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   Academic Webinar: Democracy in Latin America
   
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   Patrick Dennis Duddy, director of the Center for Latin American and Caribbean
   Studies and senior visiting scholar at Duke University, leads a conversation
   on democracy in Latin America. This meeting is part of
   the Diamonstein-Spielvogel Project on the Future of Democracy. FASKIANOS:
   Welcome to today’s session of the Winter/Spring 2022 CFR Academic Webinar
   Series. I’m Irina Faskianos, vice president of the National Program and
   Outreach at CFR. Today’s discussion is on the record, and the video and
   transcript will be available on our website, CFR.org/academic. As always, CFR
   takes no institutional positions on matters of policy. We’re delighted to
   have Patrick Dennis Duddy with us today to talk about democracy in Latin
   America. Ambassador Patrick Duddy is the director of Duke University’s Center
   for Latin American and Caribbean Studies and teaches in both Duke’s Fuqua
   School of Business and Sanford School of Public Policy. From 2007 to 2010, he
   served as the U.S. ambassador to Venezuela under both the Bush and Obama
   administrations. Prior to his assignment to Venezuela, Ambassador Duddy
   served as deputy assistant secretary of state for the Western Hemisphere, and
   he’s also held positions at embassies in Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay,
   the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, and Panama, and has worked closely with
   Haiti. So it is my pleasure to have him with us today. He has served nearly
   three decades in the Foreign Service. He’s taught at the National War
   College, lectured at the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, and is
   a member of CFR. So, Ambassador Duddy, you bring all of your experience to
   this conversation to talk about this very small question of the state of
   democracy in Latin America and what U.S. policy should be. It’s a broad
   topic, but I’m going to turn it over to you to give us your insight and
   analysis. DUDDY: Well, good afternoon, or morning, to all of those who have
   tuned in, and, Irina, thank you to you and the other folks at the Council for
   giving me this opportunity. I thought I would begin with a brief
   introduction, partially rooted in my own experience in the region, and then
   leave as much time as possible for questions. To start with, let us remember
   that President Biden held a Democracy Summit in early December, and in
   opening that summit he emphasized that for the current American
   administration, in particular, the defense of democracy is, I believe he
   said, a defining challenge, going ahead. Now, I, certainly, subscribe to that
   assertion, and I’d also like to start by reminding folks how far the region
   has come in recent decades. I flew down to Chile during the Pinochet regime
   to join the embassy in the very early 1980s, and I recall that the Braniff
   Airlines flight that took me to Santiago, essentially, stopped in every burg
   and dorf with an airport from Miami to Santiago. It used to be called the
   milk run. And in virtually every country in which we landed there was a
   military dictatorship and human rights were honored more in the breach than
   in fact. Things have really changed quite substantially since then, and
   during much of the ’80s we saw a pretty constant move in the direction of
   democracy and somewhat later in the ’80s also, in many parts of Latin
   America, an embrace of a market-oriented economic policy. There was some
   slippage even in the early part of the new millennium. But, nevertheless, the
   millennium opened on 9-11-2001 with the signature in Lima, Peru, of the
   Inter-American Democratic Charter. Secretary Powell was, in fact, in Lima for
   the signing of that agreement, which was endorsed by every country in the
   region except Cuba. This was a major step forward for a region that had been
   synonymous with strongman politics, military government, and repression. The
   slippage since then has been significant and, indeed, as recently as a year
   or two ago during the pandemic the Institute for Democracy and Electoral
   Management or Electoral Administration—I believe it’s called IDEA—noted that
   across much of the region, publics were losing faith in democracy as the
   preferred form of government. I would say, rather more pointedly, of real
   significance in recent years has been the deterioration of democracy in a
   series of countries and the inability of the rest of the hemisphere to do
   anything about it, notwithstanding the fact that the hemisphere as a whole
   had indicated that full participation in the inter-American system required
   democratic governance and respect for human rights. Venezuela now is pretty
   unapologetically an authoritarian government. So is Nicaragua, and there has
   been real slippage in a number of other countries in the region as well. I
   think it would be appropriate to ask, given the progress made from, say, the
   early ’80s through the year 2000, what accounts for this, and I would say
   there are a number of key factors. By and large, I would note, the factors
   are internal. That is to say they derive from circumstances within the region
   and are not necessarily a consequence of external subversion. Poverty,
   inequality, crony capitalism in some cases, criminality, drug
   trafficking—these things continue to bedevil a range of countries within the
   region. Endemic corruption is something that individual countries have
   struggled with and, by and large, been unsuccessful in significantly
   reducing. In effect, governability, as a general heading, probably explains
   or is the heading under which we should investigate just why it is that some
   publics have lost faith in democracy. You know, we’ve had several really
   interesting elections lately. Let’s set aside just for the moment the reality
   that, particularly since 2013, Venezuela has deteriorated dramatically in
   virtually every respect—politically, economically—in terms of, you know,
   quality of life indicators, et cetera, as has Nicaragua, and look, for
   instance, at Peru. Peru has held a free, fair—recently held a free, fair
   election, one that brought a significant change to the government in that the
   new president, a teacher, is a figure on the left. Now, I don’t think we,
   collectively or hemisphere, there’s, certainly, no problem with that. But
   what accounts for the fact that a place like Peru has seen wild swings
   between figures of the left and of the right, and has most recently,
   notwithstanding a decade of mostly sustained significant macroeconomic
   growth, why have they embraced a figure who so—at least in his campaign so
   profoundly challenged the existing system? I would argue it’s because
   macroeconomic growth was not accompanied by microeconomic change—that,
   basically, the poor remained poor and the gap between rich and poor was,
   largely, undiminished. Arguably, much the same thing has happened recently in
   Chile, the country which was for decades the yardstick by which the quality
   of democracy everywhere else in the hemisphere was frequently judged. The new
   president or the president—I guess he’s just taken office
   here—president-elect in Chile is a young political activist of the left who
   has, in the past, articulated an enthusiasm for figures like Hugo Chavez or
   even Fidel Castro, and now, as the elected president, has begun to use a more
   moderate rhetoric. But, again, the country which, arguably, has had the
   greatest success in reducing poverty has, nevertheless, seen a dramatic swing
   away from a more conventional political figure to someone who is advocating
   radical change and the country is on the verge of—and in the process of
   revising its constitution. How do we explain that? I think in both cases it
   has to do with frustration of the electorate with the ability of the
   conventional systemic parties, we might say, to deliver significant
   improvement to the quality of life and a significant reduction of both
   poverty and income inequality, and I note that income inequality persists
   even when at times poverty has been reduced and is a particularly difficult
   problem to resolve. Now, we’ve also seen, just to cite a third example, just
   recently this past weekend an election in Costa Rica, which was well
   administered and the results of which have been accepted unquestionably by
   virtually all of the political figures, and I point to Costa Rica, in part,
   because I’ve spent a good deal of time there. I’ve witnessed elections on the
   ground. But what is the reality? The reality is over decades, indeed,
   certainly, beginning in the late ’40s during the administration of the first
   “Pepe” Figueres, the country has been successful in delivering quality
   services to the public. As a result, though, notwithstanding the fact that
   there have been changes, there’s been no serious deterioration in the
   country’s embrace of democracy or its enthusiasm for its own political
   institutions. This makes it not entirely unique but very closely unique in
   the Central American context. A number of other things that I’d like to just
   leave with you or suggest that we should consider today. So we—throughout
   much of Latin America we’re seeing sort of plausibly well-administered
   elections but we are seeing often sort of dramatic challenges, sometimes to
   political institutions but often to economic policy, and those challenges
   have resulted in tremendous pendulum swings in terms of public policy from
   one administration to the next, which, at times, has undermined stability and
   limited the attractiveness of the region for foreign direct investment.
   Beyond that, though, we’re also seeing a kind of fracturing of the region. In
   2001, when the Inter-American Democratic Charter was embraced—was signed in
   Lima—an event that would have, perhaps, attracted a good deal more attention
   had other things not happened on that very same day—much of the region, I
   think, we would understand, was, largely, on the same page politically and
   even to some degree economically, and much of the region embraced the idea
   of—I’m sorry, I’m losing my signal here—much of the region embraced a deeper
   and productive relationship with the United States. The situation in
   Venezuela, which has generated over—right around 6 million refugees—it’s the
   largest refugee problem in the world after Syria—has, to some degree,
   highlighted some of the changes with respect to democracy. The first—and I’m
   going to end very shortly, Irina, and give folks an opportunity to ask
   questions—the first is the frustration and the inability of the region to
   enforce, you know, its own mandates, its own requirement that democracy
   be—and democratic governance and respect for human rights be a condition for
   participation in the inter-American system. And further to that, what we’ve
   seen is a breakup of the one larger group of countries in the region which
   had been attempting to encourage the return to democracy in Venezuela, known
   as the Lima Group. So what we’ve seen is that the commitment to democracy as
   a hemispheric reality has, to some degree, eroded. At the same time, we are
   increasingly seeing the region as a theater for big power competition. You
   know, it was only within the last few days that President Fernández, for
   instance, of Argentina traveled to meet with both the Russian leadership and
   the Chinese. This is not inherently problematical but it probably does
   underscore the degree to which the United States is not the only major power
   active in the region. We may still have the largest investment stock in the
   region, but China is now the largest trading partner for Brazil, for Chile,
   for Peru, the largest creditor for Venezuela. I haven’t yet touched on
   Central America and that’s a particularly difficult set of problems. But what
   I would note is while we, in the United States, are wrestling with a range of
   issues, from refugees to drug trafficking, we are also simultaneously trying
   to deepen our trade relationships with the region, relationships which are
   already very important to the United States. And, unfortunately, our
   political influence in the region, I believe, has become diluted over time by
   inattention at certain moments and because of the rise or the introduction of
   new and different players, players who are frequently not particularly
   interested in local political systems much less democracy, per se. So, if I
   may, I’ll stop there. As Irina has pointed out, I served extensively around
   the region for thirty years and I’d be happy to try and answer questions on
   virtually any of the countries, certainly, those in which I have served.
   FASKIANOS: So I’m going to go first to Babak Salimitari. If you could unmute
   yourself and give us your affiliation, Babak. Q: Good morning, Ambassador. My
   name is Babak. I am a third-year student at UCI and my question—you mentioned
   the far-left leaders who have gained a lot of traction and power in different
   parts of Latin America. Another guy that comes to mind is the socialist in
   Honduras. But, simultaneously, you’ve also seen a drift to the far right with
   presidents like President AMLO—you have President Bolsonaro—all who are,
   basically, the opposite of the people in Honduras and, I’d say, Chile. So
   what is—these are countries that—I know they’re very different from one
   another, but the problems that they face like poverty, income inequality, I
   guess, drug trafficking, they exist there and they also exist there. Why have
   these two different sort of polarities—political polarities arose—arisen,
   arose— DUDDY: Risen. (Laughs.) Q: —in these countries? DUDDY: That’s a great
   question. I would note, first of all, I don’t see President Lόpez Obrador of
   Mexico as a leader of the right. He is, certainly—he, largely, comes from the
   left, in many respects, and is, essentially, a populist, and I would say
   populism rather than sort of a right/left orientation is often a key
   consideration. Returning to my earlier comment in that what I see is popular
   frustration with governments around the region, often, President Bolsonaro
   was elected in the—in a period in which public support for government
   institutions in Brazil, particularly, the traditional political parties, was
   at an especially low level, right. There had been a number of major
   corruption scandals and his candidacy appeared to be—to some, at least—to
   offer a kind of tonic to the problems which had beset the earlier governments
   from the Workers’ Party. He, clearly, is a figure of the right but I think
   the key thing is he represented change. I think, you know, my own experience
   is that while some leaders in Latin America draw their policy prescriptions
   from a particular ideology, the voters, essentially, are looking at very
   practical considerations. Has the government in power been able to deliver on
   its promises? Has life gotten better or worse? President Piñera in Chile was
   a figure of the right, widely viewed as a conservative pro-market figure. The
   PT in Brazil—the Workers’ Party—came from the left. Both were succeeded by
   figures from the other end of the political spectrum and I think it was more
   a matter of frustration than ideology. I hope that answers your question.
   FASKIANOS: I’m going to take the next written question from Terron Adlam,
   who’s an undergraduate student at Delaware State University. Essentially, can
   you discuss the relationship between climate change and the future of
   democracy in Latin America? DUDDY: Well, that’s just a small matter but it’s
   an important one, actually. The fact is that especially in certain places
   climate change appears to be spurring migration and poverty, and there are
   people here at Duke—some of my colleagues—and elsewhere around the country
   looking very specifically at the links between, especially, drought and other
   forms of climate change, the, you know, recovery from hurricanes, et cetera,
   and instability, unemployment, decline in the quality of services.
   Overburdened countries, for instance, in Central America have sometimes not
   recovered from one hurricane before another one hits, and this has effects
   internally but it has also tended to complicate and possibly accelerate the
   movement of populations from affected areas to other areas. Sometimes that
   migration is internal and sometimes it’s cross-border. FASKIANOS: Thank you.
   I’m going to go next to a raised hand, Arnold Vela. If you—there you go. Q:
   Good afternoon, Ambassador Duddy. DUDDY: Good afternoon. Q: I’m Arnold Vela.
   I served in the Foreign Service for a couple of years and I’m now retired
   teaching government at Northwest Vista College. I think you put your finger
   on a very important point, which is that of the economic inequality and
   poverty that exists in Latin America, and, you know, with that being the
   case, I think Shannon O’Neil makes a good case about focusing on economic
   policy. And I was wondering what your thoughts were on ways in which we could
   do that in terms of, for example, foreign development investment, which may
   be decreasing because of a tendency to look inward for economic development
   in the United States. But are there other mechanisms, such as through the
   U.S. Treasury Department, financial ways to cut corruption? And also what
   about the Inter-American Development Bank? Should it be expanded in its role
   for not just infrastructure development but for such things as microeconomic
   development that you mentioned? Thank you. DUDDY: You know, as deputy
   assistant secretary, I, actually had the economic portfolio for the Western
   Hemisphere for a couple of years within the State Department. Clearly, trade
   is important. Foreign direct investment is, I think, critical. One of the
   things that we need to remember when we talk about foreign direct investment
   is that, typically, it’s private money, right—it’s private money—and that
   means governments and communities need to understand that in order to attract
   private money they need to establish conditions in which investors can see a
   reasonable return and in which they can enjoy a reasonable measure of
   security. That can be very, very difficult in the—Arnold, as you probably
   will recall, in much of Latin America, for instance, in the energy sector—and
   Latin America has immense energy resources—but the energy resources are
   frequently subject to a kind of resource nationalism. And so my experience is
   that in some parts of Latin America it’s difficult to attract the kind of
   investment that could make a very substantial difference in part because
   local politics, largely, preclude extending either ownership or profit
   participation in the development of some resources. The fact that those
   things were not initially permitted in Mexico led to a constitutional change
   in order to permit both profit sharing and foreign ownership to some degree
   of certain resources. Investors need a certain measure of security and that
   involves, among other things, making sure that there is a reasonable
   expectation of equal treatment under the law, right. So legal provisions as
   well as a determination to attract foreign investment. Places like—little
   places, if you will, like Costa Rica have been very, very successful at
   attracting foreign investment, in part because they’ve worked hard to create
   the conditions necessary to attract private money. I would note—let me just
   add one further thought, and that is part of the problem in—I think, in some
   places has been something that we in the United States have often called
   crony capitalism. We need to make sure that competition for contracts, et
   cetera, is, in fact, transparent and fair. As for international institutions,
   there are many in the United States that are sometimes with which the region
   is unfamiliar like, for instance, the Trade and Development Agency, which
   promotes, among other things, feasibility studies, and the only condition for
   assistance from the TDA is that subsequent contracts be fairly and openly
   competed and that American companies be allowed to compete. So there are
   resources out there and I, certainly, would endorse a greater concentration
   on Latin America and I think it can have a real impact. FASKIANOS: Thank you.
   I’m going to take the next question—a written question—from Chaney Howard,
   who is a business major at Howard University. You spoke about the erosion of
   democratic push in Latin America growth, specifically with the Lima Group.
   What do you feel would need to happen for a new power to be established or
   encouraged to help nations band together and improve democratic growth?
   DUDDY: Well, the Lima Group was—which was organized in 2017 for the express
   purpose of advocating for the restoration of democracy in Venezuela, fell
   apart, essentially, as countries began to look more internally, struggling,
   in particular, with the early economic consequences of the pandemic. Some of
   you will remember that, particularly, early on, for instance, cruise ships in
   the Caribbean, essentially, stopped sailing. Well, much of the Caribbean
   depends absolutely on tourism, right. So the pandemic, effectively, turned
   people’s attention to their own internal challenges. I think that we have
   good institutions still. But I think that we need to find ways other than
   just sanctions to encourage support for democracy. The U.S. has been
   particularly inclined in recent years not to interventionism but to
   sanctioning other countries. While sometimes—and I’ve sometimes advocated for
   sanctions myself, including to the Congress, in very limited circumstances—my
   sense is that we need to not only be prepared to sanction but also to
   encourage. We need to have a policy that offers as many carrots as sticks,
   and we need to be prepared to engage more actively than we have in the last
   fifteen years on this. Some of these problems date back some time. Now, one
   particularly important source of development assistance has always been the
   Millennium Challenge account, and there is a key issue there, which, I think,
   largely, limits the degree to which the Millennium Challenge Corporation can
   engage and that is middle income countries aren’t eligible for their large
   assistance programs. I think we should revisit that because while some
   countries qualify as middle income, when you only calculate per capita income
   using GDP, countries with serious problems of income inequality as well as
   poverty are not eligible and I think that we should consider formulae that
   would allow us to channel more assistance into some of those economies.
   FASKIANOS: Thank you. I’m going to take the next question from Kennedy
   Himmel, who does not have access to a mic, a student at University of
   Wisconsin-Green Bay. There seems to be surmounting evidence that suggests
   that U.S. imperialism has waged both covert warfare and regime change itself
   in Central American countries through the last century and our current one.
   The most notable cases was Operation Condor, which peaked during Reagan’s
   administration. You suggested the problems plaguing these countries’ embrace
   of primarily right-wing dictatorships is a product of crony capitalism,
   poverty, and corruption, which are all internal problems. Do you think some
   of these problems of these countries are a byproduct of U.S. and Western
   meddling, economic warfare, the imposition of Western neoliberalism? DUDDY:
   Well, that’s a good question. My own experience in the region dates from the
   early ’80s. I mean, certainly, during the Cold War the United States tended
   to support virtually any government that we perceived or that insisted that
   they were resolutely anti-communist. For decades now the U.S. has made
   support for democracy a pillar of its policies in the region and I think we
   have, largely, evolved out of the—you know, our earlier, you know, period of
   either interventionism or, in a sense, sometimes even when we were not
   entirely—when we were not active we were complicit in that we applied no
   standard other than anti-communism with the countries we were willing to work
   with. That was a real problem. I note, by the way, for any who are interested
   that several years ago—about five years ago now, if I’m not mistaken,
   Irina—the Foreign Affairs, which is published by the Council on Foreign
   Relations, ran a series of articles in one issue called “What Really
   Happened?”, and for those interested in what really happened in Chile during
   the Allende government, there is a piece in there by a man named Devine, who
   was actually in the embassy during the coup and was working, as he now
   acknowledges, for the CIA. So I refer you to that. My sense in recent decades
   is that the U.S. has, certainly, tried to advance its own interests but has
   not been in the business of undermining governments, and much of the economic
   growth which some countries have sustained has derived very directly from the
   fact that we’ve negotiated free trade agreements with more countries in Latin
   America than any other part of the world. I remember very distinctly about
   five years into the agreement with Chile that the volume of trading both
   directions—and as a consequence, not just employment, but also kind of gross
   income—hence, had very substantially increased; you know, more than a hundred
   percent. The same has been true with Mexico. So, you know, we have a history
   in the region. I think it is, largely, explained by looking at U.S. policy
   and understanding that it was—almost everything was refracted through the
   optic of the Cold War. But, you know, it’s now many decades since that was
   the case. FASKIANOS: Thank you. I’m going to go to Elizabeth McDowell, who
   has a raised hand. Q: Hi. I’m Elizabeth McDowell. I’m a graduate student in
   public policy at Duke University. Ambassador Duddy, thanks for your talk. I
   want to ask a question about a potential tradeoff between good governance
   and— DUDDY: I lost your audio. Please repeat. Q: How’s my audio now? OK. My—
   DUDDY: You’ll have to repeat the question. Q: My question is about critical
   minerals and metals in the region and, essentially, these metals and
   minerals, including lithium, cobalt, and nickel, copper, others, are
   essential for clean energy transition, and there are a lot of countries that
   have instituted new policies in order to gain financially from the stores
   since these minerals are very prevalent in the region. And my question is do
   you think that there’s a tradeoff between sustainable development and having
   the minerals that we need at low cost and countries being able to benefit
   economically from their natural resource stores? DUDDY: Yeah. I’m not quite
   sure how I would characterize the tradeoffs. But, you know, as I mentioned
   with respect, for instance, to oil and gas but the same applies to lithium,
   cobalt, et cetera, in much of Latin America the resources that are below the
   surface of the Earth belong to the nation, right. They belong to the nation.
   And in some places—I very vividly remember in Bolivia—there was tremendous
   resistance at a certain point to the building of a pipeline by a foreign
   entity which would take Bolivian gas out of the country. And that resistance
   was rooted in Bolivia’s history in the sense that much of the population
   had—that the country had been exploited for five hundred years and they just
   didn’t trust the developers to make sure that the country shared
   appropriately in the exploitation of the country’s gas resources. Just a few
   years ago, another—a major company, I think, based in—headquartered in India,
   opened and then closed a major operation that was going to develop—I think it
   was also lithium mining—in Bolivia because of difficulties imposed by the
   government. I understand why those difficulties are imposed in countries
   which have been exploited but note that the exploitation of many of these
   resources is capital intensive and in many of these countries is going to
   require capital from outside the country. And so countries have to find a way
   to both assure a reasonable level of compensation to the companies as well as
   income to the country. So that’s the challenge, right. That is the challenge.
   For the time being, in some places the Chinese have been able to not just
   exploit but have been able to do business, in part, because they have a
   virtually insatiable appetite for these minerals and as well as for other
   commodities. But long-term development has to be vertically integrated and
   that—and I think that’s going to take a lot of external money and, again,
   certain countries are going to have to figure out how to do that when we’re
   talking about resources which, to a very large degree, are viewed as
   patrimony of the nation. FASKIANOS: Thank you. I’m going to take the next
   question from Leah Parrott, who’s a sophomore at NYU. Do you find that
   globalization itself, the competitive global markets, vying for influence in
   the region are a cause of the rise in the populist frustration that you have
   been talking about? DUDDY: Hmm. Interesting question. I suppose it has—you
   know, there is a connection. Just to give sort of a visceral response, the
   fact is that there are cultural differences in certain markets and regions of
   the world. Some countries have—you know, have taken a different approach to
   the development of their own labor markets as well as trade policy. I would
   say that, today, the reality is we can’t avoid globalization so—and no one
   country controls it. So countries that have heretofore been unsuccessful in
   inserting themselves and seeing the same kind of growth that other countries
   have experienced are going to have to adapt. What we do know from earlier
   experiences in Latin America is that high tariff barriers are not the way to
   go, right—that that resulted in weak domestic industries, endemic corruption,
   and, ultimately, very, very fragile macroeconomic indicators. FASKIANOS:
   Thank you. I’m going to go next to Alberto Najarro, who’s a graduate student
   at Duke Kunshan University. DUDDY: Well. Q: Hi. Good afternoon. Thank you for
   your time. My question is about El Salvador. I’m from El Salvador, and I’ll
   just provide a brief overview. Since assuming the presidency and,
   particularly, over the last six months, President Bukele and the National
   Assembly dominated by Bukele’s allies have moved quickly to weaken checks and
   balances, undermine the rule of law, and co-opt the country’s judiciary,
   consolidating power in the executive. What do you think should be the United
   States’ role, if any, in reversing trends of democratic backsliding in El
   Salvador? Given the recent events like the abrupt exit of the United States
   interim ambassador Jean Manes from the country, can the United States
   continue to engage with El Salvador, particularly, as Bukele strengthens
   relationship with leaders like Xi Jinping and Erdoğan? DUDDY: Well, first, my
   recollection is that Ambassador Jean Manes, who, by the way, is an old friend
   of mine, had returned to El Salvador as chargé, and I’m not sure that the
   Biden administration has, in fact, nominated a new ambassador yet. I tend to
   think that it’s important to remember that we have embassies in capitals to
   advance U.S. interests and that when we withdraw those embassies or cease
   talking to a host government it hurts us as often—as much as it does them. To
   some degree, what we, I think, collectively, worry about is that Salvador is,
   essentially, on the path to authoritarianism. I note that Honduras, El
   Salvador, and Guatemala, none of those three, along with Nicaragua, were
   invited to President Biden’s Democracy Summit in December, and, you know, it
   may well be that the U.S. should explore a range of inducements to the
   government there to restore independence to the judiciary and respect for the
   separation of powers. I, certainly, think that it is in the interest of the
   United States but it’s also interest—in the interest of the region. That’s
   why the whole region came together in 2001 to sign the Inter-American
   Democratic Charter. How exactly that should be effected—how we should
   implement the—you know, the will of the region is something that, I think,
   that governments should work out collectively because it is my sense that
   collective action is better than unilateral action. Certainly, the U.S. is
   not going to intervene, and there are many American companies already active
   in El Salvador. You know, the region has found the restoration of
   democracy—defense of democracy, restoration of democracy—a very, very
   difficult job in recent years and that is in no small measure because—it’s
   not just the United States, it’s the rest of the region—even sanctions are
   only effective if they are broadly respected by other key players. And I’m
   not always sure that sanctions are the way to go. FASKIANOS: Thank you. I’m
   going to take two written questions together since we have so many. The first
   is from Molly Todd from Virginia Tech. She’s a PhD candidate there. When
   thinking of the U.S. role in democracy promotion in Latin America, how do you
   account for U.S. support of dictators in the region as well? And then William
   Weeks at Arizona State University—how much does China’s influence encourage
   authoritarian rule and discourage democracy in Latin America? DUDDY: I’m not
   sure that—I’ll take the last question first. I’m not sure that China’s
   activity in the region discourages democracy but it has permitted certain
   strongmen figures like Nicolás Maduro to survive by serving as an alternative
   source of sometimes funding markets for locally produced goods and also the
   source of technology, et cetera, to the United States and the rest of what is
   euphemistically called the West, right. So China has, effectively, provided a
   lifeline. The lifeline, in my experience, is not particularly ideological.
   Now, you know, Russians in the region frequently seem interested in—to be a
   little bit flip, in sticking their finger in our eye and reminding the United
   States that they can project power and influence into the Western Hemisphere
   just as we can into Eastern Europe and Central Asia. But the Chinese are a
   little bit different. I think their interests are mostly commercial and they
   are uninterested in Latin American democracy, generally. So being democratic
   is not a condition for doing business with China. More generally, I think, I
   would refer to my earlier response. The U.S., basically, has not been
   supportive of the strongmen figure(s) who have arisen in Latin America in
   recent decades. But, you know, the tendency to embrace what many in Latin
   America call caciques, or strongmen figures—men on horseback—was established
   in Latin America, right—became evident in Latin America even in the
   nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, beginning, say, in particular,
   after World War II, we, definitely, considered things more through the optic
   of the Cold War, and I’m sure I’m not the only one who recalls that President
   Franklin Delano Roosevelt, at a certain moment in, I think it was 1947,
   commented on Anastasio Somoza that he was an SOB but, oh, well, he was our
   SOB. I think that approach to Latin America has long since been shelved.
   FASKIANOS: Thank you. I’m going to go next to Gary Prevost. Q: Ambassador, I
   share your skepticism about sanctions and I’ll just ask a very direct
   question. It’s my belief that the Biden administration is, at the moment,
   missing real opportunities for dialogue with both Venezuela and Cuba, partly
   because of this bifurcation of the world into democracy and authoritarianism,
   something which the Obama administration really avoided and, I think, as a
   result, gained considerable prestige and understanding in wider Latin
   America. So I’ve been very concerned that there are opportunities being
   missed in both of those cases right now. DUDDY: I’ll disagree with you on one
   part of that, noting that I’ve already—and, actually, I wrote a piece for the
   Council several years ago in which I talked about the desirability of finding
   an off ramp for Venezuela. But I note that the—that many of the sanctions
   that are—sanctions were imposed on Venezuela, in particular, over a period of
   time by both Republicans and Democrats, and the problem for the U.S., in
   particular, with Venezuela is that as the country has become less productive,
   more authoritarian, they have pushed out 6 million refugees and imposed huge
   burdens on almost all of the other countries in the subregion. I’m not sure
   that the U.S. is, at the moment, missing an opportunity there and, for that
   matter, the changes that were brought into Cuba or to Cuba policy by the
   Obama administration, which I endorsed, were for the most part left in place
   by the Trump administration, interestingly enough. There were some changes
   but they were not as dramatic as many who opposed those—the Obama
   reforms—often hoped and who wanted to reverse them. So these are both tough
   nuts to crack. I think that it is at least worth noting that the combination
   of incompetence, corruption, authoritarianism, in particular, in Venezuela,
   which has transformed what was at one point the most successful democracy in
   the region into a basket case or a near basket case, I’m not sure, you know,
   how we get our arms around that at the moment. But I, certainly, endorse the
   idea of encouraging dialogue and looking for a formula that would promote the
   return of democracy. And, again, you know, having lived in Venezuela, I have
   a sense that many—you know, Venezuelans love their country. Most of those who
   have left did not do so willingly or, you know, with a happy heart, if you
   will. These are people who found the circumstances on the ground in the
   country to be unbearable. Now, how we respond to that challenge, I haven’t
   seen any new thinking on it lately. But, certainly, dialogue is a part of it.
   Similarly, with Cuba, we have—you know, we saw fifty years of policy that
   didn’t work. So I would hope to, sometime in the near future, see some fresh
   thinking on how to proceed on that front, too. You know, the difficult thing
   to get around is that these are not countries which respect human rights,
   freedom of expression, freedom of the press. They are, in fact, repressive,
   which is why we have hundreds of thousands of Cuban Americans living in the
   United States and why we have now millions of Venezuelans living outside
   their own national borders. It’s a real dilemma. I wish I had a solution but
   I don’t. FASKIANOS: We are almost out of time. We have many more written
   questions and raised hands, and I apologize that we’re not going to be able
   to get to them. But I am going to use my moderator power to ask you the final
   one. DUDDY: Uh-oh. FASKIANOS: You have served—oh, it’s a good one. You’ve
   served for most of your career, over thirty years, in U.S. government and now
   you’re teaching. What advice or what would you offer to the students on the
   call about pursuing a career in the Foreign Service, and what do you say to
   your students now and the professor, or to your colleagues about how to
   encourage students to pursue? We saw that it’s become less attractive—became
   less attractive in the Trump administration. It may be up—more on the
   upswing. But, of course, there is, again, the pay problem and private sector
   versus public. So what thoughts can you leave us with? DUDDY: Well, first of
   all, there’s—in my personal experiences, there’s virtually nothing quite like
   being an American diplomat abroad. My personal experience is—you know, dates
   from the ’80s. I was actually very briefly an Air Force officer in the early
   ’70s. I think public service is inherently rewarding in ways that often
   working in the private sector is not, where you can really have an impact on
   relations between peoples and nations, and I think that’s very, very
   exciting. I come from a family, you know, filled with, you know, lawyers, in
   particular, in my generation, even in the next, and I know that that can
   be—that kind of work or work in the private sector, the financial community,
   whatever, can be very exciting as well. But diplomacy is unique, and one also
   has the sense of doing something that benefits our own country and, one
   hopes, the world. At the risk of, once again, being flip, I always felt that
   I was on the side of the angels. You know, I think we’ve made many mistakes
   but that, by and large, our engagement in the countries in which I was
   working was positive. FASKIANOS: Wonderful. Well, on that note, Ambassador
   Patrick Duddy, thank you for your service to this country. Thank you very
   much for sharing your insights with us. I know this is very broad to cover
   the whole region and we didn’t do all the countries justice. DUDDY: And we
   have yet to—and we have yet to mention Haiti, about which I worry all the
   time. FASKIANOS: I know. There are so many things to cover. Not enough time,
   not enough hours in a day. And we appreciate everybody for your time, being
   with us for your great questions and comments. Again, I apologize for not
   getting to everybody. But we will just have to have you back. So thank you
   again. For all of you, our next Academic Webinar will be on Wednesday,
   February 23, at 1:00 p.m. (ET)with Roger Ferguson, who is at CFR, on the
   future of capitalism. So, as always, please follow us on Twitter at
   @CFR_Academic. Go to CFR.org, ForeignAffairs.com, and ThinkGlobalHealth.org
   for research and analysis on global issues. We will circulate a link to the
   Foreign Affairs edition that Ambassador Duddy mentioned so that you can take
   a look at that. And thank you, again, for your time today. We appreciate it.
   DUDDY: It’s been a pleasure. Thank you. (END
   
   Webinar with Patrick Dennis Duddy February 9, 2022 Academic and Higher
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Ukraine
Sergei Supinksy/AFP/Getty

Ukraine

Russia’s Growing Shadow Over Ukraine


Moscow’s recognition of separatists in Donestk and Luhansk is the latest
escalation in its struggle for influence in Ukraine that has challenged the
country since its 1991 independence.

Timeline by CFR.org Editors February 22, 2022

 

Putin Cannot Erase Ukraine Link

via Foreign Affairs February 18, 2022

 

Why Donetsk and Luhansk Matter to Putin and the West Link

via Washington Post February 22, 2022

COVID-19

COVID-19

When Will COVID-19 Become Endemic?


Mark Rightmire/MediaNews Group/Orange County Register/Getty Images
Some government leaders are optimistic that COVID-19 is becoming more
predictable and manageable. But many scientists say it’s too soon to tell.

In Brief by Claire Felter February 18, 2022

COVID-19

The World Still Hasn’t Agreed on a Pandemic Playbook


For two years, the world has been battling COVID-19 with masks, vaccines, and
lockdowns. There have been impressive results and serious missteps, but
countries have failed to channel their shared experiences into a blueprint for
action.

Article by Claire Felter February 4, 2022

 

The Pandemic of Unknowns Link

with Michael T. Osterholm and Mark Olshaker via Foreign Affairs January 22, 2022

Energy and Climate Policy

Climate Change

Batteries Not Included

Podcast

The world is moving toward electric vehicles and clean energy, but a green
future doesn’t depend on wind turbines, solar panels, and Teslas alone. It will
also require a vast supply of advanced batteries. As a result, global demand for
lithium—an essential battery ingredient—is outpacing supply, with the gap
expected to grow in the years to come.

Podcast with Gabrielle Sierra, Frank Fannon and Vijay Vaitheeswaran February 16,
2022 Why It Matters

 

Your Batteries Are Due for Disruption Link

via New York Times September 8, 2021

 

Battery Costs Rise as Lithium Demand Outstrips Supply Link

via Financial Times January 11, 2022

China

China

China’s Domestic Challenges

Podcast

Ian Johnson, CFR’s Stephen A. Schwarzman senior fellow for China studies, sits
down with James M. Lindsay to discuss economic, political, and demographic
developments within China.

Podcast with James M. Lindsay and Ian Johnson February 8, 2022 The President's
Inbox

 

Xi Jinping’s New World Order Link

with Elizabeth C. Economy via Foreign Affairs December 9, 2021

China

China’s Fight Against Climate Change and Environmental Degradation


China’s carbon emissions threaten global efforts to fight climate change. Its
broader environmental degradation endangers economic growth, public health, and
government legitimacy. Are Beijing’s policies enough?

Backgrounder by Lindsay Maizland May 19, 2021

Central America

Costa Rica

What to Know About Costa Rica’s Election


The two leading candidates to emerge from a large field reflect voters’ concerns
about economic malaise and corruption, but there’s little sign of the upheaval
seen in other regional elections.

In Brief by Paul J. Angelo and Andres Villar February 10, 2022 Latin America
Studies Program

 

There Is Some Hope Ahead After Costa Rica’s Election Link

via Americas Quarterly February 7, 2022

Americas

Governance Must Trump Ideology in Latin America’s Elections


Forget all the talk about the region’s “pink tide” and focus on
which candidate is most likely to lift the greatest number of boats.

Article by Shannon K. O'Neil February 18, 2022 Latin America Studies Program

Canada

Canada

What to Know About the ‘Freedom Convoy’


Protests against pandemic restrictions in Canada have shut down a vital economic
link with the United States and inspired copycats around the world. Here’s what
to know.

In Brief by Edward Alden February 11, 2022

 

Trucker Blockades in Canada May Just Be the Beginning Link

with David Frum via Atlantic February 11, 2022

 

Canadian Trucker Protests Snarl an Already Hobbled Auto Industry Link

via New York Times February 10, 2022


EVENTS
VIEW ALL

Ukraine

Crisis in Ukraine


President Vladimir Putin of Russia recognized the independence of two
territories in eastern Ukraine, portions of which are controlled by
Russia-backed separatists, and has ordered the deployment of Russian troops into
these regions.  Concerns are mounting that Russian actions to date could be a
prelude to an all-out invasion of the country.  Please join our panelists as
they discuss the escalating crisis in Ukraine, including how the United States
and Europe should respond.

Virtual Event with Rose E. Gottemoeller, Charles A. Kupchan and Angela E. Stent
February 23, 2022

Americas

Arthur C. Helton Lecture: Haiti On the Brink

Play

Panelists discuss humanitarian conditions in Haiti after the assassination of
its president, successive natural disasters, a constitutional crisis, and the
increasing control of the country by gangs, as well as how the United States and
international organizations can aid efforts to strengthen Haiti's stability. The
Arthur C. Helton Memorial Lecture was established by CFR and the family of
Arthur C. Helton, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations who died
in the August 2003 bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad. The Lecture
addresses pressing issues in the broad field of human rights and humanitarian
concerns.

Virtual Event with Jacqueline Charles, Daniel L. Foote and Johanna
Mendelson-Forman February 18, 2022

Human Rights

Combating Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery

Play

Following National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, panelists
examine efforts by the private sector, multilateral institutions, and
governments to combat human trafficking and raise awareness about the crimes of
modern slavery.

Virtual Event with Susan Coppedge, Siddharth Kara and Maggy Krell February 17,
2022

Elections and Voting

Reporting on Voting Legislation

Play


Virtual Event with Richard L. Hasen and Clara Hendrickson February 15, 2022
Local Journalists Webinars

View All

Expert Spotlight

Thomas Graham

Distinguished Fellow

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

Has Russia Just Started a Wider War With Ukraine?

In Brief February 22, 2022


Gayle Tzemach Lemmon

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy

Women and Women's Rights Development Emerging Markets

The Daughters of Kobani

Book February 16, 2021 Women and Foreign Policy Program


Justin Muzinich

Distinguished Fellow

Economics Diplomacy and International Institutions Sanctions

America’s Crypto Conundrum: Protecting Security Without Crushing Innovation

Via Foreign Affairs October 28, 2021

Link
Benn Steil

Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics

International Finance Financial Markets Economics

Global Trade Tracker

Tracker July 19, 2021 Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies


Richard Haass

President, Council on Foreign Relations

U.S. Foreign Policy International Relations

America and China's Unhappy Anniversary

Article February 18, 2022


A. Michael Spence

Distinguished Visiting Fellow

Development Emerging Markets Inequality

A Better Boom: How to Capture the Pandemic’s Productivity Potential

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs June 22, 2021

Link
Robert E. Rubin

Chairman Emeritus; Former Secretary of the U.S. Treasury

Robert E. Rubin: The Challenges and Future of Capitalism in the United States

Blog Post January 20, 2022 Renewing America


David P. Fidler

Senior Fellow for Global Health and Cybersecurity

International Law Cybersecurity Health

Canada Has Failed to Deliver on Its COVID-19 Promises to the World — and Some
Say They Won't Forget It

Offsite Via Toronto Star February 17, 2022

Link
Matthew C. Waxman

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy

International Law Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Cyberattacks and the Constitution

Via Lawfare November 12, 2020

Link
Willem H. Buiter

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Budget, Debt, and Deficits Monetary Policy Financial Markets

How Green is This Debt

Offsite Via ExPro Consulting December 3, 2021

Link
Scott A. Snyder

Senior Fellow for Korea Studies and Director of the Program on U.S.-Korea Policy

North Korea South Korea Asia

South Korean Views Of Rising Tensions Between Russia And Ukraine

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Asia Unbound


Matthias Matthijs

Senior Fellow for Europe

Europe Germany United Kingdom

Merkel’s Legacy and the Future of Germany

In Brief September 17, 2021 Europe Program


Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

Editor, Foreign Affairs; Peter G. Peterson Chair

China U.S. Foreign Policy

Kurtz-Phelan: U.S. Never Reckoned With What Winning the War on Terror Would Mean

Via CNN's AC360 August 26, 2021

Link
Ray Takeyh

Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies

Iran Iran Nuclear Agreement Persian Gulf

The Last Shah—New in Paperback

Book January 26, 2021


Tom Frieden

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Frieden: Why I'm Cautiously Optimistic About COVID-19

Offsite Via CNN.com February 1, 2022

Link
Jennifer Nuzzo

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Jennifer Nuzzo on COVID-19 Vaccines and Testing

Offsite Via C-SPAN February 7, 2022

Link
Michelle Gavin

Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies

Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe

Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: February 12–18

Blog Post February 22, 2022 Africa in Transition


Sheila A. Smith

John E. Merow Senior Fellow for Asia Pacific Studies

Japan Defense and Security Asia

Constitutional Change in Japan

Interactive April 4, 2019


Robert D. Blackwill

Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. Foreign Policy Europe and Eurasia Russia

The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War

Council Special Report February 11, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Yascha Mounk

Senior Fellow

Democracy Populism Civil Society

Mounk: Open Everything: The Time to End Pandemic Restrictions Is Now

Offsite Via Atlantic February 9, 2022

Link
Carl Minzner

Senior Fellow For China Studies

China Asia Rule of Law

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Paul J. Angelo

Fellow for Latin America Studies

Latin America Americas Central America

Costa Rica’s Presidential Election: What to Know

In Brief February 10, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


Jendayi E. Frazer

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Sub-Saharan Africa U.S. Foreign Policy Politics and Government

The Future of U.S. Diplomacy

Event February 8, 2021

Play
@ReubenBrigety
Reuben E. Brigety II

Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues

Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Organizations Diplomacy and International
Institutions

@ReubenBrigety

The Fractured Power: How to Overcome Tribalism

Via Foreign Affairs February 16, 2021

Link
John B. Bellinger III

Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law

International Law Treaties and Agreements Sanctions

Russian incursion into Ukraine ‘very likely,’ says John B. Bellinger III ’86

Offsite Via Harvard Law Today February 10, 2022

Link
James M. Lindsay

Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair

United States Politics and Government Polls and Public Opinion

TWE Celebrates Presidents’ Day

Blog Post February 21, 2022 The Water's Edge


Max Boot

Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies

U.S. Foreign Policy Defense and Security Military History

Why the U.S. Ramped Up Its Information War With Russia

In Brief February 10, 2022


Kenneth S. Rogoff

Senior Fellow for Economics

International Economics Monetary Policy Digital Currencies

Corporate Virtual Roundtable: Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Future of
Finance

Event July 30, 2020

Play
Charles A. Kupchan

Senior Fellow

European Union NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Europe and Eurasia

Isolationism

Book October 1, 2020


Gordon M. Goldstein

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Technology and Innovation Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Tech & Policy Initiative The Rising Geopolitics of Internet Governance: Cyber
Sovereignty v. Distributed Governance

Via Columbia School of International and Public Affairs November 30, 2016

Link
Stewart M. Patrick

James H. Binger Senior Fellow in Global Governance and Director of the
International Institutions and Global Governance Program

Global Governance Diplomacy and International Institutions International
Organizations

Tipping Points Make Climate Inaction Even More Catastrophic

Offsite Via World Politics Review February 14, 2022

Link
Carla Anne Robbins

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Defense and Security Cuba North Korea

The Enemy Uncounted

Via American Purpose July 30, 2021

Link
Ebenezer Obadare

Douglas Dillon Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Religion

Ritual Killings in Nigeria Reflect Mounting Desperation for Wealth and Security
Amid Creeping Collapse of Law and Order

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Africa in Transition


Bruce Hoffman

Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and
Homeland Security

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Wars and Conflict Intelligence

Hoffman: Biden's Syria Strike Is an Important Win, But It Underscores the Folly
of Leaving Afghanistan

Offsite Via Hill February 8, 2022

Link
Stephen Sestanovich

George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

The Russia-Ukraine Crisis: A Scorecard on Biden’s Response

In Brief December 23, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Manjari Chatterjee Miller

Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia

India Asia China

India’s Faltering Nonalignment

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs February 22, 2022

Link
Farah Pandith

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Radicalization and Extremism Terrorism and Counterterrorism U.S. Foreign Policy

Did we win the war on terrorism?

Via Monocle September 11, 2021

Link
@jaredcohen
Jared Cohen

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Iran Technology and Innovation

@jaredcohen

Biden’s Democracy Summit Needs to Produce More Than a Bland Statement

Via Foreign Policy November 12, 2021

Link
Gideon Rose

Mary and David Boies Distinguished Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy

Wars and Conflict Middle East and North Africa Southeast Asia

How I Got Here: Lives in Public Service

Book December 20, 2021


David J. Scheffer

Senior Fellow

Humanitarian Intervention Wars and Conflict International Law

Understanding South Sudan’s Postwar Struggle for Democracy and Accountability

In Brief January 28, 2022 International Institutions and Global Governance
Program


Thomas J. Bollyky

Senior Fellow for Global Health, Economics, and Development and Director of the
Global Health Program

Health Trade Development

The COVID Policy That Really Mattered Wasn't a Policy

Offsite Via New York Times February 6, 2022

Link
Roger W. Ferguson Jr.

Steven A. Tananbaum Distinguished Fellow for International Economics

Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy Regulation and Deregulation

Ferguson: Omicron, Inflation, and Expected Rise in Interest Rates May Contribute
to Continued Decline in CEO Confidence

Offsite Via CNBC Squawk Box February 10, 2022

Link
Shannon K. O'Neil

Vice President, Deputy Director of Studies, and Nelson and David Rockefeller
Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies

Trade Supply Chains Democracy

Governance Must Trump Ideology in Latin America’s Elections

Article February 18, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


David Sacks

Research Fellow

Asia China Taiwan

As the West Condemns Russia Over Ukraine, Beijing Strikes a Different Tone

Offsite Via CNN February 22, 2022

Link
Stephen Biddle

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Defense Policy

Defense and Security Wars and Conflict Military Operations

Nonstate Warfare

Book April 6, 2021 National Security and Defense Program


Edward Alden

Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow

Trade Immigration and Migration Economics

Decades Late, NAFTA’s Promise on Workers’ Rights Comes Good

Article February 18, 2022 Renewing America


Luciana L. Borio

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Public Health Threats and Pandemics Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines Biotechnology

Immunocompromised people need greater access to monoclonal antibodies

Offsite Via Stat February 14, 2022

Link
Laura Taylor-Kale

Fellow for Innovation and Economic Competitiveness

Competitiveness Development Corporate Governance

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Thomas Graham

Distinguished Fellow

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

Has Russia Just Started a Wider War With Ukraine?

In Brief February 22, 2022


Gayle Tzemach Lemmon

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy

Women and Women's Rights Development Emerging Markets

The Daughters of Kobani

Book February 16, 2021 Women and Foreign Policy Program


Justin Muzinich

Distinguished Fellow

Economics Diplomacy and International Institutions Sanctions

America’s Crypto Conundrum: Protecting Security Without Crushing Innovation

Via Foreign Affairs October 28, 2021

Link
Benn Steil

Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics

International Finance Financial Markets Economics

Global Trade Tracker

Tracker July 19, 2021 Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies


Richard Haass

President, Council on Foreign Relations

U.S. Foreign Policy International Relations

America and China's Unhappy Anniversary

Article February 18, 2022


A. Michael Spence

Distinguished Visiting Fellow

Development Emerging Markets Inequality

A Better Boom: How to Capture the Pandemic’s Productivity Potential

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs June 22, 2021

Link
Robert E. Rubin

Chairman Emeritus; Former Secretary of the U.S. Treasury

Robert E. Rubin: The Challenges and Future of Capitalism in the United States

Blog Post January 20, 2022 Renewing America


David P. Fidler

Senior Fellow for Global Health and Cybersecurity

International Law Cybersecurity Health

Canada Has Failed to Deliver on Its COVID-19 Promises to the World — and Some
Say They Won't Forget It

Offsite Via Toronto Star February 17, 2022

Link
Matthew C. Waxman

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy

International Law Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Cyberattacks and the Constitution

Via Lawfare November 12, 2020

Link
Willem H. Buiter

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Budget, Debt, and Deficits Monetary Policy Financial Markets

How Green is This Debt

Offsite Via ExPro Consulting December 3, 2021

Link
Scott A. Snyder

Senior Fellow for Korea Studies and Director of the Program on U.S.-Korea Policy

North Korea South Korea Asia

South Korean Views Of Rising Tensions Between Russia And Ukraine

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Asia Unbound


Matthias Matthijs

Senior Fellow for Europe

Europe Germany United Kingdom

Merkel’s Legacy and the Future of Germany

In Brief September 17, 2021 Europe Program


Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

Editor, Foreign Affairs; Peter G. Peterson Chair

China U.S. Foreign Policy

Kurtz-Phelan: U.S. Never Reckoned With What Winning the War on Terror Would Mean

Via CNN's AC360 August 26, 2021

Link
Ray Takeyh

Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies

Iran Iran Nuclear Agreement Persian Gulf

The Last Shah—New in Paperback

Book January 26, 2021


Tom Frieden

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Frieden: Why I'm Cautiously Optimistic About COVID-19

Offsite Via CNN.com February 1, 2022

Link
Jennifer Nuzzo

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Jennifer Nuzzo on COVID-19 Vaccines and Testing

Offsite Via C-SPAN February 7, 2022

Link
Michelle Gavin

Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies

Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe

Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: February 12–18

Blog Post February 22, 2022 Africa in Transition


Sheila A. Smith

John E. Merow Senior Fellow for Asia Pacific Studies

Japan Defense and Security Asia

Constitutional Change in Japan

Interactive April 4, 2019


Robert D. Blackwill

Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. Foreign Policy Europe and Eurasia Russia

The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War

Council Special Report February 11, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Yascha Mounk

Senior Fellow

Democracy Populism Civil Society

Mounk: Open Everything: The Time to End Pandemic Restrictions Is Now

Offsite Via Atlantic February 9, 2022

Link
Carl Minzner

Senior Fellow For China Studies

China Asia Rule of Law

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Paul J. Angelo

Fellow for Latin America Studies

Latin America Americas Central America

Costa Rica’s Presidential Election: What to Know

In Brief February 10, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


Jendayi E. Frazer

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Sub-Saharan Africa U.S. Foreign Policy Politics and Government

The Future of U.S. Diplomacy

Event February 8, 2021

Play
@ReubenBrigety
Reuben E. Brigety II

Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues

Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Organizations Diplomacy and International
Institutions

@ReubenBrigety

The Fractured Power: How to Overcome Tribalism

Via Foreign Affairs February 16, 2021

Link
John B. Bellinger III

Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law

International Law Treaties and Agreements Sanctions

Russian incursion into Ukraine ‘very likely,’ says John B. Bellinger III ’86

Offsite Via Harvard Law Today February 10, 2022

Link
James M. Lindsay

Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair

United States Politics and Government Polls and Public Opinion

TWE Celebrates Presidents’ Day

Blog Post February 21, 2022 The Water's Edge


Max Boot

Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies

U.S. Foreign Policy Defense and Security Military History

Why the U.S. Ramped Up Its Information War With Russia

In Brief February 10, 2022


Kenneth S. Rogoff

Senior Fellow for Economics

International Economics Monetary Policy Digital Currencies

Corporate Virtual Roundtable: Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Future of
Finance

Event July 30, 2020

Play
Charles A. Kupchan

Senior Fellow

European Union NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Europe and Eurasia

Isolationism

Book October 1, 2020


Gordon M. Goldstein

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Technology and Innovation Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Tech & Policy Initiative The Rising Geopolitics of Internet Governance: Cyber
Sovereignty v. Distributed Governance

Via Columbia School of International and Public Affairs November 30, 2016

Link
Stewart M. Patrick

James H. Binger Senior Fellow in Global Governance and Director of the
International Institutions and Global Governance Program

Global Governance Diplomacy and International Institutions International
Organizations

Tipping Points Make Climate Inaction Even More Catastrophic

Offsite Via World Politics Review February 14, 2022

Link
Carla Anne Robbins

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Defense and Security Cuba North Korea

The Enemy Uncounted

Via American Purpose July 30, 2021

Link
Ebenezer Obadare

Douglas Dillon Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Religion

Ritual Killings in Nigeria Reflect Mounting Desperation for Wealth and Security
Amid Creeping Collapse of Law and Order

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Africa in Transition


Bruce Hoffman

Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and
Homeland Security

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Wars and Conflict Intelligence

Hoffman: Biden's Syria Strike Is an Important Win, But It Underscores the Folly
of Leaving Afghanistan

Offsite Via Hill February 8, 2022

Link
Stephen Sestanovich

George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

The Russia-Ukraine Crisis: A Scorecard on Biden’s Response

In Brief December 23, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Manjari Chatterjee Miller

Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia

India Asia China

India’s Faltering Nonalignment

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs February 22, 2022

Link
Farah Pandith

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Radicalization and Extremism Terrorism and Counterterrorism U.S. Foreign Policy

Did we win the war on terrorism?

Via Monocle September 11, 2021

Link
@jaredcohen
Jared Cohen

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Iran Technology and Innovation

@jaredcohen

Biden’s Democracy Summit Needs to Produce More Than a Bland Statement

Via Foreign Policy November 12, 2021

Link
Gideon Rose

Mary and David Boies Distinguished Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy

Wars and Conflict Middle East and North Africa Southeast Asia

How I Got Here: Lives in Public Service

Book December 20, 2021


David J. Scheffer

Senior Fellow

Humanitarian Intervention Wars and Conflict International Law

Understanding South Sudan’s Postwar Struggle for Democracy and Accountability

In Brief January 28, 2022 International Institutions and Global Governance
Program


Thomas J. Bollyky

Senior Fellow for Global Health, Economics, and Development and Director of the
Global Health Program

Health Trade Development

The COVID Policy That Really Mattered Wasn't a Policy

Offsite Via New York Times February 6, 2022

Link
Roger W. Ferguson Jr.

Steven A. Tananbaum Distinguished Fellow for International Economics

Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy Regulation and Deregulation

Ferguson: Omicron, Inflation, and Expected Rise in Interest Rates May Contribute
to Continued Decline in CEO Confidence

Offsite Via CNBC Squawk Box February 10, 2022

Link
Shannon K. O'Neil

Vice President, Deputy Director of Studies, and Nelson and David Rockefeller
Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies

Trade Supply Chains Democracy

Governance Must Trump Ideology in Latin America’s Elections

Article February 18, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


David Sacks

Research Fellow

Asia China Taiwan

As the West Condemns Russia Over Ukraine, Beijing Strikes a Different Tone

Offsite Via CNN February 22, 2022

Link
Stephen Biddle

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Defense Policy

Defense and Security Wars and Conflict Military Operations

Nonstate Warfare

Book April 6, 2021 National Security and Defense Program


Edward Alden

Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow

Trade Immigration and Migration Economics

Decades Late, NAFTA’s Promise on Workers’ Rights Comes Good

Article February 18, 2022 Renewing America


Luciana L. Borio

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Public Health Threats and Pandemics Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines Biotechnology

Immunocompromised people need greater access to monoclonal antibodies

Offsite Via Stat February 14, 2022

Link
Laura Taylor-Kale

Fellow for Innovation and Economic Competitiveness

Competitiveness Development Corporate Governance

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Thomas Graham

Distinguished Fellow

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

Has Russia Just Started a Wider War With Ukraine?

In Brief February 22, 2022


Gayle Tzemach Lemmon

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy

Women and Women's Rights Development Emerging Markets

The Daughters of Kobani

Book February 16, 2021 Women and Foreign Policy Program


Justin Muzinich

Distinguished Fellow

Economics Diplomacy and International Institutions Sanctions

America’s Crypto Conundrum: Protecting Security Without Crushing Innovation

Via Foreign Affairs October 28, 2021

Link
Benn Steil

Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics

International Finance Financial Markets Economics

Global Trade Tracker

Tracker July 19, 2021 Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies


Richard Haass

President, Council on Foreign Relations

U.S. Foreign Policy International Relations

America and China's Unhappy Anniversary

Article February 18, 2022


A. Michael Spence

Distinguished Visiting Fellow

Development Emerging Markets Inequality

A Better Boom: How to Capture the Pandemic’s Productivity Potential

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs June 22, 2021

Link
Robert E. Rubin

Chairman Emeritus; Former Secretary of the U.S. Treasury

Robert E. Rubin: The Challenges and Future of Capitalism in the United States

Blog Post January 20, 2022 Renewing America


David P. Fidler

Senior Fellow for Global Health and Cybersecurity

International Law Cybersecurity Health

Canada Has Failed to Deliver on Its COVID-19 Promises to the World — and Some
Say They Won't Forget It

Offsite Via Toronto Star February 17, 2022

Link
Matthew C. Waxman

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy

International Law Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Cyberattacks and the Constitution

Via Lawfare November 12, 2020

Link
Willem H. Buiter

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Budget, Debt, and Deficits Monetary Policy Financial Markets

How Green is This Debt

Offsite Via ExPro Consulting December 3, 2021

Link
Scott A. Snyder

Senior Fellow for Korea Studies and Director of the Program on U.S.-Korea Policy

North Korea South Korea Asia

South Korean Views Of Rising Tensions Between Russia And Ukraine

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Asia Unbound


Matthias Matthijs

Senior Fellow for Europe

Europe Germany United Kingdom

Merkel’s Legacy and the Future of Germany

In Brief September 17, 2021 Europe Program


Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

Editor, Foreign Affairs; Peter G. Peterson Chair

China U.S. Foreign Policy

Kurtz-Phelan: U.S. Never Reckoned With What Winning the War on Terror Would Mean

Via CNN's AC360 August 26, 2021

Link
Ray Takeyh

Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies

Iran Iran Nuclear Agreement Persian Gulf

The Last Shah—New in Paperback

Book January 26, 2021


Tom Frieden

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Frieden: Why I'm Cautiously Optimistic About COVID-19

Offsite Via CNN.com February 1, 2022

Link
Jennifer Nuzzo

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Jennifer Nuzzo on COVID-19 Vaccines and Testing

Offsite Via C-SPAN February 7, 2022

Link
Michelle Gavin

Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies

Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe

Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: February 12–18

Blog Post February 22, 2022 Africa in Transition


Sheila A. Smith

John E. Merow Senior Fellow for Asia Pacific Studies

Japan Defense and Security Asia

Constitutional Change in Japan

Interactive April 4, 2019


Robert D. Blackwill

Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. Foreign Policy Europe and Eurasia Russia

The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War

Council Special Report February 11, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Yascha Mounk

Senior Fellow

Democracy Populism Civil Society

Mounk: Open Everything: The Time to End Pandemic Restrictions Is Now

Offsite Via Atlantic February 9, 2022

Link
Carl Minzner

Senior Fellow For China Studies

China Asia Rule of Law

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Paul J. Angelo

Fellow for Latin America Studies

Latin America Americas Central America

Costa Rica’s Presidential Election: What to Know

In Brief February 10, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


Jendayi E. Frazer

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Sub-Saharan Africa U.S. Foreign Policy Politics and Government

The Future of U.S. Diplomacy

Event February 8, 2021

Play
@ReubenBrigety
Reuben E. Brigety II

Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues

Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Organizations Diplomacy and International
Institutions

@ReubenBrigety

The Fractured Power: How to Overcome Tribalism

Via Foreign Affairs February 16, 2021

Link
John B. Bellinger III

Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law

International Law Treaties and Agreements Sanctions

Russian incursion into Ukraine ‘very likely,’ says John B. Bellinger III ’86

Offsite Via Harvard Law Today February 10, 2022

Link
James M. Lindsay

Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair

United States Politics and Government Polls and Public Opinion

TWE Celebrates Presidents’ Day

Blog Post February 21, 2022 The Water's Edge


Max Boot

Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies

U.S. Foreign Policy Defense and Security Military History

Why the U.S. Ramped Up Its Information War With Russia

In Brief February 10, 2022


Kenneth S. Rogoff

Senior Fellow for Economics

International Economics Monetary Policy Digital Currencies

Corporate Virtual Roundtable: Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Future of
Finance

Event July 30, 2020

Play
Charles A. Kupchan

Senior Fellow

European Union NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Europe and Eurasia

Isolationism

Book October 1, 2020


Gordon M. Goldstein

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Technology and Innovation Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Tech & Policy Initiative The Rising Geopolitics of Internet Governance: Cyber
Sovereignty v. Distributed Governance

Via Columbia School of International and Public Affairs November 30, 2016

Link
Stewart M. Patrick

James H. Binger Senior Fellow in Global Governance and Director of the
International Institutions and Global Governance Program

Global Governance Diplomacy and International Institutions International
Organizations

Tipping Points Make Climate Inaction Even More Catastrophic

Offsite Via World Politics Review February 14, 2022

Link
Carla Anne Robbins

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Defense and Security Cuba North Korea

The Enemy Uncounted

Via American Purpose July 30, 2021

Link
Ebenezer Obadare

Douglas Dillon Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Religion

Ritual Killings in Nigeria Reflect Mounting Desperation for Wealth and Security
Amid Creeping Collapse of Law and Order

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Africa in Transition


Bruce Hoffman

Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and
Homeland Security

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Wars and Conflict Intelligence

Hoffman: Biden's Syria Strike Is an Important Win, But It Underscores the Folly
of Leaving Afghanistan

Offsite Via Hill February 8, 2022

Link
Stephen Sestanovich

George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

The Russia-Ukraine Crisis: A Scorecard on Biden’s Response

In Brief December 23, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Manjari Chatterjee Miller

Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia

India Asia China

India’s Faltering Nonalignment

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs February 22, 2022

Link
Farah Pandith

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Radicalization and Extremism Terrorism and Counterterrorism U.S. Foreign Policy

Did we win the war on terrorism?

Via Monocle September 11, 2021

Link
@jaredcohen
Jared Cohen

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Iran Technology and Innovation

@jaredcohen

Biden’s Democracy Summit Needs to Produce More Than a Bland Statement

Via Foreign Policy November 12, 2021

Link
Gideon Rose

Mary and David Boies Distinguished Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy

Wars and Conflict Middle East and North Africa Southeast Asia

How I Got Here: Lives in Public Service

Book December 20, 2021


David J. Scheffer

Senior Fellow

Humanitarian Intervention Wars and Conflict International Law

Understanding South Sudan’s Postwar Struggle for Democracy and Accountability

In Brief January 28, 2022 International Institutions and Global Governance
Program


Thomas J. Bollyky

Senior Fellow for Global Health, Economics, and Development and Director of the
Global Health Program

Health Trade Development

The COVID Policy That Really Mattered Wasn't a Policy

Offsite Via New York Times February 6, 2022

Link
Roger W. Ferguson Jr.

Steven A. Tananbaum Distinguished Fellow for International Economics

Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy Regulation and Deregulation

Ferguson: Omicron, Inflation, and Expected Rise in Interest Rates May Contribute
to Continued Decline in CEO Confidence

Offsite Via CNBC Squawk Box February 10, 2022

Link
Shannon K. O'Neil

Vice President, Deputy Director of Studies, and Nelson and David Rockefeller
Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies

Trade Supply Chains Democracy

Governance Must Trump Ideology in Latin America’s Elections

Article February 18, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


David Sacks

Research Fellow

Asia China Taiwan

As the West Condemns Russia Over Ukraine, Beijing Strikes a Different Tone

Offsite Via CNN February 22, 2022

Link
Stephen Biddle

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Defense Policy

Defense and Security Wars and Conflict Military Operations

Nonstate Warfare

Book April 6, 2021 National Security and Defense Program


Edward Alden

Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow

Trade Immigration and Migration Economics

Decades Late, NAFTA’s Promise on Workers’ Rights Comes Good

Article February 18, 2022 Renewing America


Luciana L. Borio

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Public Health Threats and Pandemics Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines Biotechnology

Immunocompromised people need greater access to monoclonal antibodies

Offsite Via Stat February 14, 2022

Link
Laura Taylor-Kale

Fellow for Innovation and Economic Competitiveness

Competitiveness Development Corporate Governance

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Thomas Graham

Distinguished Fellow

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

Has Russia Just Started a Wider War With Ukraine?

In Brief February 22, 2022


Gayle Tzemach Lemmon

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy

Women and Women's Rights Development Emerging Markets

The Daughters of Kobani

Book February 16, 2021 Women and Foreign Policy Program


Justin Muzinich

Distinguished Fellow

Economics Diplomacy and International Institutions Sanctions

America’s Crypto Conundrum: Protecting Security Without Crushing Innovation

Via Foreign Affairs October 28, 2021

Link
Benn Steil

Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics

International Finance Financial Markets Economics

Global Trade Tracker

Tracker July 19, 2021 Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies


Richard Haass

President, Council on Foreign Relations

U.S. Foreign Policy International Relations

America and China's Unhappy Anniversary

Article February 18, 2022


A. Michael Spence

Distinguished Visiting Fellow

Development Emerging Markets Inequality

A Better Boom: How to Capture the Pandemic’s Productivity Potential

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs June 22, 2021

Link
Robert E. Rubin

Chairman Emeritus; Former Secretary of the U.S. Treasury

Robert E. Rubin: The Challenges and Future of Capitalism in the United States

Blog Post January 20, 2022 Renewing America


David P. Fidler

Senior Fellow for Global Health and Cybersecurity

International Law Cybersecurity Health

Canada Has Failed to Deliver on Its COVID-19 Promises to the World — and Some
Say They Won't Forget It

Offsite Via Toronto Star February 17, 2022

Link
Matthew C. Waxman

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy

International Law Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Cyberattacks and the Constitution

Via Lawfare November 12, 2020

Link
Willem H. Buiter

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Budget, Debt, and Deficits Monetary Policy Financial Markets

How Green is This Debt

Offsite Via ExPro Consulting December 3, 2021

Link
Scott A. Snyder

Senior Fellow for Korea Studies and Director of the Program on U.S.-Korea Policy

North Korea South Korea Asia

South Korean Views Of Rising Tensions Between Russia And Ukraine

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Asia Unbound


Matthias Matthijs

Senior Fellow for Europe

Europe Germany United Kingdom

Merkel’s Legacy and the Future of Germany

In Brief September 17, 2021 Europe Program


Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

Editor, Foreign Affairs; Peter G. Peterson Chair

China U.S. Foreign Policy

Kurtz-Phelan: U.S. Never Reckoned With What Winning the War on Terror Would Mean

Via CNN's AC360 August 26, 2021

Link
Ray Takeyh

Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies

Iran Iran Nuclear Agreement Persian Gulf

The Last Shah—New in Paperback

Book January 26, 2021


Tom Frieden

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Frieden: Why I'm Cautiously Optimistic About COVID-19

Offsite Via CNN.com February 1, 2022

Link
Jennifer Nuzzo

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Jennifer Nuzzo on COVID-19 Vaccines and Testing

Offsite Via C-SPAN February 7, 2022

Link
Michelle Gavin

Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies

Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe

Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: February 12–18

Blog Post February 22, 2022 Africa in Transition


Sheila A. Smith

John E. Merow Senior Fellow for Asia Pacific Studies

Japan Defense and Security Asia

Constitutional Change in Japan

Interactive April 4, 2019


Robert D. Blackwill

Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. Foreign Policy Europe and Eurasia Russia

The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War

Council Special Report February 11, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Yascha Mounk

Senior Fellow

Democracy Populism Civil Society

Mounk: Open Everything: The Time to End Pandemic Restrictions Is Now

Offsite Via Atlantic February 9, 2022

Link
Carl Minzner

Senior Fellow For China Studies

China Asia Rule of Law

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Paul J. Angelo

Fellow for Latin America Studies

Latin America Americas Central America

Costa Rica’s Presidential Election: What to Know

In Brief February 10, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


Jendayi E. Frazer

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Sub-Saharan Africa U.S. Foreign Policy Politics and Government

The Future of U.S. Diplomacy

Event February 8, 2021

Play
@ReubenBrigety
Reuben E. Brigety II

Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues

Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Organizations Diplomacy and International
Institutions

@ReubenBrigety

The Fractured Power: How to Overcome Tribalism

Via Foreign Affairs February 16, 2021

Link
John B. Bellinger III

Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law

International Law Treaties and Agreements Sanctions

Russian incursion into Ukraine ‘very likely,’ says John B. Bellinger III ’86

Offsite Via Harvard Law Today February 10, 2022

Link
James M. Lindsay

Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair

United States Politics and Government Polls and Public Opinion

TWE Celebrates Presidents’ Day

Blog Post February 21, 2022 The Water's Edge


Max Boot

Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies

U.S. Foreign Policy Defense and Security Military History

Why the U.S. Ramped Up Its Information War With Russia

In Brief February 10, 2022


Kenneth S. Rogoff

Senior Fellow for Economics

International Economics Monetary Policy Digital Currencies

Corporate Virtual Roundtable: Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Future of
Finance

Event July 30, 2020

Play
Charles A. Kupchan

Senior Fellow

European Union NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Europe and Eurasia

Isolationism

Book October 1, 2020


Gordon M. Goldstein

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Technology and Innovation Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Tech & Policy Initiative The Rising Geopolitics of Internet Governance: Cyber
Sovereignty v. Distributed Governance

Via Columbia School of International and Public Affairs November 30, 2016

Link
Stewart M. Patrick

James H. Binger Senior Fellow in Global Governance and Director of the
International Institutions and Global Governance Program

Global Governance Diplomacy and International Institutions International
Organizations

Tipping Points Make Climate Inaction Even More Catastrophic

Offsite Via World Politics Review February 14, 2022

Link
Carla Anne Robbins

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Defense and Security Cuba North Korea

The Enemy Uncounted

Via American Purpose July 30, 2021

Link
Ebenezer Obadare

Douglas Dillon Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Religion

Ritual Killings in Nigeria Reflect Mounting Desperation for Wealth and Security
Amid Creeping Collapse of Law and Order

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Africa in Transition


Bruce Hoffman

Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and
Homeland Security

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Wars and Conflict Intelligence

Hoffman: Biden's Syria Strike Is an Important Win, But It Underscores the Folly
of Leaving Afghanistan

Offsite Via Hill February 8, 2022

Link
Stephen Sestanovich

George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

The Russia-Ukraine Crisis: A Scorecard on Biden’s Response

In Brief December 23, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Manjari Chatterjee Miller

Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia

India Asia China

India’s Faltering Nonalignment

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs February 22, 2022

Link
Farah Pandith

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Radicalization and Extremism Terrorism and Counterterrorism U.S. Foreign Policy

Did we win the war on terrorism?

Via Monocle September 11, 2021

Link
@jaredcohen
Jared Cohen

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Iran Technology and Innovation

@jaredcohen

Biden’s Democracy Summit Needs to Produce More Than a Bland Statement

Via Foreign Policy November 12, 2021

Link
Gideon Rose

Mary and David Boies Distinguished Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy

Wars and Conflict Middle East and North Africa Southeast Asia

How I Got Here: Lives in Public Service

Book December 20, 2021


David J. Scheffer

Senior Fellow

Humanitarian Intervention Wars and Conflict International Law

Understanding South Sudan’s Postwar Struggle for Democracy and Accountability

In Brief January 28, 2022 International Institutions and Global Governance
Program


Thomas J. Bollyky

Senior Fellow for Global Health, Economics, and Development and Director of the
Global Health Program

Health Trade Development

The COVID Policy That Really Mattered Wasn't a Policy

Offsite Via New York Times February 6, 2022

Link
Roger W. Ferguson Jr.

Steven A. Tananbaum Distinguished Fellow for International Economics

Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy Regulation and Deregulation

Ferguson: Omicron, Inflation, and Expected Rise in Interest Rates May Contribute
to Continued Decline in CEO Confidence

Offsite Via CNBC Squawk Box February 10, 2022

Link
Shannon K. O'Neil

Vice President, Deputy Director of Studies, and Nelson and David Rockefeller
Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies

Trade Supply Chains Democracy

Governance Must Trump Ideology in Latin America’s Elections

Article February 18, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


David Sacks

Research Fellow

Asia China Taiwan

As the West Condemns Russia Over Ukraine, Beijing Strikes a Different Tone

Offsite Via CNN February 22, 2022

Link
Stephen Biddle

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Defense Policy

Defense and Security Wars and Conflict Military Operations

Nonstate Warfare

Book April 6, 2021 National Security and Defense Program


Edward Alden

Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow

Trade Immigration and Migration Economics

Decades Late, NAFTA’s Promise on Workers’ Rights Comes Good

Article February 18, 2022 Renewing America


Luciana L. Borio

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Public Health Threats and Pandemics Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines Biotechnology

Immunocompromised people need greater access to monoclonal antibodies

Offsite Via Stat February 14, 2022

Link
Laura Taylor-Kale

Fellow for Innovation and Economic Competitiveness

Competitiveness Development Corporate Governance

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Thomas Graham

Distinguished Fellow

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

Has Russia Just Started a Wider War With Ukraine?

In Brief February 22, 2022


Gayle Tzemach Lemmon

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy

Women and Women's Rights Development Emerging Markets

The Daughters of Kobani

Book February 16, 2021 Women and Foreign Policy Program


Justin Muzinich

Distinguished Fellow

Economics Diplomacy and International Institutions Sanctions

America’s Crypto Conundrum: Protecting Security Without Crushing Innovation

Via Foreign Affairs October 28, 2021

Link
Benn Steil

Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics

International Finance Financial Markets Economics

Global Trade Tracker

Tracker July 19, 2021 Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies


Richard Haass

President, Council on Foreign Relations

U.S. Foreign Policy International Relations

America and China's Unhappy Anniversary

Article February 18, 2022


A. Michael Spence

Distinguished Visiting Fellow

Development Emerging Markets Inequality

A Better Boom: How to Capture the Pandemic’s Productivity Potential

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs June 22, 2021

Link
Robert E. Rubin

Chairman Emeritus; Former Secretary of the U.S. Treasury

Robert E. Rubin: The Challenges and Future of Capitalism in the United States

Blog Post January 20, 2022 Renewing America


David P. Fidler

Senior Fellow for Global Health and Cybersecurity

International Law Cybersecurity Health

Canada Has Failed to Deliver on Its COVID-19 Promises to the World — and Some
Say They Won't Forget It

Offsite Via Toronto Star February 17, 2022

Link
Matthew C. Waxman

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy

International Law Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Cyberattacks and the Constitution

Via Lawfare November 12, 2020

Link
Willem H. Buiter

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Budget, Debt, and Deficits Monetary Policy Financial Markets

How Green is This Debt

Offsite Via ExPro Consulting December 3, 2021

Link
Scott A. Snyder

Senior Fellow for Korea Studies and Director of the Program on U.S.-Korea Policy

North Korea South Korea Asia

South Korean Views Of Rising Tensions Between Russia And Ukraine

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Asia Unbound


Matthias Matthijs

Senior Fellow for Europe

Europe Germany United Kingdom

Merkel’s Legacy and the Future of Germany

In Brief September 17, 2021 Europe Program


Daniel Kurtz-Phelan

Editor, Foreign Affairs; Peter G. Peterson Chair

China U.S. Foreign Policy

Kurtz-Phelan: U.S. Never Reckoned With What Winning the War on Terror Would Mean

Via CNN's AC360 August 26, 2021

Link
Ray Takeyh

Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle East Studies

Iran Iran Nuclear Agreement Persian Gulf

The Last Shah—New in Paperback

Book January 26, 2021


Tom Frieden

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Frieden: Why I'm Cautiously Optimistic About COVID-19

Offsite Via CNN.com February 1, 2022

Link
Jennifer Nuzzo

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Health Public Health Threats and Pandemics

Jennifer Nuzzo on COVID-19 Vaccines and Testing

Offsite Via C-SPAN February 7, 2022

Link
Michelle Gavin

Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies

Botswana South Africa Zimbabwe

Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: February 12–18

Blog Post February 22, 2022 Africa in Transition


Sheila A. Smith

John E. Merow Senior Fellow for Asia Pacific Studies

Japan Defense and Security Asia

Constitutional Change in Japan

Interactive April 4, 2019


Robert D. Blackwill

Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. Foreign Policy Europe and Eurasia Russia

The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War

Council Special Report February 11, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Yascha Mounk

Senior Fellow

Democracy Populism Civil Society

Mounk: Open Everything: The Time to End Pandemic Restrictions Is Now

Offsite Via Atlantic February 9, 2022

Link
Carl Minzner

Senior Fellow For China Studies

China Asia Rule of Law

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


Paul J. Angelo

Fellow for Latin America Studies

Latin America Americas Central America

Costa Rica’s Presidential Election: What to Know

In Brief February 10, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


Jendayi E. Frazer

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Sub-Saharan Africa U.S. Foreign Policy Politics and Government

The Future of U.S. Diplomacy

Event February 8, 2021

Play
@ReubenBrigety
Reuben E. Brigety II

Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues

Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Organizations Diplomacy and International
Institutions

@ReubenBrigety

The Fractured Power: How to Overcome Tribalism

Via Foreign Affairs February 16, 2021

Link
John B. Bellinger III

Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law

International Law Treaties and Agreements Sanctions

Russian incursion into Ukraine ‘very likely,’ says John B. Bellinger III ’86

Offsite Via Harvard Law Today February 10, 2022

Link
James M. Lindsay

Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair

United States Politics and Government Polls and Public Opinion

TWE Celebrates Presidents’ Day

Blog Post February 21, 2022 The Water's Edge


Max Boot

Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for National Security Studies

U.S. Foreign Policy Defense and Security Military History

Why the U.S. Ramped Up Its Information War With Russia

In Brief February 10, 2022


Kenneth S. Rogoff

Senior Fellow for Economics

International Economics Monetary Policy Digital Currencies

Corporate Virtual Roundtable: Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Future of
Finance

Event July 30, 2020

Play
Charles A. Kupchan

Senior Fellow

European Union NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Europe and Eurasia

Isolationism

Book October 1, 2020


Gordon M. Goldstein

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Technology and Innovation Cybersecurity U.S. Foreign Policy

Tech & Policy Initiative The Rising Geopolitics of Internet Governance: Cyber
Sovereignty v. Distributed Governance

Via Columbia School of International and Public Affairs November 30, 2016

Link
Stewart M. Patrick

James H. Binger Senior Fellow in Global Governance and Director of the
International Institutions and Global Governance Program

Global Governance Diplomacy and International Institutions International
Organizations

Tipping Points Make Climate Inaction Even More Catastrophic

Offsite Via World Politics Review February 14, 2022

Link
Carla Anne Robbins

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Defense and Security Cuba North Korea

The Enemy Uncounted

Via American Purpose July 30, 2021

Link
Ebenezer Obadare

Douglas Dillon Senior Fellow for Africa Studies

Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa Religion

Ritual Killings in Nigeria Reflect Mounting Desperation for Wealth and Security
Amid Creeping Collapse of Law and Order

Blog Post February 14, 2022 Africa in Transition


Bruce Hoffman

Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and
Homeland Security

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Wars and Conflict Intelligence

Hoffman: Biden's Syria Strike Is an Important Win, But It Underscores the Folly
of Leaving Afghanistan

Offsite Via Hill February 8, 2022

Link
Stephen Sestanovich

George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies

Russia Europe and Eurasia U.S. Foreign Policy

The Russia-Ukraine Crisis: A Scorecard on Biden’s Response

In Brief December 23, 2021 U.S. Foreign Policy Program


Manjari Chatterjee Miller

Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia

India Asia China

India’s Faltering Nonalignment

Offsite Via Foreign Affairs February 22, 2022

Link
Farah Pandith

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Radicalization and Extremism Terrorism and Counterterrorism U.S. Foreign Policy

Did we win the war on terrorism?

Via Monocle September 11, 2021

Link
@jaredcohen
Jared Cohen

Adjunct Senior Fellow

Terrorism and Counterterrorism Iran Technology and Innovation

@jaredcohen

Biden’s Democracy Summit Needs to Produce More Than a Bland Statement

Via Foreign Policy November 12, 2021

Link
Gideon Rose

Mary and David Boies Distinguished Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy

Wars and Conflict Middle East and North Africa Southeast Asia

How I Got Here: Lives in Public Service

Book December 20, 2021


David J. Scheffer

Senior Fellow

Humanitarian Intervention Wars and Conflict International Law

Understanding South Sudan’s Postwar Struggle for Democracy and Accountability

In Brief January 28, 2022 International Institutions and Global Governance
Program


Thomas J. Bollyky

Senior Fellow for Global Health, Economics, and Development and Director of the
Global Health Program

Health Trade Development

The COVID Policy That Really Mattered Wasn't a Policy

Offsite Via New York Times February 6, 2022

Link
Roger W. Ferguson Jr.

Steven A. Tananbaum Distinguished Fellow for International Economics

Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy Regulation and Deregulation

Ferguson: Omicron, Inflation, and Expected Rise in Interest Rates May Contribute
to Continued Decline in CEO Confidence

Offsite Via CNBC Squawk Box February 10, 2022

Link
Shannon K. O'Neil

Vice President, Deputy Director of Studies, and Nelson and David Rockefeller
Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies

Trade Supply Chains Democracy

Governance Must Trump Ideology in Latin America’s Elections

Article February 18, 2022 Latin America Studies Program


David Sacks

Research Fellow

Asia China Taiwan

As the West Condemns Russia Over Ukraine, Beijing Strikes a Different Tone

Offsite Via CNN February 22, 2022

Link
Stephen Biddle

Adjunct Senior Fellow for Defense Policy

Defense and Security Wars and Conflict Military Operations

Nonstate Warfare

Book April 6, 2021 National Security and Defense Program


Edward Alden

Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow

Trade Immigration and Migration Economics

Decades Late, NAFTA’s Promise on Workers’ Rights Comes Good

Article February 18, 2022 Renewing America


Luciana L. Borio

Senior Fellow for Global Health

Public Health Threats and Pandemics Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines Biotechnology

Immunocompromised people need greater access to monoclonal antibodies

Offsite Via Stat February 14, 2022

Link
Laura Taylor-Kale

Fellow for Innovation and Economic Competitiveness

Competitiveness Development Corporate Governance

Visualizing 2022: Trends to Watch

Article December 3, 2021 Global Health Program


View All


EXPLAINERS

Argentina

Argentina
Argentina: A South American Power Struggles for Stability
Backgrounder by Diana Roy
Argentina is one of Latin America’s largest economies and most stable
democracies, but the country has struggled with political dysfunction and
financial crises in recent decades.
North Korea Timeline: North Korean Nuclear Negotiations
Timeline by Eleanor Albert and Lindsay Maizland
Middle East and North Africa Understanding Sharia
Backgrounder Redesign by Kali Robinson
Monetary Policy What Is the U.S. Federal Reserve?
Backgrounder Redesign by James McBride and Anshu Siripurapu
View All


EXPERTS IN THE NEWS

Elliott Abrams
Link

Abrams: Who Led Germany Into Dependence on Russian Gas?



Via National Review February 15, 2022

Richard Haass
Link

Haass: Putin's Actions Might Strengthen Ties Between Ukraine and the European
Union



Via CNN Fareed Zakaria GPS February 13, 2022

Shannon K. O'Neil
Link

O’Neil: The Increase in Goods Purchased During the Pandemic Has Contributed to
Supply Chain Challenges



Via Conversations With Jim Zirin February 1, 2022

View All


FEATURED PUBLICATIONS

Iran

The Last Shah—New in Paperback


Ray Takeyh provides new interpretations of many important events—including the
1953 coup against Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq and the rise of Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini—significantly revising our understanding of the United States’
and Iran’s complex and difficult history.

Book by Ray Takeyh February 8, 2022

COVID-19

The COVID-19 Pandemic and China's Global Health Leadership


China's ambitions for global health leadership are faltering as the COVID-19
pandemic persists. The country's mixed record of addressing the virus offers
opportunities for U.S. global health leadership, writes Yanzhong Huang.

Council Special Report by Yanzhong Huang February 3, 2022

Economics

The Power Law


The astonishingly frank and intimate story of Silicon Valley’s dominant venture
capital firms—and how their strategies and fates have shaped the path of
innovation and the global economy.

Book by Sebastian Mallaby February 1, 2022 Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic
Studies

View All

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