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University of Virginia Spring 2014
David Evans






CALENDAR · FORUM


SYLLABUS · CLASSES




PROBLEM SETS

 * 0: Getting Started
 * 1: zhttpo web server
 * 2: gash shell
 * 3: Zhtta web server
 * 4: IronKernel
 *  
 * Challenges




CLASSES

 *  1: OS
 *  2: Rust
 *  3: First Billion
 *  4: Processes
 *  5: Shells
 *  6: Virtualizing Memory
 *  7: Faults
 *  8: Managing Memory
 *  9: Pointers in Rust
 * 10: goto fail;
 * 11: Scheduling
 * 12: Linux, Web Scheduling
 * 13: The Internet
 * 14: Kernel Development
 * 15: IronKernel
 * 16: Storage
 * 17: Flash!
 * 18: System Calls
 * 19: Synchronization
 * 20: Mutual Exclusion
 * 21: Bakers and Philosophers
 * 22: Microkernels
 * 23: The Future!


 * Fall 2013 Course · Wrapup


 * Using These Materials


CLASS 23: INVENT THE FUTURE!

Posted: Fri 30 May 2014


MAKING PREDICTIONS





»Det er svært at spå, især om fremtiden«.
   — Robert Storm Petersen


Correct attribution is hard, especially for the past Google Translate may not
quite be ready for legal contracts, but it does impressively well on Danish!


1964 WORLD'S FAIR

Isaac Asimov, Visit to the World's Fair of 2014. August 1964.


The First Look at How Google's Self-Driving Car Handles City Streets, The
Atlantic, 28 April 2014.

Gadgetry will continue to relieve mankind of tedious jobs. Kitchen units will be
devised that will prepare "automeals," heating water and converting it to
coffee; toasting bread; frying, poaching or scrambling eggs, grilling bacon, and
so on. Breakfasts will be "ordered" the night before to be ready by a specified
hour the next morning. Complete lunches and dinners, with the food semiprepared,
will be stored in the freezer until ready for processing. I suspect, though,
that even in 2014 it will still be advisable to have a small corner in the
kitchen unit where the more individual meals can be prepared by hand, especially
when company is coming.

Robots will neither be common nor very good in 2014, but they will be in
existence. The I.B.M. exhibit at the present fair has no robots but it is
dedicated to computers, which are shown in all their amazing complexity, notably
in the task of translating Russian into English. If machines are that smart
today, what may not be in the works 50 years hence? It will be such computers,
much miniaturized, that will serve as the "brains" of robots. In fact, the
I.B.M. building at the 2014 World's Fair may have, as one of its prime exhibits,
a robot housemaid*large, clumsy, slow-moving but capable of general picking-up,
arranging, cleaning and manipulation of various appliances. It will undoubtedly
amuse the fairgoers to scatter debris over the floor in order to see the robot
lumberingly remove it and classify it into "throw away" and "set aside." (Robots
for gardening work will also have made their appearance.)


YOU WILL

(but the company that brought it to you won't be AT&T)








1993-1994 AT&T Ad Campaign




Before we make fun of AT&T's commercials, let's not forget the momentous
contributions Bell Labs made.


True Innovation, New York Times, 25 Feb 2012









(Poll from Fall 2013)







Skype was created by three Estonians who were college students when the AT&T ads
ran. It is now used 2 Billion minutes a day. Sir Tim Berners-Lee envisioned the
World Wide Web and built the first web server and browser in 1990. In mid-1993,
there were 130 websites in the world. Today, there are over 785 million. The web
really took off when the NCSA Mosaic browser was released. It was built by Marc
Andreesen, then a student at the University of Illinois, and Eric Bina, a staff
member at NCSA. Andreesen went on to found Netscape and build the Netscape
Navigator browser (but without using any source code from Mosaic). Navigator
evolved into Mozilla's open source Firefox browser, used by over 450 million
people. Satellite navigation started within just a few years of Sputnik (1957).
The Transit satellites in the mid-1960s were probably the first satellites that
could be reprogrammed after launch. GPS became widely available for civilian
purposes after the encryption dither was turned off during the first Gulf War,
and now is supported by billions of devices. Amazon launched in 1995. I don't
carry my medical records in my wallet because my doctor is too primitive to have
electronic records, but I do carry my genome (at least 1M markers of it) on my
Android phone. Everything involving computation should be expected to improve at
"Moore's Law" rates — halving cost every 18 months. Genome sequencing is mostly
about computation. The dramatically faster improvements, are due mostly to
better algorithms (which are harder to predict). Lots of people are working on
this! Not many things you buy have gone from costing $57M to ~$1500 between 2007
and 2009. 23andME API The last two are things I don't think people are
frequently doing today, and we're not quite at the point where software can
provide an assistant as good as a good executive assistant. But, it shouldn't
take too much longer.






ENDING WORLD POVERTY




Also see: Hans Rosling's Quiz






PACE OF PROGRESS





The 50 Greatest Breakthroughs Since the Wheel, The Atlantic, 23 October 2013.




List of Breakthroughs



There may be some bias because the survey was done today, but almost all the
breakthroughs happened relatively recently! Zooming in on the past 1000 years.
Breakthroughs begat other breakthroughs. The printing press enables rapid
sharing and distribution of new knowledge. Electricity enabled light which
extended working hours, and enabled semiconductors, which enabled personal
computers and the Internet. I can't predict which inventions will happen or have
the biggest impact on our society, but I can predict there will be many that
will have huge impacts.


ENDLESS GOLDEN AGES





Science's Endless Golden Age







Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Science's Endless Golden Age - [Download PDF]





According to Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on
the number of publications and cited references, the rate of growth is somewhere
between every 8 years and every 29 years, so Tyson's estimate of every 15 years
is very reasonable.







Exponential growth is astounding and incomprehensible to humans. We can't even
notice 4% for most things, but just increasing 4% every month means 1000x
increase in 15 years.


It's not just astrophysics. Any scientific or technological field where new
results can build on old ones, and where there do not appear to be any real
limits to what can be done, has an endless golden age.




Being in a non-golden age field tends to make people bitter and anti-progress:


> There follows this unforgettable observation: "Several university presidents
> and provosts have lamented to me that when a scientist comes into their
> office, it's to announce some exciting new research opportunity and demand the
> resources to pursue it. When a humanities scholar drops by, it’s to plead for
> respect for the way things have always been done. — Crimes Against Humanities:
> Now science wants to invade the liberal arts. Don't let it happen, Leon
> Wieseltier's response to Steven Pinker's Science is Not Your Enemy.




> In the end, we can’t lose, we have William Shakespeare. — Mark Edmundson,
> quoted in As Interest Fades in the Humanities, Colleges Worry, New York Times,
> 30 October 2013.

"Koomey's Law": Assessing Trends in the Electrical Efficiency of Computation
Over Time




SEAS Strategic Plan: yes, the #1 goal of the School of Engineering's
administration really is to not make progress!

(Note: the goal of not making progress does not apply to student tuition or the
bloat of the administration. Those things should continue to increase
exponentially, its just the rest of progress the School wants to halt!)






GOLDEN AGES OR GOLDEN CATASTROPHES?







US/World Population About That Overpopulation Problem, Slate, 9 Jan 2013.






This looks pretty scary! But remember, population was increasing over this time
period also.

(If you are wondering where wind and solar are on this graph, what they produce
is so insignificant it doesn't show up.) Per-capita looks a lot better,
especially if you remember how much the quality of life has improved during the
last 40 years, with fairly little increase in per-capita energy consumption.
This is a strong sign that efficiency has improved dramatically.










And Chili’s is optimistic that the tablets will pay for themselves by bringing
in extra revenue from impulse orders and at-the-table gaming. Not only will you
not have to talk to a waiter when you want to order something, you won’t have to
talk to your kids, either!
— Of Course Applebee's Is Going to Replace Waiters With Tablets, Slate, 3 Dec
2013



If the ordinary wage-earner worked four hours a day, there would be enough for
everybody and no unemployment -- assuming a certain very moderate amount of
sensible organization. This idea shocks the well-to-do, because they are
convinced that the poor would not know how to use so much leisure. In America
men often work long hours even when they are well off; such men, naturally, are
indignant at the idea of leisure for wage-earners, except as the grim punishment
of unemployment; in fact, they dislike leisure even for their sons.
Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness (1932) Actually, Churchill didn't say
this (thanks to Pat Kerr for pointing this out!), but Charles Vest did say that
Churchill said it, and as Mark Warner has said about other Churchill quotes, "If
Churchill didn't say it, he should have." and Paul Graham did say Churchill
said, "When you see a quote attributed to Winston Churchill, assume by default I
didn't say it.".

Hopefully, we'll figure out a model that works for society before all wealth is
concentrated in a very small fraction of the population that is doing the
productive, creative work. Whether we will, and what it will be, is much harder
to predict than the reality of technological progress automating nearly all
tedious human work.




Modern methods of production have given us the possibility of ease and security
for all; we have chosen, instead, to have overwork for some and starvation for
others. Hitherto we have continued to be as energetic as we were before there
were machines; in this we have been foolish, but there is no reason to go on
being foolish forever.


Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness (1932)
(Note: you should wait to adopt Russell's philosophy until after you finish your
project and your other classes!)

#

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


CLASS 24: PROJECT PRESENTATIONS

Posted: Tue 29 April 2014

Optional (for most of your) Final Exam (due at 11:59pm on Friday, 2 May). See
Submitting Projects for details on the final.








PROJECT PRESENTATIONS

 1.  Chris Grochmal, Audrey Choi, Mark Valieras, Tommy Curley, Maggie Orr
 2.  Anat Gilboa, Jyotiska Biswas, Michael Recacinas
 3.  Man Wang, Hangchen Qu, Zihao Wang
 4.  Brian Uosseph, Raymond Vargas
 5.  Patrick Ryan, Dan O'Connor, David Laden
 6.  Piyapath Siratarnsophon, Kamonphop Srisopha, Peeratham Techapalokul,
     Phanwadee Sinthong
 7.  James Wang, Mitchell Smith
 8.  Megan Kelly, Rainier Rabena
 9.  Muntaser Ahmed, Andrew Becker, Gautam Kanumuru
 10. Andy Barron, Christine Danzi, Ami Jagodara, Alex Kuck
 11. Jacob Baldwin, Stephen Boris, Garrett Durig, Karen Pan
 12. Alex Looney, Ankit Gupta, Michael Paris, Babak Pourkazemi
 13. Justin Ingram, Vikram Bhasin, Alex Aberman, Justin Dao
 14. Britton Vermaaten


FINAL SUBMISSIONS

See Submitting Projects for details.

Everyone should submit these two web forms by 11:59pm on Monday, 5 May:

 * Final Project Team Submission (one per team)
 * Final Project Individual Submission (one per person)

Earlier is better if you are ready.


FINAL THOUGHTS

From Peter Norvig's Keynote Address at the U.C. Berkeley Computer Science
Commencement, 21 May 2006.

> So my advice to you is to pick one of the 10,000 categories, or invent
> category number 10,001, and make some progress in it. Pick problems that are
> ambitious enough that your expected value over the next 20 years is at least
> your $3.4M/yr share. But worry about the value you produce, not just the
> money. America's first great scientist, Ben Franklin, said "we should be glad
> of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours". So be happy and
> productive, don't be evil, and be glad of an opportunity to serve others.

If you enjoyed this class, you may want to take my cs6501: Course to be
Determined class in the fall.



Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.



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Submitting Projects (Sun 27 April 2014)


Presentations (Tue 22 April 2014)


Preparation for Class 23 (Sun 20 April 2014)


Class 22: Microkernels and Beyond (Thu 17 April 2014)


Class 21: Bakers and Philosophers (Tue 15 April 2014)


Class 20: Mutual Exclusion (Thu 10 April 2014)


Class 19: Synchronization (Tue 08 April 2014)


Submitting PS4 (Sat 05 April 2014)


Class 18: System Calls (Thu 03 April 2014)


PS3 Reference Solution (Wed 02 April 2014)


Class 17: Flash! (Tue 01 April 2014)


Class 16: Storage (Thu 27 March 2014)


Class 15: IronKernel Developers (Thu 20 March 2014)


Class 14: Entering Ring Naught (Tue 18 March 2014)


Exam 1 Comments (Sun 16 March 2014)


Class 13: The Internet (Thu 06 March 2014)


Class 12: Scheduling in Linux and Web Servers (Tue 04 March 2014)


PS3 Demos and Submission (Sun 02 March 2014)


Problem Set 3 Benchmarking (Fri 28 February 2014)


Class 11: Smarter Scheduling (Thu 27 February 2014)


Class 10: SSL, Sharing, and Scheduling (Tue 25 February 2014)


Class 9: Pointers in Rust (Tue 18 February 2014)


Problem Set 3 (Sun 16 February 2014)


PS2 Reference Solution (Fri 14 February 2014)


Class 8: Managing Memory (Tue 11 February 2014)


Updates (Sun 09 February 2014)


Submitting PS2 (Sat 08 February 2014)


Class 7: Double Faults (Thu 06 February 2014)


Class 6: Making a Process (Virtualizing Memory) (Tue 04 February 2014)


PS2 Demos, Videos (Mon 03 February 2014)


Class 5: Gash Has No Privileges (Thu 30 January 2014)


Class 4: Once Upon a Process (Tue 28 January 2014)


PS1 Submission (Sun 26 January 2014)


Class 3: Zero to a Billion in 4.86 Years (Thu 23 January 2014)


Survey Comments (Thu 23 January 2014)


Improving Rust's Error Messages (Wed 22 January 2014)


PS1 and Tutorial (Mon 20 January 2014)


Class 2: Getting Rustified (Thu 16 January 2014)


Class 1: What is an Operating System? (Tue 14 January 2014)


Spring 2014 cs4414 Course (Sat 11 January 2014)



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PAGES

Amazon EC2 Challenges Classes Forum Getting Started with Github IRC Open
Discussion Forum Pages Problem Set 3 - Zhtta Server - Benchmarking Projects
Problem Set 0 - Tutorial and Course Registration Problem Set 1 - zhttpto Web
Server Problem Set 2 - The Good Auld Shell Problem Set 2 - Exploration 1 Problem
Set 2 - Exploration 2 Problem Set 3 - Zhtta Web Server Problem Set 4 -
IronKernel PS4 - Setup Commands Open Enrollment Survey Comments Syllabus Forum
Using Materials VirtualBox Working on Github in cs4414 Setting up your Zhtta
Server on EC2

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University of Virginia Computer Science
cs4414: Operating Systems, Spring 2014


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