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SPRING - MVC FRAMEWORK

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The Spring Web MVC framework provides Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture
and ready components that can be used to develop flexible and loosely coupled
web applications. The MVC pattern results in separating the different aspects of
the application (input logic, business logic, and UI logic), while providing a
loose coupling between these elements.

 * The Model encapsulates the application data and in general they will consist
   of POJO.

 * The View is responsible for rendering the model data and in general it
   generates HTML output that the client's browser can interpret.

 * The Controller is responsible for processing user requests and building an
   appropriate model and passes it to the view for rendering.


THE DISPATCHERSERVLET

The Spring Web model-view-controller (MVC) framework is designed around a
DispatcherServlet that handles all the HTTP requests and responses. The request
processing workflow of the Spring Web MVC DispatcherServlet is illustrated in
the following diagram −

Following is the sequence of events corresponding to an incoming HTTP request to
DispatcherServlet −

 * After receiving an HTTP request, DispatcherServlet consults the
   HandlerMapping to call the appropriate Controller.

 * The Controller takes the request and calls the appropriate service methods
   based on used GET or POST method. The service method will set model data
   based on defined business logic and returns view name to the
   DispatcherServlet.

 * The DispatcherServlet will take help from ViewResolver to pickup the defined
   view for the request.

 * Once view is finalized, The DispatcherServlet passes the model data to the
   view which is finally rendered on the browser.

All the above-mentioned components, i.e. HandlerMapping, Controller, and
ViewResolver are parts of WebApplicationContext which is an extension of the
plainApplicationContext with some extra features necessary for web applications.


REQUIRED CONFIGURATION

You need to map requests that you want the DispatcherServlet to handle, by using
a URL mapping in the web.xml file. The following is an example to show
declaration and mapping for HelloWeb DispatcherServlet example −

<web-app id = "WebApp_ID" version = "2.4"
   xmlns = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" 
   xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
   xsi:schemaLocation = "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee 
   http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd">
    
   <display-name>Spring MVC Application</display-name>
   
   <servlet>
      <servlet-name>HelloWeb</servlet-name>
      <servlet-class>
         org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
      </servlet-class>
      <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
   </servlet>

   <servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-name>HelloWeb</servlet-name>
      <url-pattern>*.jsp</url-pattern>
   </servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

The web.xml file will be kept in the WebContent/WEB-INF directory of your web
application. Upon initialization of HelloWeb DispatcherServlet, the framework
will try to load the application context from a file named
[servlet-name]-servlet.xml located in the application's WebContent/WEB-INF
directory. In this case, our file will be HelloWebservlet.xml.

Next, <servlet-mapping> tag indicates what URLs will be handled by which
DispatcherServlet. Here all the HTTP requests ending with .jsp will be handled
by the HelloWeb DispatcherServlet.

If you do not want to go with default filename as [servlet-name]-servlet.xml and
default location as WebContent/WEB-INF, you can customize this file name and
location by adding the servlet listener ContextLoaderListener in your web.xml
file as follows −

<web-app...>

   <!-------- DispatcherServlet definition goes here----->
   ....
   <context-param>
      <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
      <param-value>/WEB-INF/HelloWeb-servlet.xml</param-value>
   </context-param>

   <listener>
      <listener-class>
         org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
      </listener-class>
   </listener>
   
</web-app>

Now, let us check the required configuration for HelloWeb-servlet.xml file,
placed in your web application's WebContent/WEB-INF directory −

<beans xmlns = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
   xmlns:context = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
   xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
   xsi:schemaLocation = "http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans     
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 
   http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd">

   <context:component-scan base-package = "com.tutorialspoint" />

   <bean class = "org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
      <property name = "prefix" value = "/WEB-INF/jsp/" />
      <property name = "suffix" value = ".jsp" />
   </bean>

</beans>

Following are the important points about HelloWeb-servlet.xml file −

 * The [servlet-name]-servlet.xml file will be used to create the beans defined,
   overriding the definitions of any beans defined with the same name in the
   global scope.

 * The <context:component-scan...> tag will be use to activate Spring MVC
   annotation scanning capability which allows to make use of annotations like
   @Controller and @RequestMapping etc.

 * The InternalResourceViewResolver will have rules defined to resolve the view
   names. As per the above defined rule, a logical view named hello is delegated
   to a view implementation located at /WEB-INF/jsp/hello.jsp .

The following section will show you how to create your actual components, i.e.,
Controller, Model, and View.


DEFINING A CONTROLLER

The DispatcherServlet delegates the request to the controllers to execute the
functionality specific to it. The @Controller annotation indicates that a
particular class serves the role of a controller. The @RequestMapping annotation
is used to map a URL to either an entire class or a particular handler method.

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public class HelloController { 
   @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
   public String printHello(ModelMap model) {
      model.addAttribute("message", "Hello Spring MVC Framework!");
      return "hello";
   }
}

The @Controller annotation defines the class as a Spring MVC controller. Here,
the first usage of @RequestMapping indicates that all handling methods on this
controller are relative to the /hello path. Next annotation
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET) is used to declare the printHello()
method as the controller's default service method to handle HTTP GET request.
You can define another method to handle any POST request at the same URL.

You can write the above controller in another form where you can add additional
attributes in @RequestMapping as follows −

@Controller
public class HelloController {
   @RequestMapping(value = "/hello", method = RequestMethod.GET)
   public String printHello(ModelMap model) {
      model.addAttribute("message", "Hello Spring MVC Framework!");
      return "hello";
   }
}

The value attribute indicates the URL to which the handler method is mapped and
the method attribute defines the service method to handle HTTP GET request. The
following important points are to be noted about the controller defined above −

 * You will define required business logic inside a service method. You can call
   another method inside this method as per requirement.

 * Based on the business logic defined, you will create a model within this
   method. You can use setter different model attributes and these attributes
   will be accessed by the view to present the final result. This example
   creates a model with its attribute "message".

 * A defined service method can return a String, which contains the name of the
   view to be used to render the model. This example returns "hello" as logical
   view name.


CREATING JSP VIEWS

Spring MVC supports many types of views for different presentation technologies.
These include - JSPs, HTML, PDF, Excel worksheets, XML, Velocity templates,
XSLT, JSON, Atom and RSS feeds, JasperReports, etc. But most commonly we use JSP
templates written with JSTL.

Let us write a simple hello view in /WEB-INF/hello/hello.jsp −

<html>
   <head>
      <title>Hello Spring MVC</title>
   </head>
   
   <body>
      <h2>${message}</h2>
   </body>
</html>

Here ${message} is the attribute which we have set up inside the Controller. You
can have multiple attributes to be displayed inside your view.


SPRING WEB MVC FRAMEWORK EXAMPLES

Based on the above concepts, let us check few important examples which will help
you in building your Spring Web Applications −

Sr.No. Example & Description 1 Spring MVC Hello World Example

This example will explain how to write a simple Spring Web Hello World
application.

2 Spring MVC Form Handling Example

This example will explain how to write a Spring Web application using HTML forms
to submit the data to the controller and display a processed result.

3 Spring Page Redirection Example

Learn how to use page redirection functionality in Spring MVC Framework.

4 Spring Static Pages Example

Learn how to access static pages along with dynamic pages in Spring MVC
Framework.

5 Spring Exception Handling Example

Learn how to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework.

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