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Search + Home ETPrime Markets News Industry RISE Politics Wealth Mutual Funds Tech Jobs Opinion NRI Panache ET NOW More ET Editorial ET Commentary ET View Just in Jest Speaking Tree ET Citings Blogs Business News›Opinion›ET Commentary›An urban employment programme should not be just about wage and work but about skilling too AN URBAN EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME SHOULD NOT BE JUST ABOUT WAGE AND WORK BUT ABOUT SKILLING TOO SECTIONS An urban employment programme should not be just about wage and work but about skilling too ET CONTRIBUTORSLast Updated: Jul 20, 2022, 11:12 PM IST Synopsis THE STATE COULD PROVIDE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR WORKERS TO UPGRADE, (RE)TRAIN OR ACQUIRE NEW SKILLS, WHETHER IN FORMAL TECHNICAL COURSES, OR IN APPRENTICESHIP MODELS. The complexity of urban labour markets and governance structures means that MGNREGA cannot simply be transplanted to cities and towns. SHRIYA ANAND Shriya Anand is lead, academics and research, IIHS, Bengaluru GAUTAM BHAN Gautam Bhan is associate dean, IIHS, Bengaluru Three interconnected stories mark urban India today. — High urban unemployment (about 8%) and higher youth unemployment (about 24%). — Quality of employment, especially for workers in the informal economy, as rising disparity in wages means that earning ₹10,000 a month places one in the top 10% of all earners. These two stories are partly produced by growth that has been capital- rather than employment-intensive, which, worryingly, is now slowing. — How work and wage are intimately connected to patchwork social protection safety nets as well as inadequate housing, services and infrastructure. It is only when we see these three stories together - work; wage; social protection, housing and access to infrastructure - that we can fully recognise the structure and effects of urban inequality. Such recognition insists on the need for a new social contract, one that will need the state to direct public investment towards ameliorating urban inequalities. It is not surprising that the idea of an urban employment guarantee is gaining momentum. Rajasthan recently announced the biggest such programme to date - the Indira Gandhi Shahari Rozgar Guarantee Yojana - following similar initiatives by Odisha, Kerala, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu. It feels imperative to ask now more than ever - could an urban equivalent of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme go beyond a narrow wage and work focus towards the structure of inequality itself? Here are three key propositions towards such a goal. An expansive urban employment guarantee scheme should seek to link urban employment programmes with the need to build, maintain, improve and repair core urban infrastructures and services within which workers live, work and seek leisure. Proposals by the Centre for Sustainable Employment at Azim Premji University, for example, suggest a wide range of urban works including building local infrastructure; creating, rejuvenating and maintaining urban commons; monitoring environmental quality; strengthening municipal capacity through apprenticeships; and provisioning of care for children and the elderly. We agree with and expand such consideration, arguing for two specific programmes: Universal slum upgrading: Slum upgrading is the single-most effective means to improve the adequacy of housing at scale. Indeed, Odisha's urban works programme enabled slum associations to use grants to repair and incrementally expand homes as well as improve water and sanitation infrastructure in their own settlements that had recently been awarded tenure rights. Rajasthan, similarly, has included the repair and maintenance of public housing units built under state and central housing schemes. Combining MGNREGA with a universal slum upgrading programme directs urban employment towards infrastructural improvement where workers live, enabling not just tenure security but improvement in access to core human development needs like environmental services and primary health care. Apply the Foundation A mission to build economic infrastructure for informal workers: A dedicated mission to build economic infrastructure for informal workers improves the condition and quality of their work and workplaces beyond just ensuring wages. Programmes to incentivise the formal economy - from dedicated special economic zones (SEZs) and information technology (IT) - are well known. What would an equivalent infrastructural support for the informal economy look like? Across sectors, these will be diverse: upgrading of natural markets and designing vending zones for street vendors; the construction of multipurpose livelihood centres for home-based workers; undertaking street redesign for informal para-transit workers; creating public rest zones for delivery and domestic workers; building creches for the children of informal workers on construction sites and landfills; improving access to green spaces near workplaces; and improving the infrastructure of wholesale and trade markets. Across all such projects, the potential to have workers co-design such projects is immense. Such co-production could see an urban employment programme not just be a safety net, but also a recognition of the rights of workers to the city as well as a means to strengthen worker organisations and collectives. There is a need to link an urban MGNREGA with skills, apprenticeship and training. Following Jean Dreze's proposal of DUET (Decentralised Urban Employment and Training), the state could provide financial support for workers to upgrade, (re)train or acquire new skills, whether in formal technical courses, or in apprenticeship models within the informal economy. Programmes to skill workers in urban India have long struggled to scale because of a lack of affordability and access as well as a lack of demand. Apprenticeship within the informal economy has long been the dominant mode through which workers learn. Supporting such learning financially, as well as opening options for more formal training, incentivises and enables workers to upskill by providing safety nets as they do so. Here again, skilling could be combined with the slum upgrading and economic infrastructure programmes. An urban employment programme should be seen as an investment in building the capacity of urban local bodies (ULBs), especially in non-metropolitan urban centres. Researchers note that MGNREGA, slowly and incrementally, strengthened the governance capacity of panchayats. The current weaknesses in municipal capacity in our cities are, in fact, reasons to support an expansive programme that is led by ULBs. Muni Bonds Better An urban employment guarantee scheme that centralises to parastatals or state departments will never be able to be as responsive to the complexities of urban labour markets, to know particularities of where urban works programmes should be, or to be able to shorten the loop on grievance redressal. It must be a municipal programme that is expansive in its partnership with a range of institutional actors from worker unions, civil society organisations, neighbourhood and ward committees, educational institutions, private businesses, small enterprises, local industry and, most importantly, workers themselves. The complexity of urban labour markets and governance structures means that MGNREGA cannot simply be transplanted to cities and towns. What is critical in designing a new scheme is to dare to be expansive and to take on urban inequality by thinking not just about wage and work, but also about skills, housing, public infrastructure and municipal capacity. (Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this column are that of the writer. The facts and opinions expressed here do not reflect the views of www.economictimes.com.) Saturday, 13 Aug, 2022 Experience Your Economic Times Newspaper, The Digital Way! Read Complete Print Edition » * Front Page * Pure Politics * Economy * Markets * More * * 1 Inflation Cools, Industrial Growth on Firm Ground India’s consumer inflation eased to a five-month low of 6.71% in July on the back of a moderation in food inflation, firming up expectations that the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) may go for a softer increase in policy rates at its end-September review. 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The only global membership video-on-demand platform for streaming documentaries. Explore, question and discover real stories that enlighten, enchant and entertain. Features: * A new release every day * Stream on multiple screens * Award winning documentaries from 100+ countries * Stunning 4K & HD quality * Wide range of topics including Travel, Culture, Science, Crime, Nature, History and more * TERMS & CONDITIONS * The offer is applicable for all users buying/renewing the Annual plan or 2-year plan. * Post the free trial of 15 days, the Docubay coupon code will be sent to the registered email address within 15 working days from completion of the trial period. * For existing users (renewing users) or users who have exhausted their trial period in the past, will receive the Docubay coupon code to their registered email address within 15 working days from the payment completion. * Users are required to redeem their Docubay coupon code on or before 30-6-2022. * ET Prime solely reserves the right to resolve any issue as per the company policy. In any event. whatsoever, ET Prime's liability will not exceed the amount paid by the user during the transaction. * ET Prime reserves the right to withdraw or modify this offer without any liability at its own discretion. * These terms shall at all times be read and understood in conjunction with the T&C and Privacy Policy of ET Prime available at etprime.com/terms-conditions. * The above mentioned offers are indicative and may change over time. * A new release every day * Docubay terms and conditions shall apply at all times. ENJOY FREE SUBSCRIPTIONS & DISCOUNTED DEALS FROM TOP BRANDS TERMS & CONDITIONS * The offer is applicable for all users buying/renewing the Annual plan or 2-year plan. * Post the free trial of 15 days, the Times Prime coupon code will be sent to registered email address within 10 working days from completion of the trial period. * For existing users (renewing users) or users who have exhausted their trial period in the past, will receive the Times Prime coupon code to their registered email address within 10 working days from the payment completion. * Users are required to redeem their Times Prime coupon code on or before 31-12-2022. * ET Prime solely reserves the right to resolve this issue as per the company policy. In any event. whatsoever, ET Prime's liability will not exceed the amount paid by the user during the transaction. * ET Prime reserves the right to withdraw or modify this offer without any liability at its own discretion. * These terms shall at all times be read and understood in conjunction with the T&C and Privacy Policy of ET Prime available at :etprime.com/terms-conditions. * Times Prime subscription offers the below benefits:- * Hotstar + Disney : 6 months subscription worth Rs. 450 * SonyLiv: 6 month subscription worth Rs. 699 * Headspace: 6 months subscription worth Rs. 449 * TOI+ : 12 months subscription worth Rs. 650 * Gaana+: 1-year subscription worth Rs. 399 * Myntra: 15% discount over & above * Uber: 20% off on rides * Chaayos: Complimentary chai * Times Prime reserves the right to add/modify/delete any of the benefits at its own discretion. * Times Prime terms and conditions shall apply at all times.. * In case of any concerns, the user may reach out to us at :care@etprime.com. The only global membership video-on-demand platform for streaming documentaries. Explore, question and discover real stories that enlighten, enchant and entertain. Features: * A new release every day * Stream on multiple screens * Award winning documentaries from 100+ countries * Stunning 4K & HD quality * Wide range of topics including Travel, Culture, Science, Crime, Nature, History and more * TERMS & CONDITIONS * The offer is applicable for all users buying/renewing the Annual plan or 2-year plan. * Post the free trial of 15 days, the Docubay coupon code will be sent to the registered email address within 15 working days from completion of the trial period. * For existing users (renewing users) or users who have exhausted their trial period in the past, will receive the Docubay coupon code to their registered email address within 15 working days from the payment completion. * Users are required to redeem their Docubay coupon code on or before 30-6-2022. * ET Prime solely reserves the right to resolve any issue as per the company policy. In any event. whatsoever, ET Prime's liability will not exceed the amount paid by the user during the transaction. * ET Prime reserves the right to withdraw or modify this offer without any liability at its own discretion. * These terms shall at all times be read and understood in conjunction with the T&C and Privacy Policy of ET Prime available at etprime.com/terms-conditions. * The above mentioned offers are indicative and may change over time. * A new release every day * Docubay terms and conditions shall apply at all times. ENJOY FREE SUBSCRIPTIONS & DISCOUNTED DEALS FROM TOP BRANDS TERMS & CONDITIONS * The offer is applicable for all users buying/renewing the Annual plan or 2-year plan. * Post the free trial of 15 days, the Times Prime coupon code will be sent to registered email address within 10 working days from completion of the trial period. * For existing users (renewing users) or users who have exhausted their trial period in the past, will receive the Times Prime coupon code to their registered email address within 10 working days from the payment completion. * Users are required to redeem their Times Prime coupon code on or before 31-12-2022. * ET Prime solely reserves the right to resolve this issue as per the company policy. In any event. whatsoever, ET Prime's liability will not exceed the amount paid by the user during the transaction. * ET Prime reserves the right to withdraw or modify this offer without any liability at its own discretion. * These terms shall at all times be read and understood in conjunction with the T&C and Privacy Policy of ET Prime available at :etprime.com/terms-conditions. * Times Prime subscription offers the below benefits:- * Hotstar + Disney : 6 months subscription worth Rs. 450 * SonyLiv: 6 month subscription worth Rs. 699 * Headspace: 6 months subscription worth Rs. 449 * TOI+ : 12 months subscription worth Rs. 650 * Gaana+: 1-year subscription worth Rs. 399 * Myntra: 15% discount over & above * Uber: 20% off on rides * Chaayos: Complimentary chai * Times Prime reserves the right to add/modify/delete any of the benefits at its own discretion. * Times Prime terms and conditions shall apply at all times.. * In case of any concerns, the user may reach out to us at :care@etprime.com. The only global membership video-on-demand platform for streaming documentaries. Explore, question and discover real stories that enlighten, enchant and entertain. Features: * A new release every day * Stream on multiple screens * Award winning documentaries from 100+ countries * Stunning 4K & HD quality * Wide range of topics including Travel, Culture, Science, Crime, Nature, History and more * TERMS & CONDITIONS * The offer is applicable for all users buying/renewing the Annual plan or 2-year plan. * Post the free trial of 15 days, the Docubay coupon code will be sent to the registered email address within 15 working days from completion of the trial period. * For existing users (renewing users) or users who have exhausted their trial period in the past, will receive the Docubay coupon code to their registered email address within 15 working days from the payment completion. * Users are required to redeem their Docubay coupon code on or before 30-6-2022. * ET Prime solely reserves the right to resolve any issue as per the company policy. In any event. whatsoever, ET Prime's liability will not exceed the amount paid by the user during the transaction. * ET Prime reserves the right to withdraw or modify this offer without any liability at its own discretion. * These terms shall at all times be read and understood in conjunction with the T&C and Privacy Policy of ET Prime available at etprime.com/terms-conditions. * The above mentioned offers are indicative and may change over time. * A new release every day * Docubay terms and conditions shall apply at all times. Get One Year Docubay Subscription worth ₹999 for free Stream award-winning international documentaries from more than 100 countries. KNOW MORE Offers By Our Partners Exclusively for Members Annual plan worth ₹15000, now at 50% off ₹7500/yr Access unlimited research summaries with a research network that unites Insight Providers, Investors and Investor Relations Professionals Know More 2 Get Complete Access to with ET Prime Experience your Economic Times newspaper, the digital way. Read Today’s Print Edition 3Complimentary Stock Reports Plus worth ₹1,499 Powered By REFINITIV What you get with Stock Reports Plus? Make Investment Decisions with proprietary stock scores on earnings, fundamentals, relative valuation, risk and price momentum Find New Trading Ideas with weekly updated scores and analysts forecasts on key data points In-Depth Analysis of company and its peers through independent research, ratings, and market data View Sample Report 4 Access the exclusive Economic Times Stories, Editorial & Expert opinion * Unlock 70+ deeply researched Prime articles per month * Access 500+ print edition articles every month * Access our Rich Archive of stories & use it for research & reference Subscribe Now 5 Clean experience with minimal ads Reading made easier & distraction free Subscribe Now 6 Sharp Insight-rich, In-depth stories across 20+ sectors Detailed analysis & insights on sectors you care about Become a Member 7Member only Newsletters Never miss a story that matters PrimeShots Sharp, short, snappy insights to help you stay up-to-date in under 120 seconds! Today's Edition Daily edition of latest ET Prime stories Prime Vantage The classic weekend read. Subscribe Now 8 Gift a story Your membership includes story gifting credits. Now gift exclusive stories to your friends & peers. Become a Member 9 Comment & Engage with ET Prime community Communicate & build a connection with great minds of the industry Subscribe Now 10Members Love Us The stalwarts of the industry trust ET Prime for insightful analysis & unbiased thought pieces * Given the information overload these days and a rapidly changing business environment, you look out for analyses that draw perspective and insights. ET Prime is one such platform that has raised the bar in providing this analyses consistently and have redefined journalism away from just reporting. I have had many conversations with their journalists in the areas of Fintech, Consumer and Banking and have come out quite impressed with the depth of their understanding. Infact their reporting on Fintech has been quite prescient. Rajeev Ahuja Executive Director, RBL Bank * Thanks ET Prime for sharing such a strong perspective with all facts, figures and quotes from eminent industry stalwarts. Vikash Mohan CEO, DHL SmarTrucking * I have been reading ET prime probably since inception. The reason I read , especially healthcare , is because the issues are discussed at length and cover most aspects of the issue. Also there is scholarly treatment to discussions and all sides represented. There is no shortcut and normally stories end with a question that we keep thinking about. That is what we want to read as serious readers and students of the industry. 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Looking deeper into fintech. * Garima Manon Editorial Coordinator Monitoring every part of a story life cycle - from commissioning to publishing - and making sure nothing slips through the cracks. * Isha Trivedi Assistant Editor, Pharma and Healthcare Detail-oriented pharma business specialist * Jochelle Mendonca Assistant Editor, Enterprise IT Covering India's IT services industry and enterprise technology * Jyotindra Dubey Associate Editor, Corporate and Regulatory Affairs Poring at financials to check for things that don't add up * Kanika Saxena Staff Writer - Technology A tech geek on the lookout for misinformation and privacy breaches. * Manali Ghosh Senior Graphics Designer Information designer and visual storyteller * Kankana Roy Choudhury Senior Editor Journalist, storyteller, dancer, Hindi-film encyclopaedia * Mugdha Variyar Assistant Editor - Consumer Internet Unravelling stories behind the apps you use. * Manu P Toms Editor, Venture Capital and Internet Economy New-economy veteran * Mitali Sharma Editorial Operations Associate I sing on the chords of content and operations! * Mohammad Arshad Senior Graphics Designer I visualise data, infographics, and illustrations * Moinak Choudhury Senior Editor I sub stories and ensure that the edition is put to bed within deadlines. * Monika Majumder Digital Content Creator A passionate learner with a penchant for written words * Muhabit ul haq Senior Image Researcher Visual storyteller * N Sundaresha Subramanian Editor, Corporate and Regulatory Affairs Number reader, fine-print cracker, money follower, underdog lover * Nirmal John Editor - Emerging Technologies and Cybersecurity; Growth Editor Author of India’s first book with true stories of cybercrime and data theft * Prashant Mukherjee Assistant Editor, Energy Covering oil, gas, and renewables. In my free time I dabble in derivatives and music * Pravin Palande Editor, Markets and Finance Markets and investment specialist * Priyanka Sahay Assistant Editor If it's odd, it's a story. I strive to bring it to you. * Priyanka Salve Senior Staff Writer Covering the economy's building blocks * Richa Sharma Digital Content Creator Academics, art, and articulation drive my joy! * Rajiv Ghosh Principal Analyst, Auto Analyst-journalist strolling the corridors of auto innovation * Rishi Tejpal Lead, Telecom Fourteen years across critical functions in the telecom industry * Rochelle Britto Research and Data Analyst Resident numbers lady * Sadhana Saxena Chief Graphics Designer I use my experience of more than two decades with leading media houses to generate new design solutions and ideas. * Santanu Bose Senior Editor Newsroom leader with nearly two decades in top-tier media houses * Sandhya Sharma Editor, Technology Policy and Foreign Policy Cyber-law expert, policy geek, China observer. Tracks strategic technologies and geopolitics. * Shabori Das Lead Analyst - Consumer and Retail Tracking technology's hand in what and how we consume * Shubhangi Palve Staff Writer - Defence Keeping a hawk eye on defence industry. * Sudipto Dey Senior Associate Editor - ESG Tracking all thing ESG, and more * Swathi Moorthy Senior Staff Writer - Technology Covering all things in the Web3 universe. * Shobha Mathur Consulting Editor, Auto Industry veteran- passionate about passenger vehicles * Sunny Verma Senior Assistant Editor - Markets and Economy Explore issues from the crossroads where forces of markets and economy meet. * Sumit Kumar Senior Editor An editor in love with stories for over a decade * Swagata Panjari Staff Writer, OTT Media and entertainment industry analyst, music lover, writer, and dreamer * Tarun Shukla Editor, Aviation and Defence Award-winning investigative journalist and flying-objects geek * Taslima Khan Assistant Editor, Technology and Logistics Writes behind the wheels of logistics. Covers trucking, old economy companies and new age startups. * Vikas Dandekar Editor, Pharma and Healthcare India’s pre-eminent pharma reporter with over two decades in the business * Varsha Santosh Correspondent, Money and Markets Juggling with data * Vyas Mohan Senior Sub-Editor I have 15 years of experience. I moved to ET Prime’s rewrite team from the Asia desk of Thomson Reuters. Subscribe Now FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS WHAT DO I GET WITH AN ET PRIME MEMBERSHIP? An ET Prime membership gets you • Unlimited access to all ET Prime content on all platforms • Access to in-depth reports on 4000+ stocks and complete access to ET Print Edition • Access to community discussions on ET Prime, and opportunity to become a contributor • Invites to ET Prime members-only event DO I NEED TO CREATE AN ACCOUNT TO BUY A MEMBERSHIP? Yes, you need to sign-in/sign-up using your email ID or any of your social accounts to buy an ET Prime subscription. 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I HAVE PAID FOR A MEMBERSHIP, BUT DID NOT CREATE AN ACCOUNT. WHAT SHOULD I DO? To reclaim your membership, please reach us at care@etprime.com. HOW DO I GET AN INVOICE FOR MY MEMBERSHIP? To issue an invoice, please share the billing name, address, and contact number at care@etprime.com. In case you require a GST invoice, please share the GST number, billing address, and contact number on the same email ID. DO I ALSO GET THE ECONOMIC TIMES NEWSPAPER AT HOME WITH THIS MEMBERSHIP? No, this is a membership to ET Prime only. Though, you get complete access to ET Print edition - The digital website of ET Newspaper. WHAT IF I DON'T WANT TO BECOME A MEMBER? CAN I STILL READ SOME ARTICLES FOR FREE? A very small portion of our stories are free to read. You can access them by signing in. DO I ALSO GET THE ECONOMIC TIMES EPAPER ACCESS WITH THIS MEMBERSHIP? As an ET Prime member, you will get access to ET Print Edition - The digital website of ET Newspaper. However, in order to access epaper you would need to purchase a separate subscription. The only global membership video-on-demand platform for streaming documentaries. Explore, question and discover real stories that enlighten, enchant and entertain. Features: * A new release every day * Stream on multiple screens * Award winning documentaries from 100+ countries * Stunning 4K & HD quality * Wide range of topics including Travel, Culture, Science, Crime, Nature, History and more * TERMS & CONDITIONS * The offer is applicable for all users within India buying/renewing the Annual plan or 2-year plan. * Post the free trial of 15 days, the Docubay coupon code will be sent to the registered email address within 15 working days from completion of the trial period. * For existing users (renewing users) or users who have exhausted their trial period in the past, will receive the Docubay coupon code to their registered email address within 15 working days from the payment completion. * Users are required to redeem their Docubay coupon code on or before 01-06-2021. * ET Prime solely reserves the right to resolve any issue as per the company policy. In any event. whatsoever, ET Prime's liability will not exceed the amount paid by the user during the transaction. * ET Prime reserves the right to withdraw or modify this offer without any liability at its own discretion. * These terms shall at all times be read and understood in conjunction with the T&C and Privacy Policy of ET Prime available at etprime.com/terms-conditions. * The above mentioned offers are indicative and may change over time. * Docubay terms and conditions shall apply at all times. WHY ? * Exclusive Economic Times Stories, Editorials & Expert opinion across 20+ sectors * Stock analysis. Market Research. Industry Trends on 4000+ Stocks * Clean experience with Minimal Ads * Comment & Engage with ET Prime community * Exclusive invites to Virtual Events with Industry Leaders * A trusted team of Journalists & Analysts who can best filter signal from noise Stories you might be interested in Subscribe to ourET Investment Opportunities SUBMIT BACK TO TOP Loading Please wait... X We use cookies and other tracking technologies to improve your browsing experience on our site, show personalize content and targeted ads, analyze site traffic, and understand where our audience is coming from. You can also read our privacy policy, We use cookies to ensure the best experience for you on our website. By choosing I accept, you consent to our use of cookies and terms and conditions. Analytics and performance Cookiesi These cookies are used to collect information about traffic to our Services and how users use our Services. The information gathered does not identify any individual visitor. 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