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QUANTUM TELEPORTATION     FEEDBACK


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QUANTUM TELEPORTATION - OVERVIEW





QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

Teleportation is the name given by science fiction writers to the feat of making
an object or person disintegrate in one place while a perfect replica appears
somewhere else. How this is accomplished is usually not explained in detail, but
the general idea seems to be that the original object is scanned in such a way
as to extract all the information from it, then this information is transmitted
to the receiving location and used to construct the replica, not necessarily
from the actual material of the original, but perhaps from atoms of the same
kinds, arranged in exactly the same pattern as the original. A teleportation
machine would be like a fax machine, except that it would work on 3-dimensional
objects as well as documents, it would produce an exact copy rather than an
approximate facsimile, and it would destroy the original in the process of
scanning it. A few science fiction writers consider teleporters that preserve
the original, and the plot gets complicated when the original and teleported
versions of the same person meet; but the more common kind of teleporter
destroys the original, functioning as a super transportation device, not as a
perfect replicator of souls and bodies.



In 1993 an international group of six scientists, including IBM Fellow Charles
H. Bennett, confirmed the intuitions of the majority of science fiction writers
by showing that perfect teleportation is indeed possible in principle, but only
if the original is destroyed. In subsequent years, other scientists have
demonstrated teleportation experimentally in a variety of systems, including
single photons, coherent light fields, nuclear spins, and trapped ions.
Teleportation promises to be quite useful as an information processing
primitive, facilitating long range quantum communication (perhaps unltimately
leading to a "quantum internet"), and making it much easier to build a working
quantum computer. But science fiction fans will be disappointed to learn that no
one expects to be able to teleport people or other macroscopic objects in the
foreseeable future, for a variety of engineering reasons, even though it would
not violate any fundamental law to do so.


In the past, the idea of teleportation was not taken very seriously by
scientists, because it was thought to violate the uncertainty principle of
quantum mechanics, which forbids any measuring or scanning process from
extracting all the information in an atom or other object. According to the
uncertainty principle, the more accurately an object is scanned, the more it is
disturbed by the scanning process, until one reaches a point where the object's
original state has been completely disrupted, still without having extracted
enough information to make a perfect replica. This sounds like a solid argument
against teleportation: if one cannot extract enough information from an object
to make a perfect copy, it would seem that a perfect copy cannot be made. But
the six scientists found a way to make an end run around this logic, using a
celebrated and paradoxical feature of quantum mechanics known as the
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect. In brief, they found a way to scan out part of
the information from an object A, which one wishes to teleport, while causing
the remaining, unscanned, part of the information to pass, via the
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect, into another object C which has never been in
contact with A.



Later, by applying to C a treatment depending on the scanned-out information, it
is possible to maneuver C into exactly the same state as A was in before it was
scanned. A itself is no longer in that state, having been thoroughly disrupted
by the scanning, so what has been achieved is teleportation, not replication.

As the figure suggests, the unscanned part of the information is conveyed from A
to C by an intermediary object B, which interacts first with C and then with A.
What? Can it really be correct to say "first with C and then with A"? Surely, in
order to convey something from A to C, the delivery vehicle must visit A before
C, not the other way around. But there is a subtle, unscannable kind of
information that, unlike any material cargo, and even unlike ordinary
information, can indeed be delivered in such a backward fashion. This subtle
kind of information, also called "Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlation" or
"entanglement", has been at least partly understood since the 1930s when it was
discussed in a famous paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan
Rosen. In the 1960s John Bell showed that a pair of entangled particles, which
were once in contact but later move too far apart to interact directly, can
exhibit individually random behavior that is too strongly correlated to be
explained by classical statistics. Experiments on photons and other particles
have repeatedly confirmed these correlations, thereby providing strong evidence
for the validity of quantum mechanics, which neatly explains them. Another
well-known fact about EPR correlations is that they cannot by themselves deliver
a meaningful and controllable message. It was thought that their only usefulness
was in proving the validity of quantum mechanics. But now it is known that,
through the phenomenon of quantum teleportation, they can deliver exactly that
part of the information in an object which is too delicate to be scanned out and
delivered by conventional methods.



This figure compares conventional facsimile transmission with quantum
teleportation (see above). In conventional facsimile transmission the original
is scanned, extracting partial information about it, but remains more or less
intact after the scanning process. The scanned information is sent to the
receiving station, where it is imprinted on some raw material (eg paper) to
produce an approximate copy of the original. By contrast, in quantum
teleportation, two objects B and C are first brought into contact and then
separated. Object B is taken to the sending station, while object C is taken to
the receiving station. At the sending station object B is scanned together with
the original object A which one wishes to teleport, yielding some information
and totally disrupting the state of A and B. The scanned information is sent to
the receiving station, where it is used to select one of several treatments to
be applied to object C, thereby putting C into an exact replica of the former
state of A.


To learn more about quantum teleportation, see the following articles and links.
For recent experimental and theoretical articles, do a title search on
"teleportation" in the ArXiv E-print Archive

 * C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crepeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, and W. Wootters,
   "Teleporting an Unknown Quantum State via Dual Classical and EPR Channels",
   Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 70, pp 1895-1899, 1993. (The original 6-author research
   article.)
 * Tony Sudbury, "Instant Teleportation", Nature 362, 586-587, 1993. (A
   semipopular account).
 * Ivars Peterson, Science News, April 10, 1993, p. 229. (Another semipopular
   account.)
   
 * Q&A on Teleportation by BBC News Online science editor David Whitehouse
 * Wikipedia article


EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLES

 * D. Bouwmeester et al. Nature 390, 575-9 (1997) (photons)
   
 * D. Boschi et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1121-1125 (1998) (photons)
   
 * A. Furusawa et al. Science 282, 706-709 (1998) (coherent light field)
   
 * M.A. Nielsen et al. Nature 396, 52-55 (1998) (nuclear magnetic resonance)
 * I. Marcikic et al. Nature 421, 509-513 (2003) (photons, long distance)
   
 * M. Riebe et al. Nature 429, 734-737 (2004) (trapped calcium ions)
   
 * M.D. Barret et al. Nature 429, 737-739 (2004) (trapped beryllium ions)
   
 * R. Ursin et al. Nature 430, 849 (2004) (photons, long distance)
   


THEORETICAL ARTICLES

 * G. Brassard Physica D 120 43-47 (1998) Teleportation as a quantum computation
   
 * Gottesman and I Chuang Nature 402 390-393 (1999), teleportation as a
   computational primitive
 * X. Zhou, D. Leung, I. Chuang Quantum gate constructions from
   teleportation-like primiitve
 * L. Vaidman quant-ph/0111124 Using teleportation to measure nonlocal variables
   





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