, stiffness, and disability when compared to
baseline and placebo. When comparing the two doses, the 500 mg daily dose of
ashwagandha showed better outcomes. Additionally, the 500 mg/day dose showed
earlier effects at 4 weeks compared to the 250 mg/day dose.
Year:
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2016.05.003
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of ashwagandha root extract in patients with subclinical
hypothyroidism.
Dose:
600 mg/day of ashwagandha (2 x 300 mg capsules containing 5% withanolides) or
placebo
Participants:
50 males and females with subclinical hypothyroidism, compared to baseline aged
18-50 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
Supplementation with ashwagandha root extract for 4 and 8 weeks was associated
with a significant increase in serum T3 levels, indicating higher concentrations
of this thyroid hormone in the bloodstream. The placebo group, on the other
hand, experienced a decrease in serum T3 levels over time. Similarly,
ashwagandha treatment was associated with a significant increase in serum T4
concentrations at both the fourth and eighth weeks. T3 and T4 are important
hormones for regulating metabolism and energy production in the body.
Furthermore, the ashwagandha group exhibited a significant decrease in serum TSH
levels compared to the placebo group. A decrease in TSH suggests improved
thyroid function and a more balanced production of thyroid hormones. Overall,
these findings indicate that ashwagandha supplementation may have positive
effects on thyroid hormone levels in individuals with subclinical
hypothyroidism.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0183
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STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo control trial
Purpose:
To examine the impact of ashwagandha when used alongside a short course
treatment in individuals newly diagnosed with sputum smear-positive pulmonary
tuberculosis.
Dose:
1000 mg/day of ashwagandha root extract (2 x 500 mg capsules) or placebo
Additional Interventions:
First line antitubercular drugs (drugs used to treat tuberculosis)
Participants:
60 newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive patients of pulmonary TB of category 1
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
After 8 weeks of treatment, the researchers observed sputum conversion (when the
patient's sputum tests negative for the bacteria after a period of treatment) in
86.6% of patients taking ashwagandha as an adjuvant in conjunction with anti-TB
drugs, compared to 76.6% in the placebo group. Sputum conversion is a positive
response to treatment and indicates a reduction in the bacterial load in the
respiratory system. The study also found an association between ashwagandha
treatment and the significant increase in CD4 and CD8 counts. An increase in
CD4 and CD8 counts refers to an increase in the number of specific types of
immune cells called T cells in the blood which may indicate that the immune
system is successfully fighting the infection and working to control the
disease.
In terms of liver function, a smaller percentage of patients in the ashwagandha
group had increased levels of SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) and
SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), which are enzymes that indicate
liver health, compared to the placebo group. This is a positive result, as it
shows that the treatment may be gentler on the liver. Furthermore, elevated
levels of serum uric acid (>6 mg/dl) were observed in 20% of patients in the
study group and 33.33% in the placebo group. Elevated uric acid levels can
sometimes indicate certain health issues.
Lastly, patients in the ashwagandha group reported a better overall improvement
in their quality of life compared to the placebo group.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.05.005
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LEMON BALM SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised some of the most interesting scientific studies on lemon
balm.
STUDY 1 (STRESS, ANXIETY, & SLEEP )
Study type:
Open-label pilot trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of a lemon balm extract on stressed volunteers with
mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances.
Method of Evaluation:
Anxiety and insomnia was assessed using questionnaires which measure anxiety
manifestations, anxiety-associated symptoms and insomnia.
Dose:
600 mg/day of lemon balm extract (2 x 300 mg tablets; 300mg in the morning and
300 mg before bed) or placebo
Participants:
20 stressed male and female volunteers aged 18-70 years
Duration:
15 days
Results:
The study found an association between 600 mg of lemon balm extract and
significant reductions in anxiety-associated symptoms by 15%, anxiety
manifestations by 18% and insomnia by 42%. There was also a decrease in
agitation, hyper-excitation, and other anxiety-related symptoms such as eating
problems, guilt, and fatigue.
Year:
2011
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-010-0045-4
STUDY 2 (STRESS)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of Lemon Balm on participants exposed to
laboratory-induced stress
Dose:
300 mg of lemon balm (2 x 150 mg capsules), 600 mg (4 x 150 mg capsules) of
lemon balm, and placebo
Participants:
10 males and 18 females with an average age of 29 years
Duration:
300 mg lemon balm or 600 mg lemon balm or a placebo, with a 7-day interval
between each dose.
Results:
The study found an association between a single 600 mg dose of lemon balm and a
significant increase in self-reported calmness and a significant reduction in
self-reported alertness after exposure to stress compared to a placebo. The
study also found that a single 300 mg dose of lemon balm is associated with the
significant increase in the speed and accuracy of mathematical processing
compared to placebo.
Year:
2004
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000132877.72833.71
STUDY 3 (MOOD, ANXIETY, & SLEEP)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To examine the effects of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) on the psychological
health of female adolescents with premenstrual syndrome
Method of Evaluation:
Psychological health was self-assessed using the General Health Questionnaire,
which included questions related to depression, anxiety, sleeping and social
function disorder, and somatoform symptoms.
Dose:
1200 mg/day of Lemon balm essence (2 x 600 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
100 females with premenstrual syndrome (aged 16 on average)
Duration:
3 menstrual period cycles (7 days a month for 3 months)
Results:
The researchers observed significantly lower scores for anxiety, sleep
disturbances, social function disturbance, psychosomatic symptoms and depression
in participants who took 1,200 mg/day of Lemon balm during their menstrual
period for 3 cycles compared to the placebo group.
Year:
2017
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0015
STUDY 4 (SEXUAL FUNCTION)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of lemon balm extract on women with sexual dysfunction.
Method of Evaluation:
Sexual function was self-reported using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)
questionnaire, which evaluated their sexual function in terms of desire,
arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain.
Dose:
1000 mg/day of Lemon balm extract (2 x 500 mg tablet; 500 mg an hour after
breakfast and 500 mg an hour before dinner) or placebo
Participants:
43 women with an average age of 35 years
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between 1000 mg/day lemon balm extract and
significant improvements in all sexual domains (desire, arousal, lubrication,
orgasm, satisfaction, and pain) after a month of intake. The average amount of
sexual intercourse in a month increased by 9.0 in people receiving 1000 mg/day
lemon balm, nearly twice as much as the placebo group (4.3). In addition, 90% in
the Lemon balm treatment group were significantly more willing to continue
treatment as compared to those in the placebo group.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29796033/
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LION'S MANE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Several studies have investigated the effects of lion's mane. We have summarised
the most interesting results.
STUDY 1 (DEMENTIA)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To examine the effect of yamabushitake (Lion’s Mane) on patients with
mild-cognitive impairments.
Method of evaluation:
Cognitive impairment was assessed using the researchers’ self-developed
cognitive function scale, which evaluates visuospatial and constructional
functions.
Dose:
1000 mg/day (4 x 250 mg containing 96% lion’s mane) or placebo
Participants:
29 men and women aged 50 to 80 years old
Duration:
16 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between 1000mg of lion’s mane and a significant
increase in cognitive function at weeks 8, 12, and 16 of the trial. The
researchers also observed that the cognitive function of 71.4% of participants
in the lion's mane group improved significantly, compared to 6.6% in the placebo
group. The cognitive function remained unchanged in the majority of the placebo
group (86.7%) after 6 weeks, compared to only 1 participant (6.7%) in the Lion's
mane group. No adverse effects of lion's mane were reported.
Year:
2009
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2634
STUDY 2 (DEMENTIA)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled fixed-dose intervention pilot trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s mane) capsules on
patients with mild Alzheimer’s Disease
Method of Evaluation:
Treatment effects in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia were measured using
four cognitive assessment questionnaires.
Monocular and binocular best-corrected distant visual acuity was assessed using
a Snellen eye chart, a geometric scale eye chart used to measure visual acuity.
Contrast sensitivity was assessed using a standard Pelli-Robson chart. Several
studies have shown that deficits in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are
associated with various stages of cognitive impairment.
Global white matter status of the participants was evaluated using advanced
magnetic resonance imaging, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) which allows
the mapping of white matter microstructure changes in neurological disorders.
Dose:
3 x 350 mg capsules (1,050 mg/day) of lion’s mane (each containing 5 mg/g of an
active component called erinacine A) or placebo. Note that erinacine A is one of
the key components responsible for neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities
of Lion's mane.
Participants:
41 male and female participants aged 50 years and above
Duration:
49 weeks
Results:
The researchers observed reduced cognitive decline and significant improvements
in contrast sensitivity (the ability to perceive clear outlines of very small
objects) in participants taking lion’s mane. Reduced contrast sensitivity is
associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment.
Year:
2020
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00155
STUDY 3 (DEPRESSION)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s mane) on women with
menopause, depression, sleep quality, and indefinite complaints
Method of Evaluation:
The participants were asked about the severity of their menopausal symptoms,
such as depressive moods, vertigo, headache, heart palpitation, hot flashes,
joint pain, loss of concentration, nervousness, excessive perspiration and sleep
disturbances. Depressive symptoms and sleep quality were self-assessed using
questionnaires. Participants were asked to rate their subjective sleep quality,
sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances,
use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction.
Dose:
2 g/day of lion’s mane powder (4 cookies x 0.50 g of powdered lion’s mane
fruiting bud) or placebo
Participants:
26 females with an average age of 41 years
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
The researchers found an association between 4 weeks of lion's mane ingestion
and significantly lower scores on questionnaires for depression and indefinite
complaints (indefinite complaints include cognitive dysfunction, cutaneous,
thinning of hair, bladder, vaginal, pharyngeal, ophthalmic, gastroenterological,
low back pain, back pain, irritation, anxiety, and apathy).
There was also a trend toward an improvement in sleep quality although the
results were not statistically significant.
Year:
2010
Link:
https://doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.31.231
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TURMERIC SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting studies of turmeric related to
arthritis, depression, and chronic pain.
STUDY 1 (ARTHRITIS)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of turmeric on the clinical symptoms of rheumatoid
arthritis
Dose:
500 mg/day of curcumin (2 x 250 mg capsules), 1000 mg/day of curcumin (2 x 500
mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
36 males and females with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis
Duration:
90 days
Results:
The study found that 500 mg and 1000 mg of curcumin were associated with
significant improvements in the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, with more
significant reductions in the high-dose treatment group (1000 mg/day). The
researchers observed reductions in swollen joints by 85% and overall tender
joints by 88% in the high-dose treatment group compared to the low-dose
treatment group (80% and 78%, respectively).
Biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis (including erythrocyte sedimentation rates,
C-reactive protein, and rheumatoid factor) also decreased significantly in both
treatment groups.
No adverse effects were observed or reported.
Year:
2017
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.3930
STUDY 2 (ANXIETY & MOOD)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of curcumin supplementation on individuals with major
depressive disorder
Method of Evaluation:
Depressive symptoms and anxiety were self-reported using questionnaires.
Dose:
1000 mg/day of curcumin (2 x 500 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
56 males and females aged 18 to 65 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
The study found that 1000 mg/day of curcumin and placebo were associated with
reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms in the first 4 weeks of treatment.
From weeks 4 to 8, curcumin was significantly more effective than placebo in
improving several mood-related symptoms.
Year:
2014
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.001
STUDY 3 (CHRONIC PAIN)
Study type:
Pilot comparative study
Purpose:
To compare the pain-relieving properties of curcumin and two painkilling drugs
in subjects affected by acute pain.
Dose:
1.5 g/day of Meriva (3 x 500 mg pills with 20% curcumin) or 2.0 g/day of Meriva
(4 x 500 mg pills with 20% curcumin) or 100 mg/day nimesulide or 1 g/day
acetaminophen
Participants:
15 males and females with an average age of 50 years
Duration:
8 days (2 cycles) with 24-48 hour discontinuance cycle between treatments
Results:
The study showed that a 2g lecithin formulation containing 400mg of curcumin was
associated with a reduction in pain perception 2 hours after administration, and
the painkilling (analgesic) effect lasted for 4 hours. This activity was
comparable but slightly higher than that of 1 g acetaminophen (paracetamol) but
lower than the effect of 100 mg nimesulide.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S42184
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MILK THISTLE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised some of the most interesting scientific studies on milk
thistle and silymarin. Silymarin is the main active component of milk thistle.
STUDY 1 (LIVER DISEASE)
Study type:
Randomised controlled trial
Purpose:
To determine the effect of silymarin (the main active ingredient in milk thistle
extracts) on patients with cirrhosis
Dose:
420 mg/day of silymarin (3 x 140 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
170 male and female patients with cirrhosis of the liver
Duration:
2 years
Results:
The researchers observed a higher survival rate in the 420 mg/day silymarin
treatment group (82%) compared to placebo (68%). An association was found
between silymarin treatment and a 58% survival rate 4 years after the trial,
compared to only 38% in the placebo group. Survival differences were most
evident in patients with alcohol-related liver disease, cirrhosis, and those
with low-severity disease.
Year:
1989
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(89)90083-4
STUDY 2 (LIVER DISEASE)
Study type:
Randomised controlled double-blind trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of silymarin (the main active ingredient in milk
thistle extracts) on the chemical, functional, and morphological features of
liver disease.
Dose:
420 mg/day silymarin or placebo
Participants:
97 in-patients of the Central Military Hospital
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between 420 mg/day of silymarin and significant
decreases in serum alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate
amino-transferase (higher levels of these liver enzymes may indicate liver
damage).
Sulfobromophthalein (a dye used in liver function tests, whereby the rate of
removal of the dye from the bloodstream gives a measure of liver function)
retention also returned to normal significantly more often in the silymarin
group.
Year:
1982
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3109/00365528209182242
STUDY 3 (ACNE)
Study type:
Randomised, single-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of oral silymarin (the main active ingredient in milk
thistle extracts), N-acetylcysteine, and selenium on acne.
Dose:
There were 4 treatment groups: 210 mg/day of silymarin (3 x 70 mg tablets), 1200
mg/day of N-acetylcysteine (2 x 600 mg tablets), 200 mcg/day of Selenium (2 x
100 mcg tablets) or placebo
Additional interventions:
Topical moisturising cream applied once daily at bedtime
Participants:
56 male and female patients aged 14-30 years with acne and 28 healthy males and
females
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
A statistically significant association was found between silymarin
supplementation and a reduction in the number of acne lesions at week 6 and 8 of
treatment (-53% reduction in lesion count), whereas there was a non-significant
reduction in the number of lesions in the placebo group.
Year:
2012
Link:
https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9554.1000163
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PSYLLIUM HUSK FIBRE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting studies of psyllium husk fibre related
to diabetes and constipation.
STUDY 1 (CONSTIPATION)
Study type:
Randomised clinical trial (Uncontrolled)
Purpose:
To compare the effects of mixed fibre and psyllium on bowel symptoms in patients
with chronic constipation.
Method of Evaluation:
Constipation was evaluated using a stool and symptom diary. A questionnaire was
used to evaluate bowel satisfaction, feelings of satiety, fullness after meals,
abdominal bloating and flatulence. Quality of life was self-assessed with the
Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire.
Dose:
10 g/day of psyllium (2 x 5g supplements dissolved in 8 oz. of liquid after
meals) or 10 g/day of mixed fibre (2 x 5g supplements dissolved in 8 oz. of
liquid after meals)
Participants:
72 males and females aged 18-17 years
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between 10g/day mixed fibre and 10g/day psyllium
and improvements in constipation and quality of life. However, mixed fibre was
more effective in relieving flatulence and bloating than psyllium.
Year:
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13647
STUDY 2 (CONSTIPATION)
Study type:
Randomised, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To assess the effects of adding psyllium to a normal diet among patients with
type 2 diabetes and chronic constipation
Method of Evaluation:
A questionnaire was used to evaluate the effects on constipation.
Dose:
10 g/day of psyllium (4 cookies x 2.5 g of psyllium) or placebo
Participants:
51 males and females with type 2 diabetes
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
Compared with the baseline and placebo groups, the study found an association
between 10 g/day of psyllium and improvements in constipation symptoms, body
weight, glucose, and lipid values. Researchers also observed a significant
reduction of body weight (-2.0kg body weight and -0.8 kg/m2 BMI) after 12 weeks
of psyllium therapy.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.07.004
STUDY 3 (DIABETES)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design
Purpose:
To determine the effects of psyllium in addition to low-fat diet in type II
diabetic patients
Method of Evaluation:
Plasma glucose, total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were measured.
Dose:
15 g/day of psyllium (3 x 5g Psyllium powder dissolved into 250 mL water) or
placebo
Additional Interventions:
Dietary therapy based on approximately 25 kcal/kg per day of basal requirement,
consisting of 40%-50% carbohydrates, 1.0 g/kg per day of proteins and
polyunsaturated fat.
Participants:
123 men and women with type II diabetes
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
The study showed that 15g/day of psyllium added to a low-fat diet was associated
with a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol),
triglycerides, glucose levels, total serum cholesterol and total cholesterol
levels in diabetic patients after 12 weeks. Note that diabetes often raises
triglycerides and LDL levels and thus increases the risk of heart disease and
stroke.
The psyllium treatment was also found to be safe and well-tolerated by the
participants.
Year:
1998
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1056-8727(98)00003-8
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ZMA SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting studies on ZMA.
STUDY 1 (TESTOSTERONE)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind trial
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of zinc, magnesium aspartate, and vitamin B6 (ZMA) on
the anabolic hormones and muscle function in varsity football players
Dose:
90 mg/day zinc monomethionine aspartate, 1350 mg/day magnesium aspartate, and
31.5 mg/day vitamin B-6 (3 x ZMA capsule with 30 mg zinc monomethionine
aspartate, 450 mg magnesium aspartate, and 10.5 mg vitamin nightly between
dinner and bedtime) or placebo
Additional interventions:
Training program such as spring football practice
Participants:
27 varsity football players
Duration:
7 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between ZMA (zinc, magnesium aspartate, and
vitamin B6) intake during the athletes' training period and a significant
increase in total testosterone, free testosterone, and Insulin-like growth
factor I (IGF-1 is a hormone that helps promote bone and tissue growth). The
researchers also observed increases in quadriceps torque by 10% and quadriceps
power by 12.7%-15.2% in the group taking ZMA, which is significantly greater
than the change of -0.8% to 2.4% in quadriceps torque and 8.6% to 10.8% change
in quadriceps power in the placebo group.
Year:
2000
Link:
http://wikigimnasio.com/wp-content/uploads/Effects-of-a-Novel-Zinc-Magnesium-Formulation-on-Hormones-and-Strength.pdf
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CREATINE SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Several studies have investigated the effects of creatine. We have summarised
the most interesting results.
STUDY 1 (PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To determine the effects of creatine on muscular strength, fat-free mass,
resting metabolic rate, peripheral blood flow, and blood lipids
Method of evaluation:
Muscular strength was measured through one-repetition leg and bench press using
standard methods.
Dose:
20 g/day of creatine monohydrate (4 x 5g creatine powder dissolved in flavoured
dextrose drink mix) for the first 5 days and 10 g/day (2 x 5g creatine powder
dissolved in flavoured dextrose drink) for the next 23 days or placebo
Additional Interventions:
3 days/week resistance training consisted of heavy resistance workouts using a
combination of free weights and machines (Titan Exercise Equipment, Carrollton,
TX) and were supervised by trained personnel.
Participants:
30 healthy active, but resistance-untrained, males with an average age of 21
years
Duration:
28 days
Results:
The study showed an association between 20 g/day of creatine intake and
significant increases in body mass, body water, muscular strength, and resting
metabolic rate after 28 days.
The addition of creatine supplementation to resistance training was associated
with significant increases in total and fat-free body mass, muscular strength,
peripheral blood flow (decreased peripheral blood flow may cause an injury to
nerves and other tissues) and resting energy expenditure, as well as
improvements in blood cholesterol.
Year:
2001
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2001.28159
STUDY 2 (PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT)
Study type:
Meta-Analysis
Purpose:
To determine the effects of creatine in combination with resistance training on
body composition, strength, and functional performance in older adults.
Intervention under study:
Creatine supplementation during a period of resistance training
Studies Reviewed
25 randomised, placebo-controlled trials
Results:
The results from the meta-analysis suggest that the combination of creatine
supplementation and resistance training is associated with increased total body
mass, fat-free mass, and increased leg and chest press one-rep max.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000220
STUDY 3 (PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To determine the effects of creatine supplementation on muscular strength and
body mass during strength training.
Method of evaluation:
Isokinetic force was determined during a single squat movement by means of an
isokinetic dynamometer.
Dose:
21 g/day of creatine monohydrate (7 g doses x 3 per day) for the first 5 days
and 9 g/day (3 g doses x 3 per day) for the next 58 days or placebo
Additional interventions:
Strength-training program
Participants:
25 healthy male subjects with an average age of 22 years
Duration:
9 weeks
Results:
In participants who underwent both creatine supplementation and strength
training, researchers observed a 2.9% significant increase in body mass.
Meanwhile, no change in body mass was observed in the control and placebo
groups. The study also showed that placebo and creatine groups had a similar
increase in isokinetic force after 6 weeks of training whilst the control
remained unchanged.
Year:
1999
Link:
http://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050575
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COLLAGEN SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Several studies have investigated the effects of collagen. We have summarised
the most interesting results.
STUDY 1
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Purpose:
To investigate the effects of collagen peptide supplementation on human skin
hydration, wrinkling, and elasticity.
Method of Evaluation:
Skin hydration was measured with a Corneometer CM 825 to determine the hydration
of the skin surface
Skin wrinkling was assessed by visual assessment by dermatologists and by
instrumental analysis of skin-replica images using SkinVisiometer SV 600, which
evaluates the skin's topography using a very thin skin print that allows
parallel light to pass through.
Skin elasticity measurements were performed using a Cutometer MPA 580, a
suction-based device that measures elasticity.
Dose:
1000 mg/day of low-molecular-weight collagen peptide or placebo
Participants:
64 women aged 40-60 years
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between oral ingestion of 1000g of collagen once
daily and significant improvements in skin hydration after 6 weeks, and
significant improvements in skin wrinkling and elasticity after 12 weeks.
The collagen was well tolerated by the participants. No adverse reactions were
observed during the course of the study.
Year:
2018
Link:
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070826
STUDY 2
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Purpose:
To evaluate the effects of collagen hydrolysate containing specific collagen
peptides on parameters related to skin ageing
Method of Evaluation:
Skin elasticity measurements were performed using a Cutometer®, a device that
uses suction to measure elasticity.
Skin hydration was assessed using the Corneometer ® CM 825, a device using the
principles of capacitance to measure skin hydration levels.
Transepidermal water loss, which is the evaporation rate of water through the
outer layer of the skin, was assessed using the DermaLab® device.
The skin roughness was assessed by silicone imprints using the PRIMOS Compact, a
3D skin measurement device that measures skin roughness parameters, “replica
fine” and “slow measurement.”
Dose:
2.5 g/day or 5.0 g/day of collagen hydrolysate or placebo
Participants:
69 women aged 35-55 years
Duration:
8 weeks
Results:
Both dosages (2.5 and 5.0 g) of the collagen hydrolysate were both associated
with statistically significant increases in skin elasticity after 4 and 8 weeks
of daily consumption. It is important to note that skin elasticity is an
important marker for skin ageing: as skin loses its elasticity, it starts to sag
and wrinkle. In this study, skin elasticity increased up to 30% in some women
after 8 weeks of treatment, and there was a statistically significant increase
in skin elasticity among elderly women in the treatment group compared to the
placebo.
Year:
2014
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000351376
STUDY 3
Study type:
Randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study
Purpose:
To evaluate the clinical benefits of a fish‐derived collagen peptide on skin
wrinkles and elasticity, and self‐reported skin appearance.
Method of evaluation:
Skin wrinkles were analysed with the VISIA skin analysis system, which uses
multi-spectral imaging to assess the number of wrinkles, damage and signs of
ageing on and beneath the surface of the skin that is not visible to the human
eye.
Skin elasticity measurements were performed using a Cutometer®, a device that
uses suction to measure elasticity. Skin quality was self-assessed using a
questionnaire. Participants were asked to report their skin health based on skin
elasticity, hydration, radiance, firmness, wrinkles and overall feel.
Dose:
10 g/day of hydrolyzed collagen or placebo powder
Participants:
50 females aged 45-60 years
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between collagen supplementation and significant
reductions in face wrinkle scores compared to the placebo (lower scores are
better). Also, participants taking collagen reported greater percentage
improvements in overall skin score (9%) and wrinkle (15%), elasticity (23%),
hydration (14%), radiance (22%), and firmness (25%) compared to the placebo
group.
Year:
2021
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13676
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RESVERATROL SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
We have summarised the most interesting findings from several studies that have
investigated the effects of resveratrol.
STUDY 1 (ANTIOXIDANTS)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study
Purpose:
To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of resveratrol on
healthy smokers.
Dose:
500 mg/day of resveratrol (tablet) or placebo
Participants:
49 male and female healthy smokers with an average age of 35
Duration:
30 days of resveratrol and 30 days of placebo
Results:
The researchers observed a reduction of approximately 50% in C-reactive protein
concentrations after one month of resveratrol supplementation. A reduction in
C-reactive protein concentration is generally considered good because it
indicates a decrease in inflammation in the body. CRP is a protein produced by
the liver in response to inflammation, infection, or tissue injury. It is often
used as a marker of systemic inflammation in medical tests. The study also found
an association between resveratrol supplementation and a decrease in
triglyceride concentrations, as well as an increase in total antioxidant status.
Maintaining lower levels of triglycerides is important for promoting
cardiovascular health, metabolic health, pancreatic function, and liver health.
No adverse events were reported in either group after supplementation.
Year:
2013
Link:
https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867311320100009
STUDY 2 (DIABETES)
Study type:
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose:
To determine the effects of resveratrol on insulin sensitivity and oxidative
stress among patients with type 2 diabetes
Dose:
10 mg/day of resveratrol (2 x 5 mg capsules) or placebo
Participants:
19 males previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
Duration:
4 weeks
Results:
The study found an association between 5 mg/day of resveratrol and a significant
decrease in insulin resistance, which is a distinctive characteristic of type 2
diabetes. The researchers also observed increases in the phosphorylated protein
kinase B (pAkt):protein kinase B (Akt) ratio in platelets after 4 weeks of
resveratrol treatment. This ratio is often used as a measure of Akt pathway
activation in cells. The Akt signalling pathway is involved in various cellular
processes, including cell survival, growth, and metabolism.
Year:
2011
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511000316
STUDY 3 (ANTI-AGEING)
Study type:
Clinical trial
Purpose:
To assess the effectiveness and tolerance of a nighttime topical antioxidant
formulation containing resveratrol, baicalin, and vitamin E for treating mild to
moderately photodamaged skin. Photodamaged skin refers to skin damage caused by
excessive sun exposure over time.
Method of evaluation:
The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by assessing improvements in the
skin's appearance, texture, and overall photodamage.
Dose:
Participants applied a topical resveratrol formulation to their skin before
bedtime. The formulation consisted of 1% resveratrol, 0.5% baicalin, and 1%
vitamin E.
Participants:
55 healthy females aged 40 to 60
Duration:
12 weeks
Results:
The study found that both baicalin and resveratrol can penetrate the outermost
layer of the skin, known as the stratum corneum, and reach deeper layers. This
ability has the potential to provide benefits to the skin. The researchers also
observed significant improvements in various skin parameters, including fine
lines, wrinkles, firmness, elasticity, skin laxity, skin tone,
hyperpigmentation, radiance, tactile roughness, and pinch recoil measurements in
the crow's feet area—the fine lines and wrinkles at the outer corners of the
eyes. These improvements were observed at weeks 4, 8, and 12 of using the
topical formulation. Additionally, improvements were also noted in skin density
and overall appearance at weeks 8 and 12 of using the formulation.
Year:
2011
Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25607790/
STUDY 4 (ANTI-AGEING)
Study type:
Cellular study (in vitro) and human experiments (in vivo)
Purpose:
To evaluate whether resveratrol could provide antioxidant benefits and if it
could effectively penetrate skin when applied topically.
Dose:
10 μL of 5% resveratrol solution was applied to each square centimetre of skin
(10 μL per square centimetre is about the size of a droplet or tiny dot on
skin).
Participants:
6 women with no history of dermatological disease
Duration:
24 hours application time
Results:
The study found an association between topical treatment with resveratrol and
higher antioxidant effects in the deeper layers of the stratum corneum. The
researchers also observed significant concentrations of resveratrol in different
layers of the stratum corneum, the skin’s most superficial layer. The retention
of active resveratrol and its high antioxidant effects within the stratum
corneum suggests its potential as an effective treatment for safeguarding the
skin's surface against damage caused by free radicals and environmental
aggressors such as UV radiation and pollution.
Year:
2016
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-017-1740-5
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Tongkat Ali 2% Eurycomanone - Naturally Increase Testosterone Levels
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Turkesterone 10% Standardisation - Natural Steroid To Build Muscle & Gain
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