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Media Services
Amazon Elastic Transcoder Easy-to-use scalable media transcoding
Amazon Interactive Video Service Managed live video solution
Amazon Kinesis Video Streams Process and analyze video streams
Amazon Nimble Studio Build a digital content creation studio
AWS Elemental MediaConnect Reliable and secure live video transport
AWS Elemental MediaConvert Convert file-based video content
AWS Elemental MediaLive Convert live video content
AWS Elemental MediaPackage Video origination and packaging
AWS Elemental MediaStore Media storage and simple http origin
AWS Elemental MediaTailor Video personalization and monetization
AWS Elemental Appliances & Software On-premises media solutions
AWS Deadline Cloud AWS Deadline Cloud: Cloud Render Management
AWS Thinkbox Deadline AWS Thinkbox Deadline: Render farm manager
AWS Thinkbox Frost AWS Thinkbox Frost: Create particle meshes faster
AWS Thinkbox Krakatoa AWS Thinkbox Krakatoa: Render production-grade volumetrics
AWS Thinkbox Sequoia AWS Thinkbox Sequoia: Point cloud data geometry
AWS Thinkbox Stoke AWS Thinkbox Stoke: Particle simulator for Autodesk
AWS Thinkbox XMesh AWS Thinkbox XMesh: Optimize animated geometry files
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Migration & Modernization
AWS Migration Hub Track migrations from a single place
AWS Application Discovery Service Discover on-premises applications to
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AWS Application Migration Service (MGN) Move and improve your on-premises and
cloud-based applications
AWS Database Migration Service Migrate databases with minimal downtime
AWS DataSync Simple, fast, online data transfer
AWS Mainframe Modernization Modernize, migrate, run, test, and operate mainframe
applications
AWS for Microsoft Workloads The proven, reliable, secure cloud for Windows
AWS Migration Acceleration Program Comprehensive and proven cloud migration
program
Experience-Based Acceleration (EBA) Outcome-focused transformation methodology
AWS Optimization and Licensing Assessment Optimize your license and compute
costs before and after migration
AWS for SAP The proven cloud to innovate with any SAP workload
AWS for RISE with SAP Transform your business with the proven cloud for RISE
with SAP
AWS Snow Family Physical devices to migrate data into and out of AWS
AWS Transfer Family Fully managed SFTP, FTPS, FTP, and AS2 service
Migration Evaluator (Formerly TSO Logic) Create a business case for cloud
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AWS for VMware Build a hybrid cloud without custom hardware
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Networking & Content Delivery
Amazon VPC Isolated cloud resources
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Amazon CloudFront Global content delivery network
Amazon Route 53 Scalable domain name system (DNS)
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AWS Cloud Map Service discovery for cloud resources
AWS Cloud WAN Easily build, manage, and monitor global wide area networks
AWS Direct Connect Dedicated network connection to AWS
AWS Global Accelerator Improve application availability and performance
AWS Private 5G Easily deploy, manage, and scale a private cellular network
AWS PrivateLink Securely access services hosted on AWS
AWS Transit Gateway Easily scale VPC and account connections
AWS Verified Access Provide secure access to corporate applications without a
VPN
AWS VPN Securely access your network resources
Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) Distribute incoming traffic across multiple targets
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Amazon Braket Explore and experiment with quantum computing
Amazon Quantum Solutions Lab Collaborate with quantum computing experts
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FAQs
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Security, Identity, & Compliance
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) Securely manage access to services and
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Amazon Cognito Identity management for your apps
Amazon Detective Investigate potential security issues
Amazon GuardDuty Managed threat detection service
Amazon Inspector Automate vulnerability management
Amazon Macie Discover and protect your sensitive data at scale
Amazon Security Lake Automatically centralize your security data with a few
clicks
Amazon Verified Permissions Fine-grained permissions and authorization for your
applications
AWS Artifact On-demand access to AWS’ compliance reports
AWS Audit Manager Continuously audit your AWS usage
AWS Certificate Manager Provision, manage, and deploy SSL/TLS certificates
AWS CloudHSM Hardware-based key storage for regulatory compliance
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AWS Firewall Manager Central management of firewall rules
AWS Key Management Service Managed creation and control of encryption keys
AWS Network Firewall Network security to protect your VPCs
AWS Payment Cryptography Simplify cryptography operations
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AWS Resource Access Manager Simple, secure service to share AWS resources
AWS Secrets Manager Rotate, manage, and retrieve secrets
AWS Security Hub Unified security and compliance center
AWS Shield DDoS protection
AWS IAM Identity Center Manage single sign-on access to AWS accounts and apps
AWS WAF Filter malicious web traffic
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Amazon DynamoDB Managed NoSQL database
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Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) Pub/sub, SMS, email, and mobile push
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Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) Managed message queues
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) Scalable storage in the cloud
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AWS AppSync Fully-managed, scalable GraphQL APIs
Amazon Redshift Fast, simple, cost-effective data warehousing
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Amazon FSx for Lustre High-performance file system integrated with S3
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Amazon File Cache High-speed cache for datasets stored anywhere
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AWS Snow Family Physical edge computing and storage devices for rugged or
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AWS Blog Home Blogs Editions
CONTAINERS
DE-MYSTIFYING CLUSTER NETWORKING FOR AMAZON EKS WORKER NODES
by Nathan Taber on 26 MAR 2020 in Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service, Best
Practices, Containers, Technical How-to Permalink Comments Share
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Running Kubernetes on AWS requires an understanding of both AWS networking
configuration and Kubernetes networking requirements. When you use the
default Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) AWS CloudFormation
templates to deploy your Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) and Amazon
EC2 worker nodes, everything typically just works. But small issues in your
configuration can result in frustrating errors.
In this blog, we’ll review the various ways to configure the Amazon VPC to run
EC2 worker nodes for your Kubernetes cluster managed by Amazon EKS. We’ll pay
particular attention to how to ensure your subnets are properly configured to
allow nodes to connect to the cluster control plane.
This blog does not cover pod networking concepts such as the VPC CNI, subnet
sizing, or IP address allocation for pods. To learn more about these topics,
visit the EKS documentation.
Note – we’re changing our VPC and node CloudFormation templates as well as how
EKS managed node groups assigns public IP addresses to nodes. Learn more in our
blog.
EKS CLUSTER ARCHITECTURE
An EKS cluster consists of two VPCs: one VPC managed by AWS that hosts the
Kubernetes control plane and a second VPC managed by customers that hosts the
Kubernetes worker nodes (EC2 instances) where containers run, as well as other
AWS infrastructure (like load balancers) used by the cluster. All worker nodes
need the ability to connect to the managed API server endpoint. This connection
allows the worker node to register itself with the Kubernetes control plane and
to receive requests to run application pods.
The worker nodes connect either to the public endpoint, or through the
EKS-managed elastic network interfaces (ENIs) that are placed in the subnets
that you provide when you create the cluster. The route that worker nodes take
to connect is determined by whether you have enabled or disabled the private
endpoint for your cluster. Even when the private endpoint is disabled, EKS still
provisions ENIs to allow for actions that originate from the Kubernetes API
server, such as kubectl exec and logs.
The diagram below shows this system:
The order of operations for a worker node to come online and start receiving
commands from the control plane is:
* EC2 instance starts. Kubelet and the Kubernetes node agent are started as
part of the boot process on each instance.
* Kubelet reaches out to the Kubernetes cluster endpoint to register the node.
It connects to the public endpoint outside of the VPC or to the private
endpoint within the VPC.
* Kubelet receives API commands and sends regular status and heartbeats to the
endpoint. When you query the API server (kubectl get nodes), you see the
latest status that each node’s Kubelet has reported back to the API server.
If the node is unable to reach the cluster endpoint, it’s unable to register
with the control plane and thus unable to receive commands to start or stop
pods. If new nodes are unable to connect, this prevents you from being able to
use these nodes as part of the cluster.
NETWORKING MODES
EKS has two ways of controlling access to the cluster endpoint. Endpoint access
control lets you configure whether the endpoint is reachable from the public
internet or through your VPC. You can enable the public endpoint (default),
private endpoint, or both endpoints at the same time. When the public endpoint
is enabled, you can also add CIDR restrictions, which allow you to limit the
client IP addresses that can connect to the public endpoint.
How your nodes connect to the managed Kubernetes control plane is determined by
which endpoint setting you have configured for the cluster. Note, these endpoint
settings can be changed anytime through the EKS console or API.
PUBLIC ENDPOINT ONLY
This is the default behavior for new Amazon EKS clusters. When only the public
endpoint for the cluster is enabled, Kubernetes API requests that originate from
within your cluster’s VPC (such as worker node to control plane communication)
leave the VPC, but not Amazon’s network. In order for nodes to connect to the
control plane, they must they must have a public IP address and a route to an
internet gateway or a route to a NAT gateway where they can use the public IP
address of the NAT gateway.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENDPOINTS
When both the public and private endpoints are enabled, Kubernetes API requests
from within the VPC communicate to the control plane via the EKS-managed ENIs
within your VPC. Your cluster API server is accessible from the internet.
PRIVATE ENDPOINT ONLY
When only the private endpoint is enabled, all traffic to your cluster API
server must come from within your cluster’s VPC or a connected network. There is
no public access to your API server from the internet. Any kubectl commands must
come from within the VPC or a connected network. This is typically achieved
through using AWS VPN or AWS DirectConnect to your VPC. If you want to restrict
access to the endpoint, but don’t have AWS VPN or AWS DirectConnect, adding CIDR
restrictions to the public endpoint allows you to limit connections to the
endpoint without additional networking setup.
For more information on connectivity options, see Accessing a Private Only API
Server.
Sidebar: Do my worker nodes need to be in the same subnets as the ones I
provided when I started the cluster?
No. Your worker nodes only need to run in the same VPC. They can run in separate
subnets from the ones you provided when you started the cluster. This can allow
for more IP space or running nodes in multiple availability zones. Subnets you
use for your nodes must be tagged appropriately (a step that EKS handles
automatically when you create the cluster), so any additional subnets must be
manually tagged. To learn more, see the EKS documentation on VPC configuration.
VPC CONFIGURATIONS
Now that we have the connection basics down, let’s walk through a few of the
common scenarios for setting up your cluster networking with Amazon EKS.
In general, your nodes are going to run in either a public or a private subnet.
Whether a subnet is public or private refers to whether traffic within the
subnet is routed through an internet gateway. If a subnet is associated with a
route table that has a route to an internet gateway, it’s known as a public
subnet. If a subnet is associated with a route table that does not have a route
to an internet gateway, it’s known as a private subnet.
The ability for traffic that originates somewhere else to reach your nodes is
called ingress. Traffic that originates from the nodes and leaves the network is
called egress. Nodes with public or elastic IP addresses within a subnet
configured with an internet gateway allow ingress from outside of the VPC.
Private subnets usually include a NAT gateway, which only allows ingress traffic
to the nodes from within the VPC while still allowing traffic from the nodes to
leave the VPC (egress).
There are three typical ways to configure the VPC for your Amazon EKS cluster:
1. Using only public subnets. Nodes and ingress resources (like load balancers)
all are instantiated in the same public subnets.
2. Using public and private subnets. Nodes are instantiated in the private
subnets and ingress resources (like load balancers) are instantiated in the
public subnets.
3. Using only private subnets. Nodes are instantiated in private subnets. There
are no public ingress resources as this configuration is only used for
workloads that do not need to receive any communications from the public
internet.
PUBLIC ONLY SUBNETS
This is a simple and straightforward VPC architecture that is good for basic web
apps and generally any application where ingress to the nodes from the public
internet is not a concern. In this configuration, nodes and ingress resources
(like load balancers) all are instantiated in the same public subnets.
Configuration best practices:
* Every subnet should be configured with mapPublicIpOnLaunch set to TRUE and
have a route to an internet gateway.
* Nodes do not need a value for AssociatePublicIpAddress (do not include this
value in the CFN template or API call)
* The cluster endpoint can be set to enable public, private, or both (public +
private)
Learn about this architecture in the Amazon VPC documentation. Start a VPC with
the public only subnet configuration using this CloudFormation template:
https://amazon-eks.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cloudformation/2020-03-23/amazon-eks-vpc-sample.yaml
PUBLIC + PRIVATE SUBNETS
This VPC architecture is considered the best practice for common Kubernetes
workloads on AWS. In this configuration, nodes are instantiated in the private
subnets and ingress resources (like load balancers) are instantiated in the
public subnets. This allows for maximum control over traffic to the nodes and
works well for a majority of Kubernetes applications.
Configuration best practices:
* Because you are not launching nodes in the public subnets, it’s not required
to set mapPublicIpOnLaunch for public subnets.
* mapPublicIpOnLaunch should be set to FALSE for the private subnets.
* Nodes do not need a value for AssociatePublicIpAddress (do not include this
value in the CFN template or API call)
* The cluster endpoint can be set to enable public, private, or both (public +
private). Depending on the setting of the cluster endpoint, the node traffic
will flow through the NAT gateway or the ENI.
Learn about this architecture in the Amazon VPC documentation. Start a VPC with
the public+private subnet configuration using this CloudFormation template:
https://amazon-eks.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cloudformation/2020-03-23/amazon-eks-vpc-private-subnets.yaml
Also, note that this is the default VPC configuration for eksctl.
PRIVATE ONLY SUBNETS
This is a less common VPC architecture. Use this architecture if your
applications do not need to receive communications from the public internet.
You’ll need to ensure that you have connectivity from your local computer to the
private cluster endpoint.
* mapPublicIpOnLaunch should be set to FALSE for the private subnets.
* Nodes do not need a value for AssociatePublicIpAddress (do not include this
value in the CFN template or API call)
* Only the private cluster endpoint should be enabled (disable public
endpoint). You will need a VPN connection to access your cluster endpoint.
* Enable AWS PrivateLink for EC2 and all of your Amazon ECR and S3
repositories.
* You must set up PrivateLink interface and/or gateway endpoints for your
Kubernetes application to be able to reach other AWS services.
* All container images you launch on the cluster must come from ECR
repositories with endpoints configured for your VPC. This includes container
images for operational tooling such as ClusterAutoscaler and Metrics Server.
CONCLUSION
After reading this blog, you should now have a better understanding of the
options for Amazon EKS VPC architectures. If you want to learn more about VPC
configuration, check out the networking section of the Amazon EKS documentation.
— Nate
TAGS: Amazon EKS, Kubernetes, networking, VPC
NATHAN TABER
Nathan is a Principal Product Manager for Amazon EKS. When he’s not writing and
creating, he loves to sail, row, and roam the Pacific Northwest with his
Goldendoodles, Emma & Leo.
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