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 * Angelegt von Swan, Jeremy (NIH/NICHD) [C], zuletzt geändert am Nov 13, 2020

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THE NUREMBERG CODE

 1.  The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
     This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give
     consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of
     choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit,
     duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion;
     and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of
     the subject matter involved, as to enable him to make an understanding and
     enlightened decision. This latter element requires that, before the
     acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject, there
     should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the
     experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all
     inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon
     his health or person, which may possibly come from his participation in the
     experiment.
     The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent
     rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the
     experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be
     delegated to another with impunity.
 2.  The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of
     society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random
     and unnecessary in nature.
 3.  The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal
     experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or
     other problem under study, that the anticipated results will justify the
     performance of the experiment.
 4.  The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical
     and mental suffering and injury.
 5.  No experiment should be conducted, where there is an a priori reason to
     believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in
     those experiments where the
     experimental physicians also serve as subjects.
 6.  The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the
     humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.
 7.  Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to
     protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of
     injury, disability, or death.
 8.  The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified
     persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through
     all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the
     experiment.
 9.  During the course of the experiment, the human subject should be at liberty
     to bring the experiment to an end, if he has reached the physical or mental
     state, where continuation of the experiment seemed to him to be impossible.
 10. During the course of the experiment, the scientist in charge must be
     prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause
     to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful
     judgement required of him, that a continuation of the experiment is likely
     to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.

["Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control
Council Law No. 10", Vol. 2, pp. 181-182. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1949.]

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