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Thursday, September 16, 2021

Civil + Structural Engineer magazine
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Process of crane construction of new and modern modular house from composite sip
panels against background with beautiful blue sky
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MODULAR IN MODERN TIMES

September 1, 2021
1134

By Liza Moriconi

Modular construction is a methodology where buildings are constructed off-site
as separate modules and later transported and assembled to create a completed
structure. This construction method provides a quick solution to uniform and
repetitive projects, such as multi-story apartments, hotels, hospitals, and
business buildings. The modules are constructed under controlled conditions and
designed to the same codes and standards as an on-site constructed building. The
same materials are used in constructing the factory-made modules, such as wood,
concrete, and steel, as would be used in conventionally constructed buildings.
Typically, the modules are constructed to include the fixtures and interior
finishes before they are transported and assembled.  Once the module units are
constructed, they are almost indistinguishable from site-built construction.
According to Daniel McLennon, a partner in the San Francisco office of Smith,
Currie & Hancock, nation-wide construction lawyers, there are many advantages to
modular construction, but many of the challenges come from the legalities and
responsibilities associated with contracts.

These disassembled buildings have been a construction solution dating back to
the 1600s and were made more popular as the United States expanded west. Many
preassembled homes were built in factories and shipped across the country to
combat the housing crisis. With the development of the assembly line in 1913,
the manufacturing of modular homes became easier and more accessible to
consumers. As technology and design became more innovative, the modular
construction industry began to shift from constructing homes to constructing
more intricate structures, such as schools, hospitals, and office spaces. Today,
with the assistance of new technology and resources, modular construction
provides an attractive alternative to building customizable structures in a
timely and convenient manner. 

One of the most attractive aspects of modular construction is the amount of time
it can save to complete the entire project. Because the construction of the
modules typically occurs simultaneously as the on-site work, projects can be
completed in a fraction of the time as compared to traditional construction. In
traditional construction, foundation and on-site work must be completed before
the construction of the building. The modular methodology allows for these to be
worked on at the same time, just in different locations.

Safer construction is an additional advantage of using this construction method.
With the help of highly automated robotic assembly lines, up to 60-90 percent of
construction can be completed inside a factory. This indoor environment reduces
the risk of accidents for skilled workers as compared to traditional
construction. Workers are provided with more comfortable working conditions,
allowing for higher productivity, more customization for the project, and
production of a higher quality building. Since manufacturers can locate their
plants where labor is more readily available for constructing modules, the
struggle to find and keep laborers located near the project site is reduced
significantly, according to McLennon. Factory produced units can also reduce
waste in the overall construction process by allowing for more precise sizing
and cutting of materials and the use of excess supplies. 

Modular construction does, however, come with its challenges and disadvantages.
As of now, modular construction is best suited for projects that are
standardized and repetitive. These modules are mass produced, so the more
uniform the building, the faster and easier the construction process will be.
This creates a disadvantage for projects that are unique and require
individualized modules to be constructed. More time and money must be spent on
constructing these types of module units, making it almost unnecessary to use
this method instead of traditional construction. This is why modular
construction is typically limited to stackable, undeviating buildings that can
be mass produced. 

Transporting the module units can also cause problems when constructing
off-site. After the modules are completed in an off-site location, they must be
transported to be assembled and set in place at the desired location. Many
times, the sizes of the individual units is limited by the allowable size on the
road and even the capacity of the crane that will be used. Because of this, the
project is often strictly limited in size, leaving little room for larger unique
units. Moving the units from one location to another can sometimes be tricky. A
common legal issue, according to McLennon, that is encountered is deciding who
“bears the risk of loss” if a unit is damaged during transportation. Any damage
that occurs during the transport could have serious consequences in the
installation process. Modules that need to be repaired or replaced can impact
the sequence of assembly, costing more time and money. 

Modular construction is expected to have major growth as the time and cost
savings may provide a significant advantage for the construction industry. This
alternative provides a hopeful solution for housing and labor shortages across
the country.  “Construction can be done where there is labor,” instead of
searching for laborers, and more housing options can be built faster to
accommodate housing shortages, according to McLennon. There are many advantages
that point to a bright future for modular construction, and with the help of
advancing technology, this methodology can provide a practical solution for the
construction industry. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Liza Moriconi is an intern for Civil + Structural Engineer Media, as well as a
senior Civil Engineering student at the University of Arkansas. She can be
reached at lmoriconi@zweiggroup.com.

 * TAGS
 * business buildings
 * civil engineering
 * codes
 * construction
 * construction industry
 * CS0921
 * Daniel McLennon
 * hospitals
 * hotels
 * intern
 * Liza Moriconi
 * McLennon
 * Modern Times
 * modular
 * modular construction
 * module units
 * multi-story apartments
 * San Francisco
 * site-built construction
 * Smith Currie & Hancock
 * standards
 * structure
 * structures
 * student
 * Transporting
 * University of Arkansas

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