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Transmission of digital video over the internet
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Internet video (also known as online video) is digital video that is distributed
over the internet. Internet video exists in several formats, the most notable
being MPEG-4i AVC, AVCHD, FLV, and MP4.

There are several online video hosting services, including YouTube. In recent
years, the platform of internet video has been used to stream live events. As a
result of the popularity of online video, notable events like the 2012 U.S.
presidential debates have been streamed live on the internet. Additionally,
internet video has played an important role in the music industry as a medium to
watch music videos and increase exposure of songs.


CONTENTS

 * 1 Video file formats
   * 1.1 MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding)
   * 1.2 AVCHD (Advanced Video Coding High Definition)
   * 1.3 FLV (Flash Video)
   * 1.4 MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4)
 * 2 YouTube
 * 3 Other video platforms
 * 4 Live streaming
 * 5 Controversy
 * 6 The importance of video in the music industry
 * 7 See also
 * 8 References


VIDEO FILE FORMATS

[edit]
Main articles: Video coding format and Timeline of online video

Practical online video streaming was only made possible with advances in data
compression, due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of
uncompressed video. Raw digital video requires a bandwidth of 168 Mbit/s for SD
video, and over 1 Gbit/s for FHD video.[1]


MPEG-4 AVC (ADVANCED VIDEO CODING)

[edit]
Main articles: H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and MPEG-4

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is the most widely used video coding format on the Internet. It
was developed in 2003 by a number of organizations.


AVCHD (ADVANCED VIDEO CODING HIGH DEFINITION)

[edit]
Main article: AVCHD

AVCHD, or Advanced Video Coding High Definition, uses one of the more efficient
video coding formats. It was announced in May 2006 and since then has grown into
a high-quality video format that can compete with other professional forms of
media. The AVCHD is geared towards consumer shooters; this is largely because
the AVCHD format capitalizes on the H.264/MPEG-4 video that is able to compress
video to smaller sizes in order to allow more video to be stored in the same
storage capacity.[2]


FLV (FLASH VIDEO)

[edit]

Flash Video (FLV) is video encoded by Adobe Flash software in order to play
within the Adobe Flash Player. Popular in the past, and used by several video
sites, including YouTube, the Adobe Flash Player has been replaced by HTML5 and
this format has been abandoned.


MPEG-4 PART 14 (MP4)

[edit]
Main articles: MPEG-4 Part 14 and MPEG-4

MPEG-4 is known as a sharing format for the internet. In recent years an
increasing number of camcorder and cameras began employ it. Moreover, YouTube
recommends using the MP4 Format (Although it accepts multiple formats, YouTube
either converts them to .flv or .mp4 files). Apple is another company that has
backed MP4 by using it in its QuickTime player.[3]


YOUTUBE

[edit]
Main article: YouTube

YouTube was founded in 2005 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim. The
first video on the platform was "Me at the zoo" uploaded by Karim on the first
YouTube channel, jawed, in April 2005.

In October 2005, Nike became the first major company to embrace YouTube as a
promotional platform. They were the first company to do this and since then
YouTube has provided a means of displaying internet video in order to help
companies promote their products. Google purchased YouTube for $1.65 billion in
October 2006 and since then it has developed it even further.[4] Since then, it
has become the most popular website for watching internet video. For example,
the hours of video watched per month on YouTube totaled 6 billion.[5] As of
2014, there were one billion unique users to YouTube each month. According to
Nielsen, YouTube reaches more U.S. adults aged 18–34 years old than any cable
network.[6]


OTHER VIDEO PLATFORMS

[edit]
See also: List of video hosting services

Aside from YouTube, there are several other internet video platforms, which
despite being less popular, are still used by many.


LIVE STREAMING

[edit]
See also: Live streaming

Live streaming is another important aspect of internet video. This is when
particular events are streamed using a live form of internet video. A key
example of this is that in 2008 and 2012, during the presidential election, the
debates between the two candidates were live-streamed on YouTube.

Live streaming has also been used as a means of promoting exposure for a
particular product or business. This is largely because platforms such as
YouTube provide a cheap, and usually free, means to access millions of users.
Whether that be potential customers on laptops, smartphones, tablets, and smart
TVs. A study conducted by SocialMediaExaminer supports this hypothesis using
YouTube as a particular example.[7]

A sign of the growth of importance of internet video live streaming refers to
the change in business model of the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).[8]
Previously the WWE's business model involved receiving huge numbers of
pay-per-view buys for special events hosted once per month and charging approx.
$44.95 (Dependent on retailer) for each.[9] However, in February 2014 they
launched a 24/7 streaming network charging $9.99 per month in order to get
access to every "special event". This shows that one of the largest
entertainment companies was willing to adopt to a live streaming/internet video
model in order to support their business. Many other companies such as BBC (with
iPlayer), ITV (with ITV Player) and Channel 4 (with 4oD) have made use of
internet video to allow users to livestream content, or watch on demand later.


CONTROVERSY

[edit]

Both live streaming and internet videos have faced controversy in recent years,
largely because it is extremely difficult to access all the live-streams which
show particular events. This infringes on the issue of copyright. Rights-holders
face the challenge of content, which includes audio, TV shows and sporting
events, being streamed live to the public.[10] As a result, streaming website
Justin.TV partnered with content matching service Vobile in order to filter out
infringing material.[11][12] Another example of a copyright issue which occurred
to online streaming was when uStream were sued by a boxing promoter in August
2009 for allowing 2,337 users to view a broadcast of the fight Roy Jones Jr. vs
Omar Sheika.[13]

YouTube has also faced issues surrounding copyright. For example, in December
2013,[14] many YouTubers who published footage of video games for either review
or tutorial purposes were punished and crippled by copyright claims. In the
past, YouTube has also faced issues with the music industry over users
publishing videos without the permission of the music industry. The issues can
be seen by the fact that since 2007, YouTube has paid out one billion dollars to
copyright holders.[15] Saying that, the formation of Vevo has aided YouTube in
terms of issues with the music industry by allowing artists/labels to get a
share of revenue.


THE IMPORTANCE OF VIDEO IN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY

[edit]

The growth of internet video has provided a platform to help elevate the music
industry. This has most particularly been seen through the platform of YouTube.
Chris Maxcy, YouTube's partner development director stated that “YouTube is the
ideal place for labels to promote music and for fans to discover new artists and
old favourites”. Moreover, Rio Caraeff, who heads up Universal's digital group
described YouTube as a “revenue stream, a commercial business. It's growing
tremendously. It's up almost 80 percent for us year-over-year in the U.S. in
terms of our revenue from this category”.[16] In addition, an article published
in 2011,[17] believes that YouTube has changed the music industry citing three
ways; YouTube allows people to listen to the native music of India, for example,
and other regions which would otherwise be difficult to discover. Brittany Wong
also believes that YouTube allows people to get discovered. This is largely
because it allows anybody to post an online video for the world to see. Finally,
it mentions that the convenience of the platform allows many people to listen to
music, which has increased potential audiences.

Mike Masnik, the CEO and founder of Techdirt, recognized the importance of
YouTube in the music industry.[18] In this article he recognizes the potential
ability of YouTube in order to allow musicians to increase exposure, and record
labels to make money. However, they were naïve and did not fully embrace it.


SEE ALSO

[edit]
 * Journalism portal
 * Technology portal

 * History of the internet
 * Live streaming
   * Livestreamed news
 * Over-the-top media service
 * Streaming media
 * Video clip
 * Webcast
 * YouTube


REFERENCES

[edit]
 1.  ^ Lee, Jack (2005). Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems:
     Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
     p. 25. ISBN 9780470857649.
 2.  ^ Montgomery, Mark (November 2009). "If You're Looking For More Info About
     The AVCHD Codec". videomaker.com. Archived from the original on 21 October
     2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 3.  ^ "The MPEG-4 Format". mediacollege.com. Archived from the original on 13
     April 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 4.  ^ Lidsky, David. "The Brief But Impactful History of YouTube".
     fastcompany.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved
     22 October 2014.
 5.  ^ Smith, Craig. "By The Numbers: 60 Amazing YouTube Statistics".
     expandedramblings.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014.
     Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 6.  ^ "Statistics". YouTube.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
     Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 7.  ^ Colligan, Paul. "How to Use YouTube Live Streaming to Boost Your
     Exposure". Social Media Examiner. Archived from the original on 21 October
     2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 8.  ^ VanDerWerff, Emily (August 2014). "Why don't we have a standalone HBO Go?
     Look to the WWE Network for an answer". vox.com. Archived from the original
     on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 9.  ^ "Events/TV/PPV". WWE.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014.
     Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 10. ^ Bailey, Jonathan (24 August 2009). "Livestreaming and Copyright Issues".
     theblogherald.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved
     22 October 2014.
 11. ^ Albrecht, Chris. "Justin.tv Placates Copyright Holders With Anti-piracy
     Tech". gigaom.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved
     22 October 2014.
 12. ^ "watch free movies online". Archived from the original on 10 April 2023.
     Retrieved 10 April 2023.
 13. ^ Kincaid, Jason (17 August 2009). "Ustream Sued By Boxing Promoter Over
     Pirated Broadcast". techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 5
     November 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 14. ^ Totilo, Stephen (11 December 2013). "YouTube Channels Crippled By
     Copyright Claims". kotaku.com. Archived from the original on 22 October
     2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 15. ^ Wagstaff, Keith. "YouTube Has Paid $1 Billion to Copyright Holders Since
     2007". NBCNews.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014.
     Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 16. ^ Sandoval, Greg. "Universal Music seeing 'tens of millions' from YouTube".
     cnet.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 22
     October 2014.
 17. ^ Wong, Brittany (14 November 2011). "Three Ways YouTube Has Changed the
     Music Industry". group3info.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 4
     March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
 18. ^ Masnick, Mike. "How the record labels spurned the YouTube opportunity".
     Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 22
     October 2014.