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ETHNIC CONFLICT IN AFRICA ESSAYS

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Ethnicity, Ethnic Mobilization, and Conflict Please Consider Donating



Old-style African rebels spent years in the bush honing their leadership skills,
polishing their ideology, and learning to deliver services before they ever met
a Western diplomat or sat for a television interview. Now rebels are hoisted out
of obscurity after they have little more than a website and a "press office"
read: a satellite telephone. When I went to a Darfur peace conference in Sirte,
Libya, in , I quickly realized that the main draw for many of these rebel
"leaders" was not the negotiating sessions, but the all-you-can-eat buffet.

For the rest, there are the un-wars, these ceaseless conflicts I spend my days
cataloging as they grind on, mincing lives and spitting out bodies. She had been
a slave in the LRA for 15 years and had recently escaped. She had scarred shins
and stony eyes, and often there were long pauses after my questions, when Flo
would stare at the horizon.

It was never clear to her why the LRA was fighting. To her, it seemed like they
had been aimlessly tramping through the jungle, marching in circles. This is
what many conflicts in Africa have become — circles of violence in the bush,
with no end in sight.

Trending Now Sponsored Links by Taboola. Western leaders long saw the
authoritarian Meles Zenawi as an indispensable ally. Testimony of African
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View Comments. More from Foreign Policy. Argument Bronwyn Bruton. These attempts
usually failed because the economy could not support them. Conflicts increased
in the s when prices of African products decreased and debt increased. Also in
the s, the Africans also greatly suffered from disease. In this time period, a
disease known as Ebola killed thousands of people. More recently, the number of
Africans affected by Aids has greatly increased Desanker par 7. Along with a
poor economy and several diseases, Africa struggled, and still does today, with
food and water.

The people faced illness due to the lack of clean water available. Most African
states turned to military dictatorships. In some cases, the military overthrew
the government Desanker par 5. The many different cultures and ethnicities of
Africa led to conflicts over the boundaries drawn by the Europeans. The African
culture was simply pushed away by the Europeans, who forced the Africans to
follow Western beliefs. The Europeans neglected to respect the different tribes
and their religious views. This is significant because civil wars and violence
will last long after imperialism.

For example, civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo erupted in due to
ethnicity conflicts. It lasted for five years and ended in Desanker par 7. In
Angola, civil war was caused by natural resource and ethnicity differences
Ziliotto par 6. This civil war resulted in over one million dead Ziliotto par As
for Sudan, it was a civil war caused by lasting cultural problems from the s. So
far, about two million people have died from this internal war. In Algeria,
conflicts arose from the reinstatement of dominant Islam. However, in , the
elections were revoked when the Islamic party won the election.

Civil war erupted when the military took over Catherwood and Horvitz par 1.
During the civil war, tremendous acts of genocide were committed. Extreme
Islamists tortured, raped and massacred many people. Like Sudan, trials went on
for many years after the war Catherwood and Horvitz par 2. The government of
Algeria is trying to resolve their conflicts and prevent this situation from
occurring again Catherwood and Horvitz par 4. With European imperialism,
diffusion of religions and the dismissal of African traditional beliefs
occurred.

The Africans were introduced to Christianity and Islam.

Decoding African conflict trends


In Plateau State, this translates into Hausa-speaking Muslims being classified
as settlers even if their families have lived in the region for generations. The
ongoing and at times violent tensions resulting from such an arrangement are
predictable. Recognizing that ethnicity is a tool and not the driver of
intergroup conflict should refocus our attention to the political triggers of
conflict.


ETHNICITY, ETHNIC MOBILIZATION, AND CONFLICT

That there is a mobilization stage in the lead-up to conflict, moreover,
highlights the value of early interventions before ethnic passions are inflamed.
State institutions and structures that reflect ethnic diversity and respect for
minority rights, power-sharing, and checks and balances reduce the perception of
injustice and insecurity that facilitates ethnic mobilization.

The justice system is key. In societies where justice cannot be obtained through
public institutions, groups are more likely to resort to violence for resolving
their grievances.


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A just society is more than the legal system, however. A genuine separation of
powers and the rule of law are needed to prevent abuses of state power. Such
measures prevent state functionaries from using their powers to benefit their
ethnic groups to the detriment of other groups.

In much of Africa, the executive rather than the legislative branch determines
most land policies. Invariably, the ethnic group of the president benefits from
these policies. An even-handed legal system also creates space for civil society
organizations to coalesce around issues of common concern, such as development,
accountability, and human rights transcending ethnic affiliations. This, in
turn, facilitates exchanges between groups. Business associations, trade and
professional associations, sports clubs, and artist groups, among others, are
all civil society organizations that can cut across ethnic lines and engage
government in productive ways.

Electoral systems and elections constitute another area of policy focus.
Elections on their own do not necessarily lay the foundation for stability. On
the contrary, they can be a source of ethnic tensions and violence. The practice
of winner-takes-all electoral outcomes in a multiethnic and underdeveloped state
where the government controls the bulk of resources in a society makes winning
an election a life-and-death issue.

Accordingly, it is important that electoral systems are independent of political
control. Furthermore, once the Electoral Commission in Ghana has validated
electoral results, private groups then have the right to challenge
irregularities in the courts. These multiple levels of accountability gave
Ghanaians confidence in their electoral system despite a very close election.

Coming out of 12 years of military rule and entering a new democratic
dispensation, the formation of the commission was timely.

Apart from the constitutional mandate, funding was committed to support CHRAJ
offices at the national, regional, and district levels. Edited by Katsuyoshi
Fukui and John Markakis. The essays are uniformly interesting and the volume is
a contribution both to the ethnography of the Horn of Africa and the wider
literature on ethnicity and warfare. These case studies present a wealth of
cultural, historical, and political information…The authors clearly show the
fluidity and contingency of a variety of ethnic identities and attempt to
reconceptualize the processes that have come to define their conflicts as
ethnic.

Baxter, Tim Allen and others. New York: Cambridge University Press. Patrons,
clients, and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political
competition PDF. Cambridge University Press. World Development. American
Political Science Review.

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International Political Science Review. Containing Nationalism. New York: Oxford
University Press. Annals of the American Academy. International Security.
Journal of Democracy. Ashgate Press. Comparative Sociology. Perspectives on
Politics.


CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY A TEACHING CASE STUDY

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Management in E-Health Services Case Detail Modules - Postgraduate - Newcastle
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Menu Skip to content. Caslione, John A. Chintu, Namukale Chiu, Raymond B.
Christensen, Clayton M. Cohen, Steven P. Colbeck, Carol Colson, Thomas J.
Cooper, Robert G. Cunningham, Robert A. Doshi, Viren Dotlich, David L. El
Namaki, M. Endo, Takahiro Enns, Douglas J. Febbraro, Sam Feiner, Michael C.
Geis, George T. Gelinas, Patrice Gentile, Mary C. Herman, Lawrence L. Hoffman,
Carl Hollenbeck, George P. Iyer, Bala Jackson, Eric M. Jackson, Ira A. Jackson,
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Jacobs, Charles S. Carl Johnson, Jeff S. Keenan, Frederick J. Kindra, Gurprit S.
King, Michael R. Kippin, Henry Kitzis, Ellen S. Kohli, Chiranjeev Konrad, Alison
M. Kouzes, James M. Kozan, Jeff Krishnan, Rishikesha T. Ramesh Kunsch, David
Kwon, O. Laudicina, Paul A. Laughland, Pamela Laurie, Donald L. Lawver, Teri
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Leavitt, Harold J. Lee, Ryan Leeds, Michael A. Lineback, Kent Linetsky, Barry L.
Maher, P. Submit an article Journal homepage. Edward R. Pages Published online:
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FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN E-HEALTH SERVICES

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Username Password Forgot password? Students are set a case study and must
prepare a presentation summarising the case study and intended learning outcomes
from answering the set questions. This work is a compulsory course requirement
for all students.


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International Business: Research Teaching and Practice. 2(1) CRM. This case
study provides a platform for student analysis and discussion in this area.
Social Customer Relationship Management: A Case Study. Article (PDF The
assignment of the groups was to create a Social CRM Strategy in collaboration
with a company. CRM model (Marketing Teacher, ). .

All students are assigned to a group and a week during which their presentation
is scheduled during the course of the module. Increased admissions and retention
rates, better communications with students and a happy team.

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A good CRM will have a stylish, clean and user-friendly interface, making it
enjoyable to use. The technology and design of a high quality CRM will be
updated and modernised as new innovations come to the fore.

It consolidates all communication pipelines into a single programme, making it
easy for new and existing staff to learn how to use it to its full potential.
From lead to alumnus: unifying communications across the entire student
lifecycle. Nowadays, universities must personalise communications by mapping and
segmenting data to target messages accordingly.


MODULES - POSTGRADUATE - NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY

Similarly, to ensure quality and consistency in communications, institutions
should move away from the department-driven approach to a university-wide one.
Universities are also employing CRMs to facilitate social listening and
implement multi-channel marketing efforts in order to advertise courses and
nurture relationships with prospective students, with the aim of converting them
into graduates - and subsequently champions - of their institution down the
line.

In a higher education context, social listening is a way of monitoring digital
conversations to gain an informed understanding of how stakeholders or prospects
engage with an institution.

To establish a strong foundation, knowledge, understanding and innovation must
be applied throughout the process.


ESSAY OBEYING ORDER PHILOSOPHY

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Contents:

Disobeying a lawful order essay General will Army Essays On Obeying Orders, Best
Online Writing Service in Texas - Right To Rule Citizens Duty Obey The Law
Philosophy Essay



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Schneewind, among others, that Locke's attempts at constructing a morality were
unsuccessful. Schneewind argues that the two strands of Locke's moral theory are
irreconcilable, and that this is a fact Locke must have realized. This view is
indeed an apt representation of the frustration many readers have felt with
Locke's moral theory.


DISOBEYING A LAWFUL ORDER ESSAY

Locke's friend William Molyneux similarly implored Locke to make good on the
promise found in the Essay. In a letter written to Locke on September 16 th , ,
Molyneux presses Locke to work on a moral treatise once he has finished editing
the second edition of his Essay , writing as follows:. There is no doubt that
morality was of central importance to Locke, a fact we can discern from the
Essay itself; there are two important features of the Essay that serve to
enlighten us regarding the significance of this work in the development of
Locke's moral views.

First of all, morality seems to have inspired Locke to write the Essay in the
first place. This was, he explains, his first entrance into the problems that
inspired the Essay itself. But, what is most interesting for our purposes is
just what the remote subject was that first got Locke and his friends thinking
about fundamental questions of epistemology. James Tyrell, one of those who
attended that evening, is a source of enlightenment on this matter—he later
recalled that the discussion concerned morality and revealed religion.

That may well be, but it is also true that Locke, in the Essay , identifies
morality as a central feature of human intellectual and practical life, which
brings us to the second important fact about Locke's view of morality. For a
book aiming to set out the limits and extent of human knowledge, this comes as
no small claim. The amount of attention given to the question of morality itself
would seem to belie its primacy for Locke.

The Essay is certainly not intended as a work of moral philosophy; it is a work
of epistemology, laying the foundations for knowledge.

The only other area of inquiry accorded this status is mathematics; clearly, for
Locke, morality represents a unique and defining aspect of what it means to be
human. We have to conclude, then, that the Essay is strongly motivated by an
interest in establishing the groundwork for moral reasoning. However, while
morality clearly has a position of the highest regard in his epistemological
system, his promise of a demonstrable moral science is never realized here, or
in later works.

It seems we can safely say that the subject of morality was a weighty one for
Locke. However, just what Locke takes morality to involve is substantially more
complicated an issue. There are two broad lines of interpretation of Locke's
moral views, which I will briefly outline here. The first interpretation of
Locke's moral theory is what we might call an incompatibility thesis: Locke
scholars Laslett, Aaron, von Leyden, among others, hold that Locke's natural law
theory is nothing more than a relic from Locke's early years, when he wrote the
Essays on the Law of Nature , and represents a rogue element in the mature
empiricistic framework of the Essay.

For these commentators, the two elements found in the Essay seem not only
incommensurable, but the hedonism seems the obvious and straightforward fit with
Locke's generally empiricistic epistemology. The general view is that Locke's
rationalism seems, for all intents and purposes, to have no significant role to
play, either in the acquisition of moral knowledge or in the recognition of the
obligatory force of moral rules.

These fundamental aspects of morality seem to be taken care of by Locke's
hedonism. Worse than this, however, is that the two views rely on radically
different epistemological principles. The conclusion tends to be that Locke is
holding on to moral rationalism in the face of serious incoherence. The
incompatibility thesis is supported by the fact that Locke seems to emphasize
the role of pleasure and pain in moral decision-making, however it has
difficulty making sense of the presence of Locke's moral rationalism in the
Essay and other of Locke's later works not to mention the exalted role he gives
to rationally-deduced moral law.

Added to this, even in Locke's early work, he seems to hold both positions
simultaneously. Aaron and von Leyden both throw up their hands. According to von
Leyden, in the introduction to his edition of Locke's Essays on the Law of
Nature ,. Yet, it is curious that Locke neither claimed to find these strands
incompatible, nor ever abandoned his rationalistic natural law view.

It seems unlikely that this view would be nothing more than a confusing hangover
from earlier days. Taking seriously Locke's commitment to both is therefore a
much more charitable approach, and one that takes seriously Locke's clear
commitment to the benefits of rationally-apprehending our moral duties.

An approach along these lines is one we might call a compatibility approach to
the question of Locke's moral commitments.


GENERAL WILL

John Colman and Stephen Darwall are two Locke scholars who have argued that
Locke's view is neither plagued with tensions nor incoherent. Their common view
is that the two elements of Locke's theory are doing different work. Locke's
hedonism, on this compatibility account, is intended as a theory of moral
motivation, and serves to fill a motivational gap between knowing moral law and
having reasons to obey moral law. Locke introduces hedonism in order to account
for the practical force of the obligations arising from natural law.


ARMY ESSAYS ON OBEYING ORDERS, BEST ONLINE WRITING SERVICE IN TEXAS -

As Darwall writes,. Thus, on this account, reason deduces natural law, but it is
hedonistic considerations alone that offer agents the motivating reasons to act
in accordance with its dictates. This interpretation convincingly makes room for
both elements in Locke's view. A central feature of this interpretation is its
attention to the legalistic aspect of Locke's natural law theory. For Locke, the
very notion of law presupposes an authority structure as the basis for its
institution and its enforcement.

The law carries obligatory weight by virtue of its reflecting the will of a
rightful superior. That it also carries the threat of sanctions lends
motivational force to the law. A slight modification of the compatibility
account, however, better captures the motivational aspect of Locke's
rationalistic account: Locke does, at times suggest that rational agents are not
only obligated, but motivated, by sheer recognition of the divine authority of
moral law.


RIGHT TO RULE CITIZENS DUTY OBEY THE LAW PHILOSOPHY ESSAY

This was, he explains, his first entrance into the problems that inspired the
Essay. However, how far is this view truthful and accurate? For some the final
determination of a court amounts to the Rule of Law; for others, aware of the
politics of the judiciary, rule by courts particularly a politically divided
court is as much an instance of essay obeying order philosophy rule of men as
the decision of any other junta or committee see Waldron for a full account of
these controversies. The positions of the two writers are very close; they use a
common theme of conscience, and they use a similar rhetorical appeal of ethos
Moral truths are attainable with the proper use of reason: there is some sort of
truth to the knowledge of which man can attain by himself and without help of
another, if he makes proper use of the faculties he is endowed with by nature.
Whether he is right depends partly on how far we take the Rule of Law to be
wedded to predictability: is predictability the be-all and end-all, or does the
Rule of Law also promise a kind of legal system that frames and facilitates
reason and thoughtfulness in human affairs? Some of the works by Locke listed
below can be found in Mark Goldie ed. Law and order of the middle ages life -
essay obeying order philosophy times. Upon this foundation, and upon this only,
morality stands firm, and may defy all competition. Why this is will be
discussed in section 4. While a natural good involves the physical pleasure that
arises from the scent of a rose, moral good is a pleasure arising from one's
conformity to moral dictates, and moral evil is pain arising from the failure to
conform.

It is helpful to think of morality as carrying both intrinsic and extrinsic
obligatory force for Locke. On the one hand moral rules obligate by dint of
their divine righteousness, and on the other hand by the threat of rewards and
punishments. The suggestion that morality has an intrinsic motivational force
appears in the Essays on the Law of Nature and is retained by Locke in some of
his final published works.

It is, however, a feature of his view that gets somewhat underappreciated in the
secondary literature, and for understandable reasons—Locke tends to emphasize
hedonistic motivations. Why this is will be discussed in section 4. In order to
get a complete understanding of Locke's moral theory, it is useful to begin with
a look at Locke's natural law view, articulated most fully in his Essays on the
Law of Nature written as series of lectures he delivered as Censor of Moral
Philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. Two predominant features of Locke's natural
law theory are already well-developed in this work: the rationalism and the
legalism.

According to Locke, reason is the primary avenue by which humans come to
understand moral rules, and it is via reason we can draw two distinct but
related conclusions regarding the grounds for our moral obligations: we can
appreciate the divine, and thereby righteous, nature of morality and we can
perceive that morality is the expression of a law-making authority.

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But, what, for Locke, is required for something to be a law? Locke takes stock
of what constitutes law in order to establish the legalistic framework for
morality: First, law must be founded on the will of a superior. Second, it must
perform the function of establishing rules of behavior. Third, it must be
binding on humans, since there is a duty of compliance owed to the superior
authority that institutes the laws Locke —4, Natural law is rightly called law
because it satisfies these conditions.

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Such struggles appeared in the aftermath of decolonization during the 's, within
the successor states of the European empires in Africa. Ethnic conflict has .