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CRITICAL AUTOMATED TANK GAUGE BUGS THREATEN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURECRITICAL
AUTOMATED TANK GAUGE BUGS THREATEN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The security vulnerabilities could lead to everything from gas spills to
operations data disclosure, affecting gas stations, airports, military bases,
and other hypersensitive locations.

Tara Seals, Managing Editor, News, Dark Reading

September 24, 2024

6 Min Read
Source: Bax Walker via Alamy Stock Photo


Multiple critical security vulnerabilities in automatic tank gauge (ATG)
systems, some unpatched, threaten critical infrastructure facilities with
disruption and physical damage, researchers are warning.

ATGs are sensor systems that monitor and manage fuel storage tanks to ensure
that fill levels aren't too low or too high, to see that leaks are detected in
real-time, and to manage inventory. ATGs can be found where you'd expect them to
be, like at gas stations and airports, but also in less obvious installations.

"In the US, for example, we were told that you are required by law to have an
ATG system installed in any fuel tank of a certain size," Pedro Umbelino,
principal research scientist at Bitsight's TRACE unit, explains to Dark Reading.
"Gas stations are the largest and most obvious use case, but the second largest
use case for ATGs are critical facilities that require large backup generators —
you often see these in facilities like hospitals, military installations and
airports."

Worryingly, most of the newly discovered vulnerabilities allow for an attacker
to have full control of an ATG as an administrator. And according to Umbelino,
the 11 bugs across six ATG systems from five different vendors can thus open the
door to a gamut of nefarious activities, ranging from making fueling unavailable
to wreaking environmental havoc.

Related:Kansas Water Plant Pivots to Analog After Cyber Event

"What's even more concerning is that, besides multiple warnings in the past,
thousands of ATGs are still currently online and directly accessible over the
Internet, making them prime targets for cyberattacks, especially in sabotage or
cyberwarfare scenarios," Umbelino said in an analysis released on Sept. 24.

The bugs were discovered six months ago, with Bitsight, the US Cybersecurity and
Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the affected vendors working in
tandem to mitigate the problems. As a result of those efforts, "Maglink and
Franklin have released patches," Umbelino says. "The affected OPW product has
been EOL'd [end of life] and is no longer being supported by the vendor, so they
will not be releasing a patch. Proteus and Alisonic have not engaged with us or
with CISA as part of the disclosure process, so it's unclear to us if they’ve
released or are working on a mitigation plan."

Patching isn't where the remediation needs stop, though.

"Even for devices that have had patches issued, my top recommendation is to
disconnect these devices from the public Internet," Umbelino says. "Most of them
were never designed to be connected in the way they are today, so they weren't
built with the level of security that is required for Internet-connected
devices. They're being used in ways that vendors hadn't initially intended, and
that's what is at the core of these vulnerabilities. Taking them off the public
Internet is the only true solution."

Related:Concerns Over Supply Chain Attacks on US Seaports Grow


MAJOR CYBER-RISK FROM ATG TAMPERING

ATGs not only automatically measure and record the level, volume, and
temperature of products in storage tanks, but they're usually connected to
sirens, emergency shutoff valves, ventilation systems, and peripherals like fuel
dispensers.

"Part of what makes these devices attractive to security researchers, or a
malicious actor for that matter, is the potential ability to control physical
processes that could lead to disastrous consequences if they are abused in
unintended ways," Umbelino noted.

As Umbelino explained, "We found vanilla reflected cross-site scripting (XSS).
The authentication bypasses were direct path access. The command injections
lacked filtering. There were hardcoded administrator credentials. The arbitrary
file read was a direct path traversal access, yielding admin credentials. The
SQL injection could be exploited aided by full SQL error logs."

The vulnerabilities are as follows:

Related:Name That Toon: Tug of War





Source: Bitsight TRACE.

As an example of those consequences, attackers could exploit the bugs to change
the amount of liquid a tank is capable of taking on, while also tampering with
overflow alarms. The result could be an undetected tank overflow, which could
cause gas spills and environmental chaos.

And as Umbelino explained in the post, "The most damaging attack is making the
devices run in a way that might cause physical damage to their components or
components connected to it. In our research, we've shown that an attacker can
gain access to a device and drive the relays at very fast speeds, causing
permanent damage to them."

Other bad outcomes include making the systems inaccessible via denial of service
(DoS), exposing competitive operations data (delivery dates, pricing, inventory
intel, types of alarms, etc.), or the loss of compliance data leading to
potential regulatory fines. In a DoS scenario for instance, an attack could
"lead to downtime and would usually require human intervention," Umbelino
explained in the posting. "In fact, these types of attacks are currently
ongoing, with claims of exploitation of at least one brand of devices for which
we published a vulnerability on just two weeks ago."


CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE UNDER INCREASING CYBER THREAT

The critical infrastructure threat landscape continues to be a thorny problem
for security practitioners, starting with the fact that ICS systems and the
operational technology (OT) that controls them are designed to prioritize
reliability and efficiency, not security.

"As a result, they often lack modern protections," Umbelino noted. "In addition
... vendors recently started to integrate them with newer technology to improve
efficiency and remote access and this significantly changes their threat model.
Of course, there is also a lack of cybersecurity experts that are familiar with
ICS systems. It is hard to find vulnerabilities if no one is looking for them."

Threat actors have taken notice: Chinese APTs like Volt Typhoon and others are
looking to gain a foothold within physical infrastructure, for operational
espionage as well as cultivating the potential for disruptive attacks.
Ransomware gangs have their own reasons for targeting ICS, as seen in the
infamous Colonial Pipeline cyberattack.

"While not related to the vulnerabilities we found, there is a group
consistently claiming ICT/OT disruption in the Ukraine-Russia war, including ATG
systems," Umbelino says. "In this tweet, we can see an OPW ATG system being
targeted, but they claim to have affected many other ICT/OT devices too,
indicating that attackers do see these elements within critical infrastructure
as a target."

CISA itself has flagged increased threats to water supply organizations, power
plants, manufacturing, telecom carriers, military footprints, and more — attacks
that are largely being spearheaded by APTs backed by China, Russia, and Iran.

So far, defenders have headed off catastrophic attacks at the pass, and there's
no reason to expect mass gas spills anytime soon, given the complexity and
sophistication required to exploit the bugs, but it's important to stay ahead of
the risk.

"It’s not just about fixing vulnerabilities, it’s about adopting security
practices that make them difficult to exist in the first place," Umbelino
explained in the analysis. "And it is not just about the vulnerabilities
themselves, it's about their exposure. Organizations need to understand they
should not expose these types of critical systems to the public Internet. They
need to effectively assess their exposure, understand their current risk and
start addressing such issues, regardless of vendors ability to update their
systems in a timely fashion."

Security researchers also have an important role to play, he adds, noting that
stakeholders should be expanding their ICS focus.

"We should start paying more close attention to these types of systems that
control very important parts of our society and that, if abused, can have a
physical effect on the world, sometimes catastrophic," Umbelino says. "We need
to systematically discover, classify and mitigate the risk of them being openly
exposed to the Internet faster than the attackers, and be able to communicate
that risk to all affected parties. It is not an easy task."




ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Tara Seals, Managing Editor, News, Dark Reading



Tara Seals has 20+ years of experience as a journalist, analyst and editor in
the cybersecurity, communications and technology space. Prior to Dark Reading,
Tara was Editor in Chief at Threatpost, and prior to that, the North American
news lead for Infosecurity Magazine. She also spent 13 years working for Informa
(formerly Virgo Publishing), as executive editor and editor-in-chief at
publications focused on both the service provider and the enterprise arenas. A
Texas native, she holds a B.A. from Columbia University, lives in Western
Massachusetts with her family and is on a never-ending quest for good Mexican
food in the Northeast.


See more from Tara Seals, Managing Editor, News, Dark Reading
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