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Haver Resources

Jan 22


ECONOMIC LETTER FROM ASIA: DIVING INTO ASEAN-5

 * January 22, 2024
 * Tian Yong Woon

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In this week’s letter, we dive into some of the key themes relating to the
ASEAN-5 region, including topics on inflation, monetary policy, tourism, trade,
and global value chains. For clarity, we define ASEAN-5 economies to comprise
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines. We note that
while inflation has moderated in the region, developments at the country level
have been uneven. We also take stock of recent monetary policy trends noting
that the region’s central banks seem likely to hold policy rates steady until
inflation cools further. Next, we examine tourism, acknowledging the absence of
a strong recovery in Chinese tourist arrivals amidst persistent economic
troubles at home. We next move to trade, noting the interim stabilization of the
region’s exports and explore recent developments in the region’s trade
relationship with China. Lastly, we take stock of the region’s standing in
global value chains, by examining the value they add to their exports. Also
included in the last segment is a nod to the slew of government initiatives
aimed at catapulting their respective economies toward innovation and new
technologies.


INFLATION

Headline CPI inflation has cooled significantly in ASEAN-5 economies over the
past year on average (chart 1), as food and energy price pressures eased.
Average headline ASEAN-5 inflation has fallen to 2.3% y/y in November 2023, from
a peak of 6.2% in September 2022. Meanwhile, average core ASEAN-5 inflation
moderated to 2.1%, after having peaked at 3.7% in January 2023. Delving deeper,
however, we find that progress on disinflation has been uneven across the
ASEAN-5 economies. For instance, headline inflation in the Philippines remained
comparatively high at 4% in December 2023 despite having cooled from its peak of
8.7% in January 2023. In contrast, Thailand remained in deflation for a third
straight month in December 2023, with prices having fallen 0.8% y/y for the
period. Nonetheless, price pressures in ASEAN-5 as a whole are likely to be
suppressed further if current monetary policy settings are maintained. With that
said, inflation risks remain. For one, near-term supply-side bottlenecks induced
by regional conflicts (e.g., Russia-Ukraine, Israel-Hamas) may exert
external-led price pressures. Also, an eventual rebound in domestic demand in
ASEAN-5 may add to domestic inflationary pressures.

Chart 1: Average ASEAN-5 inflation




MONETARY POLICY

Central banks of ASEAN-4 economies (ASEAN-5 excluding Singapore) enacted further
monetary tightening over 2023 to rein in inflation, while keeping pace with the
Fed’s rate hikes (chart 2). The central bank of the Philippines (BSP) has raised
its policy rate by 450 bps over its hiking cycle, the most among its peers. On
the flip side, Malaysia’s central bank (BNM) raised its policy rate by only 125
bps in its current cycle, restoring the rate to its 3% pre-pandemic level.
Compared to ASEAN-4 peers, BNM is among the early movers on rate hikes, having
first lifted its policy rate in May 2022, when CPI inflation stood at only 2.8%
y/y. Looking ahead, ASEAN-4 central banks seem likely to keep their policy rates
unchanged over the immediate months ahead, to keep a lid on inflation. While
some expect the central banks to commence rate cuts from H2 this year, the
timing of such cuts remains partly conditional on the Fed. As for Singapore, its
central bank (MAS) adopts a unique approach, using foreign exchange operations
as opposed to policy rates to implement monetary policy. Regardless, the MAS too
is looking likely to keep its policy settings unchanged in the coming months,
after having tightened five times since October 2021.

Chart 2: Average ASEAN-4 Policy Rate




TOURISM

Tourism in ASEAN-5 economies continues to be a mixed bag, with arrivals to some
regions nearing pre-pandemic levels, while arrivals to others seemingly
stagnating. For Thailand, a tourism-dependent economy, arrivals have already
almost fully recovered to pre-pandemic levels in December, albeit likely boosted
by year-end holiday travel. In contrast, Singapore has seen tourist arrivals
decline to 69% of pre-pandemic levels in November 2023, from 89% in July.
Regardless, a common theme that persists for ASEAN-5 economies is the absence of
many tourists from Mainland China (chart 3). Looking ahead, it remains doubtful
if we will see a pick up in the Chinese tourist numbers in the near term, given
the country’s ongoing economic struggles.

Chart 3: Tourist arrivals to ASEAN from China




TRADE

ASEAN-5’s total goods trade by value – including intra-ASEAN-5 trade – finally
stabilized in recent months, after having deteriorated through most of 2023.
Much of the stabilization was driven by import growth, which resumed in October
and November last year (chart 4). Meanwhile, exports continued to register mild
year-on-year declines, amidst still-weak global demand. Amid broader moves,
ASEAN-5 saw its share of exports to China markedly increase, as export declines
to other regions outpaced slowing shipments to China.

Chart 4: ASEAN-5 trade



Nonetheless, the ASEAN-5 bloc continues to run a large trade deficit with China,
which significantly worsened in 2022 and only partially reversed in 2023 (chart
5). Looking ahead, while the future of ASEAN-5 exports remains dependent on the
state of the global economy, the region still stands to gain from several
potential tailwinds. Specifically, ASEAN-5 may benefit further from a trend
toward “friendshoring” and “China Plus One” strategies, ongoing trade agreements
(e.g., RCEP, CPTPP), and a potential recovery of Chinese demand.

Chart 5: ASEAN-5’s trade with China




GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Zooming out and focusing more on longer-term structural issues, ASEAN-5’s push
to move up the global value chain (GVC), especially relating to manufacturing,
remains one to watch. At present, however, much room remains for ASEAN-5 to
increase its share of value added in its manufacturing exports, which averaged
62.3% between 2015 and 2020 (chart 6). This is especially so in relation to
technologically advanced Asian economies like Japan, whose share averaged 79.3%
over that 5 year period. For Thailand, the government has turned to a plan
(Thailand 4.0) to transform the country into an innovation-driven high-income
economy by 2030. The plan includes, among other goals, the establishment of an
Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) – a special economic zone – to foster the
development of high-end technologies. For Malaysia, the government has recently
unveiled the manufacturing-focused New Industrial Master Plan (NIMP). The plan
seeks to increase the value-added share of high-tech manufacturing and services
in relation to GDP and turn Malaysia into a regional innovation hub, among other
goals.

Chart 6: ASEAN-5 domestic value added as a share of gross exports




Download Chart Pack (VG3 files)
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Download Commentary (PDF)
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

TIAN YONG WOON

Haver Analytics is pleased to bring Tian Yong Woon’s commentaries on the state
of the global economy to its clients.

Tian Yong Woon joined Haver Analytics as an Economist in 2023. Previously, he
worked as an Economist with Deutsche Bank, covering Emerging Asian economies
while also writing on thematic issues within the broader Asia region. Prior to
his work with Deutsche Bank, he worked as an Economic Analyst with the
International Monetary Fund, where he contributed to Article IV consultations
with Singapore and Malaysia, and to the regular surveillance of financial
stability issues in the Asia Pacific region.

Tian Yong holds a Master of Science in Quantitative Finance from the Singapore
Management University, and a Bachelor of Science in Banking and Finance from the
University of London.

See author's posts



Comments are closed.




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