www.ft.com
Open in
urlscan Pro
151.101.2.209
Public Scan
Submitted URL: https://email.newsletters.ft.com/c/eJyM0b2OGzsMBeCnGXUyKEqjn0LFAhcGfNtk01MiZQtrj50ZDYJ9-2CNTdJuTfLgI06lIef7-p4X-bVdZQxZFedWXGqoJJ...
Effective URL: https://www.ft.com/content/3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e?accessToken=zwAAAY4ig9SVkc8_fJ7aH2hMPdOVcrfOcxlQbgE...
Submission: On February 09 via api from IN — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: https://www.ft.com/content/3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e?accessToken=zwAAAY4ig9SVkc8_fJ7aH2hMPdOVcrfOcxlQbgE...
Submission: On February 09 via api from IN — Scanned from DE
Form analysis
11 forms found in the DOM/search
<form class="o-header__search-form" action="/search" role="search" aria-label="Site search" data-n-topic-search="true" data-n-topic-search-categories="concepts,equities" data-n-topic-search-view-all="true"><label class="o-header__visually-hidden"
for="o-header-search-term-primary">Search the <abbr title="Financial Times">FT</abbr></label><input type="text" class="o-header__search-term" id="o-header-search-term-primary" name="q" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off"
spellcheck="false" data-trackable="search-term" placeholder="Search the FT" data-n-topic-search-input="true">
<div>
<div>
<div aria-live="assertive">
<div class="n-topic-search n-topic-search__suggestions" hidden="" data-trackable="typeahead">
<div class="o-normalise-visually-hidden">Suggestions include</div>
<div class="n-topic-search__group undefined" data-trackable="news">
<div class="n-topic-search__heading">News</div>
</div>
<div class="n-topic-search__group undefined" data-trackable="equities">
<div class="n-topic-search__heading">Securities</div>
<ul class="n-topic-search__item-list">
<li class="n-topic-search__item">
<a class="n-topic-search__target n-topic-search__target--tail" href="https://markets.ft.com/data/search?query=undefined" data-trackable="see-all" "="" tabindex="0"><span>See all quotes matching <mark>undefined</mark></span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><button class="o-header__search-submit" type="submit" data-trackable="search-submit">Search</button><button class="o-header__search-close o--if-js" type="button" aria-controls="o-header-search-primary" title="Close search bar"
data-trackable="close" data-o-toggle--js="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="o-header__visually-hidden">Close search bar</span></button>
</form>
/search
<form class="o-header__search-form" action="/search" role="search" aria-label="Site search" data-n-topic-search="true" data-n-topic-search-categories="concepts,equities" data-n-topic-search-view-all="true"><label class="o-header__visually-hidden"
for="o-header-search-term-sticky">Search the <abbr title="Financial Times">FT</abbr></label><input type="text" class="o-header__search-term" id="o-header-search-term-sticky" name="q" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off"
spellcheck="false" data-trackable="search-term" placeholder="Search the FT" data-n-topic-search-input="true">
<div>
<div>
<div aria-live="assertive">
<div class="n-topic-search n-topic-search__suggestions" hidden="" data-trackable="typeahead">
<div class="o-normalise-visually-hidden">Suggestions include</div>
<div class="n-topic-search__group undefined" data-trackable="news">
<div class="n-topic-search__heading">News</div>
</div>
<div class="n-topic-search__group undefined" data-trackable="equities">
<div class="n-topic-search__heading">Securities</div>
<ul class="n-topic-search__item-list">
<li class="n-topic-search__item">
<a class="n-topic-search__target n-topic-search__target--tail" href="https://markets.ft.com/data/search?query=undefined" data-trackable="see-all" "="" tabindex="0"><span>See all quotes matching <mark>undefined</mark></span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><button class="o-header__search-submit" type="submit" data-trackable="search-submit">Search</button><button class="o-header__search-close o--if-js" type="button" aria-controls="o-header-search-sticky" title="Close search bar"
data-trackable="close" data-o-toggle--js="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="o-header__visually-hidden">Close search bar</span></button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/followed/concept/1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d?method=put
<form action="/__myft/api/core/followed/concept/1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d?method=put" class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--follow" method="POST" data-myft-ui="follow" data-concept-id="1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d"
data-myft-ui-variant="followPlusInstantAlerts">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Now following Robin Harding." data-unpressed-text="No longer following Robin Harding."></div><input type="hidden" data-myft-csrf-token="true"
value="" name="token"><button aria-label="Add Robin Harding to myFT" title="Add Robin Harding to myFT" data-alternate-label="Added Robin Harding to myFT: click to manage alert preferences or remove from myFT" aria-pressed="false"
data-alternate-text="Added" class="n-myft-follow-button n-myft-follow-button--instant-alerts
n-myft-follow-button--opinion" data-concept-id="1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d" data-trackable="follow" type="submit" data-component-id="myft-follow-plus-instant-alerts">Add to myFT</button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/saved/content/3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e?method=put
<form class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--save" method="POST" data-content-id="3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e" data-myft-ui="saved" action="/__myft/api/core/saved/content/3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e?method=put"
data-myft-ui-save-config="nonModal">
<input data-myft-csrf-token="" value="" type="hidden" name="token">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Article saved in My FT." data-unpressed-text="Removed article from My FT."></div>
<button type="submit" class="n-myft-ui__save-button-with-icon" data-trackable="save-for-later" title="Save this article to myFT for later" aria-label="Save this article to myFT for later" data-alternate-label=" Saved to myFT" aria-pressed="false"
data-text-variant="save-button-with-icon-copy" data-alternate-text="Saved " data-content-id="3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e">
<span class="save-button-with-icon-copy" data-variant-label="">Save</span>
</button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/saved/content/3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e?method=put
<form class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--save" method="POST" data-content-id="3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e" data-myft-ui="saved" action="/__myft/api/core/saved/content/3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e?method=put"
data-myft-ui-save-config="nonModal">
<input data-myft-csrf-token="" value="" type="hidden" name="token">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Article saved in My FT." data-unpressed-text="Removed article from My FT."></div>
<button type="submit" class="n-myft-ui__save-button-with-icon" data-trackable="save-for-later" title="Save this article to myFT for later" aria-label="Save this article to myFT for later" data-alternate-label=" Saved to myFT" aria-pressed="false"
data-text-variant="save-button-with-icon-copy" data-alternate-text="Saved " data-content-id="3f7c9eda-1f68-4c3d-9572-b7ce7319506e">
<span class="save-button-with-icon-copy" data-variant-label="">Save</span>
</button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/followed/concept/1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d?method=put
<form class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--follow " method="POST" data-myft-ui="follow" data-concept-id="1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d" action="/__myft/api/core/followed/concept/1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d?method=put">
<input data-myft-csrf-token="" value="" type="hidden" name="token">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Now following Robin Harding." data-unpressed-text="No longer following Robin Harding."></div>
<button aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Add to myFT: Robin Harding" title="Add Robin Harding to myFT" data-alternate-label="Added Robin Harding to myFT: click to remove" data-alternate-text="Added" class="
n-myft-follow-button" data-concept-id="1f87e6a9-f548-4c3b-bc88-57ae030c2e7d" data-trackable="follow" type="submit">Add to myFT</button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/followed/concept/b7ea3c33-ea8c-432e-bb7e-e3bbc8fdc2bb?method=put
<form class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--follow " method="POST" data-myft-ui="follow" data-concept-id="b7ea3c33-ea8c-432e-bb7e-e3bbc8fdc2bb" action="/__myft/api/core/followed/concept/b7ea3c33-ea8c-432e-bb7e-e3bbc8fdc2bb?method=put">
<input data-myft-csrf-token="" value="" type="hidden" name="token">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Now following Equities." data-unpressed-text="No longer following Equities."></div>
<button aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Add to myFT: Equities" title="Add Equities to myFT" data-alternate-label="Added Equities to myFT: click to remove" data-alternate-text="Added" class="
n-myft-follow-button" data-concept-id="b7ea3c33-ea8c-432e-bb7e-e3bbc8fdc2bb" data-trackable="follow" type="submit">Add to myFT</button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/followed/concept/dd3cc5a2-d14b-4b78-811c-89c387497476?method=put
<form class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--follow " method="POST" data-myft-ui="follow" data-concept-id="dd3cc5a2-d14b-4b78-811c-89c387497476" action="/__myft/api/core/followed/concept/dd3cc5a2-d14b-4b78-811c-89c387497476?method=put">
<input data-myft-csrf-token="" value="" type="hidden" name="token">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Now following Chinese business & finance." data-unpressed-text="No longer following Chinese business & finance."></div>
<button aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Add to myFT: Chinese business & finance" title="Add Chinese business & finance to myFT" data-alternate-label="Added Chinese business & finance to myFT: click to remove"
data-alternate-text="Added" class="
n-myft-follow-button" data-concept-id="dd3cc5a2-d14b-4b78-811c-89c387497476" data-trackable="follow" type="submit">Add to myFT</button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/followed/concept/085b1a45-6c58-4f62-b923-047085e89fa0?method=put
<form class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--follow " method="POST" data-myft-ui="follow" data-concept-id="085b1a45-6c58-4f62-b923-047085e89fa0" action="/__myft/api/core/followed/concept/085b1a45-6c58-4f62-b923-047085e89fa0?method=put">
<input data-myft-csrf-token="" value="" type="hidden" name="token">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Now following Alibaba." data-unpressed-text="No longer following Alibaba."></div>
<button aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Add to myFT: Alibaba" title="Add Alibaba to myFT" data-alternate-label="Added Alibaba to myFT: click to remove" data-alternate-text="Added" class="
n-myft-follow-button" data-concept-id="085b1a45-6c58-4f62-b923-047085e89fa0" data-trackable="follow" type="submit">Add to myFT</button>
</form>
POST /__myft/api/core/followed/concept/26272ebc-a21c-450e-a743-be89c41d1eb8?method=put
<form class="n-myft-ui n-myft-ui--follow " method="POST" data-myft-ui="follow" data-concept-id="26272ebc-a21c-450e-a743-be89c41d1eb8" action="/__myft/api/core/followed/concept/26272ebc-a21c-450e-a743-be89c41d1eb8?method=put">
<input data-myft-csrf-token="" value="" type="hidden" name="token">
<div class="n-myft-ui__announcement o-normalise-visually-hidden" aria-live="assertive" data-pressed-text="Now following Tencent Holdings Ltd." data-unpressed-text="No longer following Tencent Holdings Ltd."></div>
<button aria-pressed="false" aria-label="Add to myFT: Tencent Holdings Ltd" title="Add Tencent Holdings Ltd to myFT" data-alternate-label="Added Tencent Holdings Ltd to myFT: click to remove" data-alternate-text="Added" class="
n-myft-follow-button" data-concept-id="26272ebc-a21c-450e-a743-be89c41d1eb8" data-trackable="follow" type="submit">Add to myFT</button>
</form>
/search
<form class="o-header__drawer-search-form" action="/search" role="search" aria-label="Site search" data-n-topic-search="true" data-n-topic-search-categories="concepts,equities" data-n-topic-search-view-all="true"><label
class="o-header__visually-hidden" for="o-header-drawer-search-term">Search the <abbr title="Financial Times">FT</abbr></label><input type="text" class="o-header__drawer-search-term" id="o-header-drawer-search-term" name="q" autocomplete="off"
autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Search the FT" data-trackable="search-term" data-n-topic-search-input="true" tabindex="-1">
<div>
<div>
<div aria-live="assertive">
<div class="n-topic-search n-topic-search__suggestions" hidden="" data-trackable="typeahead">
<div class="o-normalise-visually-hidden">Suggestions include</div>
<div class="n-topic-search__group undefined" data-trackable="news">
<div class="n-topic-search__heading">News</div>
</div>
<div class="n-topic-search__group undefined" data-trackable="equities">
<div class="n-topic-search__heading">Securities</div>
<ul class="n-topic-search__item-list">
<li class="n-topic-search__item">
<a class="n-topic-search__target n-topic-search__target--tail" href="https://markets.ft.com/data/search?query=undefined" data-trackable="see-all" "="" tabindex="-1"><span>See all quotes matching <mark>undefined</mark></span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><button class="o-header__drawer-search-submit" type="submit" data-trackable="search-submit" tabindex="-1"><span class="o-header__visually-hidden">Search</span></button>
</form>
Text Content
Accessibility helpSkip to navigationSkip to contentSkip to footer * Sign In * Subscribe Open side navigation menuOpen search bar Financial Times SubscribeSign In Search the FT Suggestions include News Securities * See all quotes matching undefined SearchClose search bar * Home * World Sections * World Home * Israel-Hamas war * Global Economy * UK * US * China * Africa * Asia Pacific * Emerging Markets * Europe * War in Ukraine * Americas * Middle East & North Africa Most Read * China’s prices fall at fastest rate in 15 years as economy battles deflation * Visual analysis: Gaza’s last refuge becomes Israel’s next target * Volodymyr Zelenskyy dismisses Ukraine’s ‘iron general’ * Democrats seek to salvage Ukraine aid after Senate vote fails * Joe Biden defends his mental acuity after damaging DoJ report * US Sections * US Home * US Economy * Investing in America * US Companies * US Politics & Policy * US Presidential Election 2024 Most Read * Companies Sections * Companies Home * Energy * Financials * Health * Industrials * Media * Professional Services * Retail & Consumer * Tech Sector * Telecoms * Transport Most Read * ‘Meme-lord’ Litquidity reveals his true identity * McKinsey and BCG warn staff face jail if they reveal Saudi work * Norway oil fund boss criticises ExxonMobil’s ‘aggressive’ climate lawsuit * Maersk shares drop after it warns on shipping outlook and suspends buybacks * Deloitte to axe 100 more UK jobs amid deals slowdown * Tech * Markets Sections * Markets Home * Alphaville * Markets Data * Cryptofinance * Capital Markets * Commodities * Currencies * Equities * Wealth Management * Moral Money * ETF Hub * Fund Management * Trading Most Read * News updates from February 8: S&P 500 breaks through 5,000, Zelenskyy appoints new top general * Donald Trump win risks replay of UK gilt crisis for Treasuries, Amundi says * S&P 500 reaches 5,000 to mark record for US stocks * Decline of the star stockpicker: investors pull $150bn from equity hedge funds * Norway oil fund boss criticises ExxonMobil’s ‘aggressive’ climate lawsuit * Climate * Opinion Sections * Opinion Home * Columnists * The FT View * Lex * Obituaries * Letters Most Read * Hong Kong’s Messi backlash says more about digital fandom than football * Babies vs AI — it’s no contest * The US Supreme Court’s weighty ruling * Mandates are overrated — Keir Starmer just needs the win * America’s ‘do-harm’ Congress * Work & Careers Sections * Work & Careers Home * Business School Rankings * Business Education * Entrepreneurship * Recruitment * Business Books * Business Travel * Working It Most Read * Thank goodness we’ve reached peak MBA * Can AI make brainstorming less mind-numbing? * The Lancet’s Richard Horton: ‘We’re going to continue to see health as political’ * Post Office scandal sounds warning on diversity backlash * The message from Riyadh: you have to be on the pitch to score * Life & Arts Sections * Life & Arts Home * Arts * Books * Food & Drink * FT Magazine * House & Home * Style * Travel * FT Globetrotter Most Read * ‘Enshittification’ is coming for absolutely everything * Time to tax billionaires * The limits of wealth — calling time on the super-rich * Chishuru, London: ‘Utterly brilliant’ — restaurant review * Our family adventure cycling France’s Atlantic coast — with ‘chariot’ in tow * HTSI MenuSearch * Home * World * US * Companies * Tech * Markets * Climate * Opinion * Work & Careers * Life & Arts * HTSI Financial Times SubscribeSign In Search the FT Suggestions include News Securities * See all quotes matching undefined SearchClose search bar Balanced reporting and expert analysis Try the FT’s comprehensive coverage for just £1. TRY FOR £1 Opinion Equities ARE CHINESE STOCKS A VALUE TRADE OR A VALUE TRAP? When an asset is declared ‘uninvestable’ it is often time to buy Robin Harding Add to myFT Get instant alerts for this topic Manage your delivery channels hereRemove from myFT © James Ferguson * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on x (opens in a new window) * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on facebook (opens in a new window) * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on linkedin (opens in a new window) * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on whatsapp (opens in a new window) * Save current progress 0% * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on x (opens in a new window) * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on facebook (opens in a new window) * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on linkedin (opens in a new window) * Are Chinese stocks a value trade or a value trap? on whatsapp (opens in a new window) * Save Robin Harding February 6 2024 150Print this page Stay informed with free updates Simply sign up to the Equities myFT Digest -- delivered directly to your inbox. It was a dire January for Chinese stocks. After falling almost 10 per cent, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng stock index now trades around the same levels it did in 1997, when Tencent and Alibaba, two of its largest constituents, had not yet been founded and the territory had just returned to Chinese sovereignty. At a recent conference in the city, more than 40 per cent of participants declared Chinese equities to be “uninvestable”. Strategists complain that fund managers have stopped listening, while frustrated mainland investors have taken to grumbling on the US embassy’s social media accounts, where they have some hope of evading censorship. A generation of missing returns, market exhaustion and the magic word “uninvestable” — it sounds like an opportunity. A value trade requires enough gloom to drive market prices below intrinsic value and China’s market is not lacking for pessimism. The question is whether this is a value trade or a value trap. For it to be the former, two things need to happen. First, the companies themselves must act as what they currently are: an unfashionable discount product that needs to sell itself on tangible results, rather than airy promises of future growth. Specifically, Chinese companies will need to rebuild investor confidence by returning cash with buybacks and dividends. Second, Chinese domestic investors must regain trust in the market. Foreign buyers might ride a recovery. They cannot drive it. On valuation alone, there can be little doubt — Chinese stocks are some of the most attractive assets available in global markets. According to Deutsche Bank, the Hang Seng index trades at a forward price-to-earnings multiple of about eight, ie you pay $8 for around $1 of annual earnings, which compares with global equity valuations of more than double that. Its price-to-book value is less than one. Nor are these failing companies. The largest, such as Tencent and Alibaba, are highly liquid and still growing. They are trading on forward price-to-earnings multiples of eight to 13 times, with healthy free cash flow yields, indicating they generate ample flows of cash after covering their investment needs. If these companies reverted to trading in line with their US peers, investors would comfortably double their money overnight. The cause of these low valuations comes in two parts. First, there are factors that have damaged investor confidence in the future profitability of Chinese companies: the weak economic recovery, which hampers revenue and profit growth in the short term, and Beijing’s regulatory crackdowns, which reset perceptions of profit potential in many sectors. To the extent that their investment opportunities have diminished, companies operating in these sectors should return cash to investors instead, and in some sense they are doing so. Both Tencent and Alibaba paid dividends and repurchased shares last year. Beijing is slowly easing up. It will provide more fiscal support for the economy this year and has set more explicit rules in areas such as online gaming. Fundamentally, China’s economy still has a lot of room to grow, and that should be good for corporate earnings. The more difficult issue is geopolitics. Geopolitics, in most cases, has no direct effect on corporate profits: tensions over Taiwan do not stop players of Tencent’s online games or shoppers on Alibaba’s Taobao mall. Rather, it creates a hard-to-estimate risk that, at some future date, international investors will arbitrarily lose access to their stream of earnings. This is what happened to foreign investors in Russia when it invaded Ukraine. Quite naturally, investors will pay less for a stream of earnings that might suddenly evaporate. At present, the removal of this discount via a reduction in geopolitical tension is implausible. However, the discount will be especially severe when a company retains its earnings for internal investment, in which case all the potential cash flows to investors belong to the distant, uncertain future. By delivering buybacks and dividends, Chinese companies can make those cash flows more immediate, more certain and therefore more valuable. But geopolitical risk still creates an unavoidable wedge between the value of a Chinese stock to an international investor — who runs the risk of appropriation — and a domestic investor who does not. A recovery will only come when domestic investors regain their appetite for a stock market that has treated them badly in the past. Signs of official intervention caused stocks to rise a little on Tuesday, but state-backed buying by the “national team” will not produce a sustained recovery. More promising is a decision by the body in charge of state-owned companies to start evaluating managers based on the stock performance of their listed units, while the securities regulator is pushing for dividends, buybacks, mergers and swifter delisting discipline over issuers that misbehave. Chinese investors rightly question whether the market will be run in their interest, but with the housing sector unlikely to recover any time soon and capital controls as tight as ever, they lack other places to park their money. A Chinese market revival based on returning cash to investors would be painful medicine for a set of companies that a decade ago seemed set to conquer the world, but it would bring the value trade to fruition — giving foreign investors a final chance to cash out. robin.harding@ft.com Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2024. All rights reserved. Reuse this content (opens in new window) CommentsJump to comments section PROMOTED CONTENT LATEST ON EQUITIES * Skin in the GameStuart Kirk S&P exceptionalism versus ‘expensiveism’ new * Asia-Pacific equities Japan’s Nikkei hits 34-year high on weak yen 1 hour ago * FT live news Nissan shares plunge as China sales contract Live * * US equities S&P 500 reaches 5,000 to mark record for US stocks * Unhedged podcast18 min listen How not to pick stocks * Chinese equities Chinese equity flows turn positive as Beijing signals support * Chinese politics & policy China removes head of market regulator as it battles stock meltdown * Chinese equities China stock trading surges after Beijing unveils more state-led buying FOLLOW THE TOPICS IN THIS ARTICLE * Robin Harding Add to myFT * Equities Add to myFT * Chinese business & finance Add to myFT * Alibaba Add to myFT * Tencent Holdings Ltd Add to myFT COMMENTS USEFUL LINKS SUPPORT View Site TipsHelp CentreContact UsAbout UsAccessibilitymyFT TourCareers LEGAL & PRIVACY Terms & ConditionsPrivacy PolicyCookie PolicyManage CookiesCopyrightSlavery Statement & Policies SERVICES Share News Tips SecurelyIndividual SubscriptionsProfessional SubscriptionsRepublishingExecutive Job SearchAdvertise with the FTFollow the FT on XFT ChannelsFT Schools TOOLS PortfolioFT AppFT Digital EditionFT EditAlerts HubBusiness School RankingsEnterprise ToolsNews feedNewslettersCurrency Converter COMMUNITY & EVENTS FT CommunityFT Live EventsFT ForumsFT Board NetworkBoard Director Programme MORE FROM THE FT GROUP Markets data delayed by at least 15 minutes. © THE FINANCIAL TIMES LTD 2024. FT and ‘Financial Times’ are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd. The Financial Times and its journalism are subject to a self-regulation regime under the FT Editorial Code of Practice. Close side navigation menuFinancial Times International Edition Subscribe for full access Search the FT Suggestions include News Securities * See all quotes matching undefined Search * Switch to UK Edition TOP SECTIONS * Home * WorldShow more World * Israel-Hamas war * Global Economy * UK * US * China * Africa * Asia Pacific * Emerging Markets * Europe * War in Ukraine * Americas * Middle East & North Africa * USShow more US * US Economy * Investing in America * US Companies * US Politics & Policy * US Presidential Election 2024 * CompaniesShow more Companies * Energy * Financials * Health * Industrials * Media * Professional Services * Retail & Consumer * Tech Sector * Telecoms * Transport * TechShow more Tech * Artificial intelligence * Semiconductors * Cyber Security * Social Media * MarketsShow more Markets * Alphaville * Markets Data * Cryptofinance * Capital Markets * Commodities * Currencies * Equities * Wealth Management * Moral Money * ETF Hub * Fund Management * Trading * Climate * OpinionShow more Opinion * Columnists * The FT View * Lex * Obituaries * Letters * Work & CareersShow more Work & Careers * Business School Rankings * Business Education * Entrepreneurship * Recruitment * Business Books * Business Travel * Working It * Life & ArtsShow more Life & Arts * Arts * Books * Food & Drink * FT Magazine * House & Home * Style * Travel * FT Globetrotter * Personal FinanceShow more Personal Finance * Property & Mortgages * Investments * Pensions * Tax * Banking & Savings * Advice & Comment * Next Act * HTSI * Special Reports FT RECOMMENDS * Lex * Alphaville * Lunch with the FT * FT Globetrotter * #techAsia * Moral Money * Visual and data journalism * Newsletters * Video * Podcasts * News feed * FT Live Events * FT Forums * Board Director Programme * myFT * Portfolio * FT Digital Edition * Crossword * Our Apps * Help Centre * Subscribe * Sign In