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Home » Build Simple Asynchronous Pluggable Protocols for Windows


BUILD SIMPLE ASYNCHRONOUS PLUGGABLE PROTOCOLS FOR WINDOWS


BUILD SIMPLE ASYNCHRONOUS PLUGGABLE PROTOCOLS FOR WINDOWS

Why Trust Us
 * By Charlie Frank
 * Last updated: August 27, 2003
 * 12:08 AM



Very protocol?whether familiar (such as http, mailto, ftp, and about) or less
familiar (such as JavaScript, VBScript, Outlook, NNTP, news, snews, and so
forth)?is implemented on Windows machines as an asynchronous pluggable protocol
(APP). These protocols can plug directly into Windows’ existing protocol
framework. The only common protocol not implemented as an APP (at least on my
computer) is SMTP. You can call any of these protocols from any interface in
Windows that allows protocol interaction, regardless of whether the interface is
programmatic or graphical.

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To prove it, go to the Run command on your Start button and write the following:

javascript: alert("hello world");

This should initiate whichever application is associated with the JavaScript
protocol on your system, probably Internet Explorer, and execute the script.
This is the same principle involved in bookmarklets. A bookmarklet is defined as
“a tiny program (a JavaScript application) contained in a bookmark (the URL is a
“javascript:” URL) which can be saved and used the same way you use normal
bookmarks.”

You can use the JavaScript protocol from other browsers such as Mozilla, as
Mozilla does not start up Internet Explorer when someone writes the code above
in its address bar. Mozilla will pass any APP that it does not handle natively
to the proper system handler. As I showed above, you can even use the JavaScript
protocol from the Run box under your Start menu.



What You Need Windows 98 or later with IE 4 or later, Wscript, Rebol/View, and a
text editor.

 

MSDN provides some good information about APPs, but be wary of what you read:
You may come away with a misconception about what is required to achieve the
most basic implementation of an APP under Windows. For example, one article
implies that to write an APP one needs to implement certain interfaces, but APPs
are actually very flexible. The basic implementation of an APP under Windows
requires only that you make the proper entries in the registry for your protocol
and that the handler for your protocol is a valid Windows .exe file. You can see
an example at
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/workshop/networking/pluggable/overview/appendix_a.asp.
The “note” protocol defined in that example opens Notepad, similar to the way
the view-source:// protocol can be used to open the .htm source of an HTML file
in Notepad. For example, try putting this in your browser:
view-source:http://www.devx.com.

I doubt that Notepad implements iinternetprotocol or any related interfaces, as
to do so it should be a COM implementation and found at the following registry
address HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTPROTOCOLS. Without these related interfaces, in the end
all that happens is the protocol address is passed as a string via the command
line to your application for analysis.

The W3C provides an incomplete list of addressing schemes, which you can use to
search your system to see if these addressing schemes are implemented as APPs.
Those that do more than just call over the command line should be found at the
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTPROTOCOLSHandler registry key.

There are many tools that allow you to dynamically load files via the command
line, and pass on command lines to files. One example is script interpreters
such as Wscript.exe. Here is the sample registry file, which shows how to set a
simple WScript as the handler for a protocol called ws-proto.



Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTws-proto]@=""URL: ws-proto Protocol"""URL Protocol"=""[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTws-protoshell][HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTws-protoshellopen][HKEY_CLASSES_ROOTws-protoshellopencommand]@="wscript.exe c:\wsproto.js %1"

Here is the protocol that handles the WScript. (Both the registry file and the
protocol handler are available in the code download for this article?see left
column).

WScript.Echo(WScript.Arguments(0));

Figure 1: Howdy. As you can see the first command line argument passed on to our
Wscript is everything you wrote in your address bar.

To test this handler you can either make a new text file called settings.reg,
copy the registry settings there, and then click to add the settings to the
registry or use the settings.reg file in the code download. You should save the
protocol handler code in c: in a file called wsproto.js. Once you’ve done this
you can interact with the protocol in the same way you would with any other
protocol. As an example, open your preferred browser and write the following:
ws-proto://howdy. The result are shown in Figure 1. A JavaScript Alternative:
Rebol
Most protocol implementations are done with a particular goal in mind, however
there are certain protocols, such as the JavaScript protocol, that are designed
to extend the functionality of the system as a whole, and the browser in
particular.

It is this latter type that I will build in this article, using the JavaScript
protocol as a model. The JavaScript protocol allows you to transmit JavaScript
code that will then be evaluated within the browser. This means that the objects
available to the protocol are the objects exposed by the browser. In our earlier
example, the alert() functioned because alert() is supported in the browser
environment.


See also  Why Your Business Needs A Dedicated IT Support Team

Figure 2: Security Check. Rebol’s default security asks you before it opens a
port to our protocol interpreting script.

I’m willing to bet there are a lot of folks out there, like me, who like
scripting languages but abhor JavaScript. Using the same technique of
dynamically loading a script in an .exe, as shown in the ws-proto example, it
should be possible to make a protocol handler that accepts script in your
favorite scripting language and evaluates it. This opens up the possibility of
bookmarklets written in languages such as Python and Perl, as well as the usual
VBScript and JavaScript. In the next part of the article I will make a protocol
handler that accepts script in my favorite scripting language, Rebol.



Why Rebol? Because Rebol is particularly good at handling protocols. By
implementing a dynamic evaluating protocol in Rebol, I can very easily add
functionality to interact with ftp, smtp, http, etc. (These protocols are easily
accessible from Rebol using Rebol’s one-liner scripts, e.g. one line of code to
read a URL and write the output to a local file.) Rebol can interact with any
protocol that can be called via bookmarklet-type behavior, from a link on a web
page, from writing in the address bar, from shortcuts, or from most any
programming language/environment in the Windows system.

Figure 3: Rebol View. The large text area contains the URL body you passed by
clicking on the link.

You can download a free, noncommercial version of Rebol from
http://www.rebol.com/downloads/view-pro031.zip. It includes a Rebol dialect
(sort of a DSL) for graphical interfaces, which I will use to implement a small
form in my script. This form will help me decide, by showing the code passed to
it, whether to evaluate the code, append it to a local file containing the
script fragments I receive, or to edit it and then evaluate it.



It’s time to implement the Rebol script. There are links at various points to
the Rebol function dictionary, which provides definitions of built-in Rebol
functions to help you along. In the code download for this article there is a
registry file called rebsettings.reg, which sets the reb protocol to be
evaluated using a script called reb.r. Reb.r is the protocol handler that the
registry files point at (see Listing 1). Install Rebol in the default
installation folder c:
ebolview. Be advised that the Rebol installation program asks you for
information such as your email address, email server etc., which it needs to
send and receive mail and for the examples to work.

Once Rebol is installed, you should merge the accompanying .reg file and also
install the files in the downloadable sample code (see link in left column) to
the c:
ebolview directory. When you’ve done that, open the example.html file in your
default browser. Listing 2 shows the contents of the example.html file.

This file has three simple JavaScript functions called callreb(),browseloc(),
and insertPrompt().

 * Callreb() takes a string parameter, which should be a reb:// link, and then
   uses the browser’s location.href method to navigate to the reb:// link.
 * When executed in a link, browseloc() will tell Rebol to browse the page on
   which the link was executed.
 * The insertPrompt() function accepts three arguments and builds a string
   containing the reb:// protocol. The middle argument is the result of a
   JavaScript prompt that gets a user-entered value and places it in the middle
   of the reb:// protocol.

The first link in the HTML page is:


read a local file and write result to new local file

Everything past the reb:// is legal Rebol code. And it does exactly what the
link text tells you: It reads a local file, contained in the code download
called oldfile.txt and writes a local file called newfile.txt. (Note that the
parameters are intentionally opposite their function?this is because of the
evaluation order of Rebol syntax). The % before the file names tells Rebol that
these are in fact files. When you click on the link you should see something
similar to Figure 2:



The popup is generated by Rebol’s built-in security (more information on
controlling Rebol security settings). When you click Yes, reb.r loads (see
Figure 3).

Pressing Do causes the Rebol interpreter to evaluate the text contained in the
tag, which is the value of the protocol body. The little field at the top of the
form will display the string “No string output returned.” This is because as
written the script fragment you just wrote doesn’t return a value. As a quick
test go to the text area, erase the text that’s there, and write the
following:<br></p><br /> <pre><code>1 + 5</code></pre><br /> <p>1 + 5 is valid
Rebol code so if you press Do the text field should read 6. If you wrote the
following in the text area:<br></p><br /> <pre><code>1 + 5 > 7 </code></pre><br
/> <p>the text field would display false. If your wrote 1 + 5 > 4 it would
display true. And if you wrote:<br></p><br /> <pre><code>(1 + 5) * 7 +
6</code></pre><br /> <p>the text field would display 48. You can find more
information about Rebol Math at <a href=”
http://www.rebol.com/docs/core23/rebolcore-11.html”
target=”_blank”>http://www.rebol.com/docs/core23/rebolcore-11.html</a>.</p><br
/> <p><strong>Branching Out</strong><br>Now that you’ve created one link to see
how it works you can quickly test others. The next link, ‘browse this page,’ is
a JavaScript function that builds a <span class=”pf”>reb://</span> link where
the protocol body causes a browser to browse to a URL (the value of <span
class=”pf”>location.href</span>). For local files the location.href will be a
<span class=”pf”>file:/// link</span>?the location of your HTML document; for
files on the Web, the <span class=”pf”>location.href</span> is the location of
the file over http. In either case, the browse protocol opens the default
protocol handler for either <span class=”pf”>file:///</span> or <span
class=”pf”>http://</span> (probably Internet Explorer in the first case, and
your default browser in the second). So, for example, if you happen to be
viewing a page in your non-default browser you can switch and view it in your
default browser by using Rebol’s browse function. Simply add <span
class=”pf”>reb://browse</span> in front of the http URL in the address bar.
</p><br /> <p>The next link (another Rebol one-liner) is similar to the first
one; it reads the address http://www.devx.com and writes it to a local file
called text.htm. </p><br /> <p>You might want to steel yourself before clicking
on the third link, it can be a shock if you’re unprepared. It uses the <a
href=”http://www.rebol.com/docs/words/wdo.html” target=”_blank”>do function</a>
to execute a file found at an http address. (This can also be used to execute a
file found at an ftp address.) The particular file being executed is called
<span class=”pf”>websplitter.r</span> and can be found at <a href=”
http://www.reboltech.com/library/scripts/websplit.r”
target”_blank”>http://www.reboltech.com/library/scripts/websplit.r</a>. You can
find the text of the file at <a
href=”http://www.reboltech.com/library/html/websplit.html”
target=”_blank”>http://www.reboltech.com/library/html/websplit.html</a>.
Clicking this link or pushing the Do button from the sample form opens the Rebol
shell, gets an HTML file from Rebol.com, and strips out all the tags. It prints
the tags minus the text content to the shell and then the text content minus
tags.</p><br /> <p>The next link sets the value of two Rebol variables, string
and webpage, to ‘microsoft’ and the content at http://www.yahoo.com,
respectively. If the string ‘microsoft’ is found anywhere on the Web page, then
the shell opens and the code prints the contents of the Web page to it:<br>
</p><br /> <pre><code><a onclick=’callreb(“reb://string: {Microsoft} webpage:
<br>read http://www.yahoo.com if find webpage string [print
webpage]”)’><br>search yahoo front page for instances of
“microsoft”</a></code></pre><br /> <p>Rebol has numerous ways to deal with
strings and putting them in curly brackets?as shown above with Microsoft?works
from many different interfaces. </p><br /> <p>The following are examples of
building a <span class=”pf”>reb:</span> link with <span
class=”pf”>insertPrompt()</span> using user input:<br></p><br /> <pre><code><a
onclick=”insertPrompt(‘reb://send’,’Please write your email address
here’,'<br>{hello from reb protocol}’)”>send an email</a><a
onclick=”insertPrompt(‘reb://send’,’Please write your email address
here’,'<br>read http://www.rebol.com’)”>send a page</a></code></pre><br /> <p>So
clicking on one of the links displays the prompt: “Please write your email
address here.” When you do the code calls the <span class=”pf”>reb://</span>
protocol and you will either receive an e-mail with the text “hello from reb
protocol” in the body, or the HTML of the page www.rebol.com as text.</p><br />
<p>Finally, to write a local file containing the contents of a file located on
an ftp site, you can use the following link:<br></p><br /> <pre><code><a
onclick=”callreb(‘reb://write %ftpget.html read
<br>ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Documentation/CopyrightStatement’)”>test ftp
</a></code></pre><br /> <p>That’s enough simple examples. Here’s a brief
explanation of the sample <span class=”pf”>reb.r</span> code (see <a
href=”javascript:showSupportItem(‘listing1’)”>Listing 1</a>). First, <span
class=”pf”>reb.ra</span> parses the input to a separate executable script from
the protocol body. The following two lines perform the separation:</p><br />
<pre><code>argsstring: to-string system/script/argsparsestring: remove/part
argsstring 6</code></pre><br /> <p>System/script is an object that applies to
the script argument passed in (think of it as the Rebol DOM). One subsidiary
object of <span class=”pf”>system/script</span> is args, which contains the
command line arguments. The word <span class=”pf”>argsstring</span> turns this
object into a string value. The word <span class=”pf”>parsestring</span> then
removes the first six characters of the <span class=”pf”>argsstring</span>
string. <a href=”http://www.rebol.com/docs/words/wremove.html”
target=”_blank”>Remove</a> is a Rebol function. </p><br /> <table align=”center”
width=”95%” border=”1″ cellpadding=”3″ style=”font-family: Verdana, Arial,
Helvetica, Sans-Serif; font-size: x-small; color: red; background: white”><br />
<tr><br /> <td> Author’s Note: Rebol calls these variables “words.” In Rebol, a
word may or may not be a variable, depending on how it is used. </td><br />
</tr><br /> </table><br /> <p><br></p><br /> <p><strong>Clean
Up</strong><br>Next there’s a little problem with command arguments that
originate in browser address bars: The URL ends with a forward slash (/). The
slash can cause some real problems, so you need to remove it, using this
code:</p><br /> <pre><code>if #”/” = last parsestring [ remove back tail
parsestring]</code></pre><br /> <p>This checks if the last of <span
class=”pf”>parsestring</span> is the character “/”; if so, it executes the code
inside the square brackets, called a <em>block</em> in Rebol. It also removes
the last character of <span class=”pf”>parsestring</span> by going to the end
and moving one character backward. One of the goals of Rebol’s design was to
make it more like a natural language, which I think has succeeded, although at
some points the grammatical methods of verb inflexion quite maddening can be.
;)</p><br /> <p>Next I set the value of the word filename to be <span
class=”pf”>%reb-protoLog.txt</span>. This is the name of the log file where the
script saves the protocol body when you save.</p><br /> <p>Now a look at the
code that creates the form. As I stated earlier <span
class=”pf”>Rebol/View</span> includes a dialect for creating GUIs. (Read more
about the <a href=” http://www.rebol.com/docs-view.html” target=”_blank”>View
dialect</a>.) You call this dialect with the code:</p><br /> <pre><code>view
layout[]</code></pre><br /> <p>Everything within the square brackets gets
evaluated as being code in the View dialect. </p><br /> <p>The next three lines
should be pretty clear:<br></p><br /> <pre><code>vh2 “result:” f1: area
parsestring returnf2: field</code></pre><br /> <p>The code creates a headline
(think of it as being analogous to the h2 tag in HTML) with the text “result:”
beneath that is an area, analogous to an HTML <textarea> that you fill with the
value of <span class=”pf”>parsestring</span> and then make a return. F2 is the
name of the field where the operations output the text. </p><br /> <pre><code>
Next:button “Save”[write/append filename join newline join now join “:” join
newline <br>join f1/text join newline
“_________________________”]</code></pre><br /> <p>The form has a button with
the text value “Save.” When you click on it the Rebol code in the block
associated with the button gets evaluated. This code could have been written in
a cleaner manner, but doing so might have been more confusing for someone
unfamiliar with Rebol. Basically all the preceding code does is write or append
a text value to the file <span class=”pf”>%reb-protoLog.txt</span> that I
associated with the word filename earlier. The code builds up the text value
written to the file by concatenating other values together. Concatenation is
handled via the word <a href=”http://www.rebol.com/docs/words/wjoin.html”
target=”_blank”>join</a>. </p><br /> <p>The Save button code concatenates
linefeeds/carriage returns (made by the word newline), the present date/time
(made by the word now) followed by a colon followed by the text in the area F1,
which, will be the same as the text passed in the protocol body if the user does
not edit it first. Finally, the code appends another newline and a line
“________________________” to break up various log entries. <br></p><br />
<pre><code> Next: button “Do” [ clear f2/texterr: error? try[returnstring:
to-string do f1/text]either err = true[append f2/text “No string output
returned” show f2][append f2/text returnstring show f2]]</code></pre><br />
<p>Another button with the text “Do,” causes the application to execute code
sent to it. The first thing the button code does is clear any text already in
the F2 field. This is necessary in case a user edits the value of F1 several
times, as in the calculator examples. The word err evaluates f1/text as well as
checking if there is an error. By breaking the preceding code down you can get a
better feel for the way Rebol evaluates code: </p><br /> <pre><code>do
f1/text</code></pre><br /> <p>This code evaluates the string in the F1 area as
Rebol code. The word <span class=”pf”>to-string</span> before the ‘do’ line (see
above) attempts to turn the result of that evaluation into a string (‘do’ does
not return a value unless the operation it evaluates returns a value). This
whole process is associated with a word? <span
class=”pf”>returnstring</span>?wrapped within a simple error-checking process.
</p><br /> <p>Next it checks to see if an error occurred with the line:</p><br
/> <pre><code>either err = true</code></pre><br /> <p>If an error occured, then
Rebol executes the first block, right next to the true, if no error occurred
then Rebol evaluates the second block. The first block writes “No string output
returned” to F2. If the second block gets evaluated then the process of
evaluating whatever was in F1 <em>did</em> return a value, and the code writes
that value to F2 using the word holding that value?<span
class=”pf”>returnstring</span>. </p><br /> <pre><code>button “quit”
[quit]</code></pre><br /> <p>This last bit of code should be self-explanatory.
When a user clicks on the quit button the code inside the block evaluates the <a
href=”http://www.rebol.com/docs/words/wquit.html” target=”_blank”>quit</a>
function.</p><br /> <p>If this article inspires you to learn more about Rebol,
please check out the related resources in the left column. <a
href=”http://www.rebolforces.com/articles/protocols/” target=”_blank”>One of
these</a> is an advanced article about writing protocols in Rebol. The
techniques presented there, combined with those presented here, will let you
implement many protocols that are still missing in the Windows system with
relative ease. </p><br /> <table align=”center” width=”95%” border=”1″
cellpadding=”3″ style=”font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
font-size: x-small; color: red; background: white”><br /> <tr><br />
<td>Author’s Note: The author wishes to thank Gabrielle Santilli, Gregg Irwin,
Carl Read, and others from the <a href=”http://www.rebol.net/list/”
target=”_blank”>Rebol List</a> for their help.</td><br /> </tr><br />
</table><br />

See also  The Role of Byzantine Fault Tolerance in dVPN Networks
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