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WHY IS THE MONA LISA SO FAMOUS?

By Karen Chernick

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KAREN CHERNICK

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Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c. 1503–19, oil on wood panel, 30 x 20 7/8 inches.
Louvre, Paris

“Yo, Mona Lisa, could I get a date on Friday?” sang Wyclef Jean on the Fugees’
debut album, in 1994. Around half a century earlier, Nat King Cole had crooned
about Mona Lisa as the lady with the mystic smile in an Oscar-winning song.
Fast-forward to 2018, when power couple Beyoncé and Jay-Z punctuated their music
video filmed in the Louvre with views of the pair standing before the famous
portrait that perpetually—as per the song’s title—sees crowds going “Apeshit.”

From the Italian Renaissance to the contemporary music scene and beyond,
Leonardo da Vinci’s portrait of a Florentine woman set against a mountainous
landscape has struck a chord with people worldwide. Such is her popularity that
some have tried vandalizing her to draw attention to themselves and their
causes. And her image has been appropriated by everyone from Marcel Duchamp to
Virgil Abloh.

What’s so special about the Mona Lisa, and why do we care so much? History
professor and recent Leonardo biographer Walter Isaacson argues that she’s
famous because viewers can emotionally engage with her. Others claim that her
mystery has helped make her notorious.

Here’s a look at some of the likely reasons for our global obsession with this
sepia-toned lady.


WE’RE NOT SURE WHO SHE IS.

Share
Leonardo da Vinci, Ginevra de’ Benci (c. 1474–78), oil on panel, 15 x 14.5
inches.
Photo : National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Leonardo started the iconic portrait around 1503 when he was living in Florence,
but he didn’t finish it for more than a decade. Early sources, such as
16th-century art historian Giorgio Vasari, who described the Mona Lisa in The
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, claim she is
Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo.
Yet the artist didn’t give the painting to Gherardini and instead took it with
him when he left Italy to work for King Francis I of France.

The painting’s provenance doesn’t disclose the lady’s identity, and Leonardo
didn’t leave any visual clues—as he did in his few other portraits of women. In
The Lady With an Ermine (1489–91), the furry creature alludes to the ancient
Greek word for weasel-like animals, gallé, which sounds like the last name of
its sitter, Cecilia Gallerani. Similarly, Ginevra de’ Benci (c.1474–78), shown
here, is crowned by a juniper bush, or ginepro in Italian—a pun on her first
name.

Some theories, such as Vasari’s, suggest that Leonardo never finished his
portrait of Gherardini, and that the Mona Lisa is instead a portrait of art
patron Isabella d’Este (Isabella Gualanda), Gallerani’s cousin.




SHE’S NOT LIKE THE OTHERS.

Share
GHIRLANDAIO, Domenico_Retrato de Giovanna Tornabuoni, 1489-1490_158 (1935.6)
Photo : Museo Nacional Thyssen- Bornemis

Leonardo was known for experimentation and innovation, and the Mona Lisa is no
exception. The Renaissance polymath broke with the strict profile view that
characterized many Italian portraits at that time (such as Domenico
Ghirlandaio’s Portrait of Giovanna degli Albizzi Tornabuoni, above), and by
including his subject’s hands, he made her appear more accessible than those
portrayed in a standard bust view.

The portrait is also rendered in Leonardo’s signature sfumato, a smoky soft
focus that eliminates hard lines and borders, which makes his subject’s skin
glow. Beneath this incandescent surface, Leonardo (ever the scientist)
demonstrated his new understanding of facial musculature. While he was painting
the Mona Lisa he was also studying anatomy by dissecting corpses in the morgue
of the Santa Maria Nuova hospital, which helped him produce the first known
anatomical drawing of a smile.

“In this work of Leonardo there was a smile so pleasing, that it was a thing
more divine than human to behold,” Vasari wrote of the Mona Lisa. “It was not
other than alive.”


SHE WAS HEISTED.

Share
Unknown photographer, 1913, the Mona Lisa on display in the Uffizi Gallery in
Florence. Museum director Giovanni Poggi (right) inspects the painting, soon to
be returned to the Louvre.
Photo : Wikimedia Commons

Despite Vasari’s compliments, art critics did not begin praising the painting as
a Renaissance masterpiece until the 1860s. The Louvre acquired the painting in
1804, but it didn’t draw too many visitors until 1911 when headlines firmly
planted her in the public consciousness.

That year, Vincenzo Peruggia, an Italian carpenter who was working at the
Louvre, decided to steal it by tucking it under his jacket and walking out of
the museum one August day. The incident instigated a meeting of the French
Cabinet and the resignation of the Louvre’s director of paintings.

Spurred by the ensuing media frenzy, museumgoers went to see the empty space
where she had hung at the Louvre. Postcards were printed, Mona Lisa dolls were
made and marketed, a brand of corsets was named after her (foreshadowing how
she’s used to merchandise all manner of wares now). Even bigger crowds came to
see her when she was recovered two years later, with more than 100,000 people
viewing her at the Louvre in the first two days alone.




SHE’S BECOME AN ENDLESS SOURCE OF HOMAGES AND PARODIES.

Share
Fernando Botero, Mona Lisa (1978), oil on canvas, 72 x 65 3/8 inches.
Photo : Museo Botero del Banco de la República, Bogotá, Colombia

By 1914 the Mona Lisa had become highly recognizable, making her a ripe subject
for appropriation.

The year after she was triumphantly returned to the Louvre, Russian Suprematist
Kazimir Malevich created a mixed-media collage titled Composition With the Mona
Lisa (1914), with a color reproduction of her at its center. Marcel Duchamp soon
created L.H.O.O.Q. (1919) using a monochrome Mona Lisa postcard as a readymade,
upon which he doodled a mustache, goatee, and letters (which if read aloud in
French sound like “Elle a chaud au cul,” or “She is hot in the ass”).

Other canonical artists followed. Fernand Léger painted La Joconde aux Clés
(1930), Philippe Halsman produced Dalí as a Mona Lisa (1954), and Fernando
Botero made a plump Mona Lisa in 1959, which he reprised in 1978. Leonardo’s
portrait became the subject of one of Andy Warhol’s earliest silkscreen works,
in 1963, when the Pop artist used the reproduction from a Met brochure to copy
and serialize her portrait.

After Warhol’s heyday, with the economic boom of the 1960s resulting in a boon
to advertising (especially in the United States), the Mona Lisa started to cameo
regularly in marketing campaigns. During the 1970s, she featured in around 23
new advertisements per year, and that number increased to 53 per year in the
following decade. Her visage gave products the stamp of art-historical
importance while also fueling her own popularity.


SHE’S A PARISIAN LANDMARK.

Share
Abbie Rowe, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy attends the opening of the Mona Lisa
exhibit at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1963.
Photo : White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and
Museum, Boston

The 1960s boom that supercharged ad campaigns also kicked off mass tourism, with
Paris becoming a top international destination. The Mona Lisa has left French
soil only a handful of times since Leonardo brought her to Francis I’s court in
the early 16th century, making her nearly as permanent a fixture as other
Parisian tourist destinations.

The few times she’s left her perch at the Louvre have only fed Mona Lisa fever,
with the flashiest of these being in 1963, when Jacqueline Kennedy helped broker
a loan to show her at the National Gallery of Art and the Metropolitan Museum in
New York. Treated like a celebrity, she was welcomed by the Kennedys and feted
with an official dinner (where the dessert was Poires Mona Lisa, poached pears
coated with a chocolate sauce and baked into pastry). Americans took notice and
came to see her in droves, with 1,751,521 visitors to the museums in the six
weeks she was in the United States. A similar tour was repeated a decade later
when the Mona Lisa went to Japan; the international media attention that ensued
cemented her status as an icon.

Owing to her fragility, the Mona Lisa is unlikely to ever leave the Louvre
again, and visitors who make the pilgrimage to see her there find her in the
museum’s biggest room—the Salle des États, a room once used by Napoleon III for
legislative sessions. Her bulletproof case and designated wall are evidence of
her elite status. A leaked French Ministry of Culture report from 2018
disclosed, among other things, that even with all the masterpieces contained in
the Louvre’s permanent collection, nine out of ten visitors claim they come to
see Leonardo’s lady.

READ MORE ABOUT:

 * Evergreen
 * Mona Lisa




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