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Home NEWS Science News
STUDY: HISTORIC RACIAL COVENANTS IN PROPERTY DEEDS LINKED TO DISPARITIES IN
EXPOSURE TO DANGEROUS HEAT
by Bioengineer
March 5, 2024
in Science News
Reading Time: 4 mins read
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CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — Historic racial discrimination in property ownership is linked
to reduced exposure to dangerous heat today, according to the first study to
analyze the environmental impact of racial covenants in property deeds.
Credit: Photo by Fred Zwicky
CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — Historic racial discrimination in property ownership is linked
to reduced exposure to dangerous heat today, according to the first study to
analyze the environmental impact of racial covenants in property deeds.
The study looked at the city of Minneapolis and its suburbs and found that
places where historic racial covenants existed had lower temperatures, more tree
canopy and less area covered by impervious surfaces. It was led by University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign urban and regional planning professor Rebecca Walker.
The results are available online and will be published in the May 2024 edition
of the journal Landscape and Urban Planning.
Extreme heat is a serious public health issue that kills more people annually in
the U.S. than flooding, tornadoes and hurricanes combined, so it is important to
know who is exposed to extreme heat, Walker said.
The study used a new database created by the Mapping Prejudice project that
plotted the presence of racial covenants in Minneapolis and its suburbs. It is
the first such dataset for a U.S. metropolitan area, she said.
Racial covenants were clauses in property deeds that prevented the sale or
occupancy of a property by a person of color. They were a widespread real estate
practice in cities all over the U.S. as “a key tool for city governments and
also real estate developers to do the work of segregation,” Walker said.
Examining their use provides a look at the development of suburbs and white
flight.
They were first used in Minneapolis in 1910 and were used at least until 1955.
The Supreme Court ruled them unenforceable in 1948, but they were still added to
property deeds after that, she said.
Other studies have examined the environmental impact of discriminatory mortgage
lending, or redlining, using maps created by the Home Owners’ Loan Corp. that
graded neighborhoods on their perceived risk for mortgage lending. The maps were
linked to discriminatory lending practices by the federal government, Walker
said. The racial covenant data covers a larger geographic area and a longer
period than that during which the HOLC redlining maps were used.
“Racial covenants involved a range of actors – individual homeowners, real
estate developers and local government officials – that are not necessarily held
accountable by analyses that focus solely on federal redlining. In demonstrating
the environmental legacy of racial covenants, we contribute to a more accurate
and robust understanding of how urban environmental inequalities were produced,”
Walker wrote in the article detailing the study’s results.
She said that this understanding is an essential first step in developing the
planning approaches needed to effectively confront these inequalities today.
Walker and her colleagues looked at data for land surface temperature, tree
cover and impervious surfaces in places with and without historic racial
covenants, and they also compared the areas covered by the redlining maps. They
found that properties that historically had racial covenants are 1.89 degrees
Fahrenheit cooler than the average for Minneapolis and its suburbs, 3.7 degrees
cooler than just the city average, and 0.6 degrees cooler when looking at only
residential parcels with or without covenants. The properties with covenants had
10.93% more tree canopy and 3.75% less impervious surface cover than the study
area average.
Racial covenants had little effect in expensive neighborhoods where only the
most affluent families could afford to live. They had the most impact in middle-
and lower-income neighborhoods, the study found.
Describing the historic use of racial covenants in middle- and lower-income
neighborhoods, Walker said, “Those neighborhoods have the potential to become
more racially mixed and (the covenants) are trying to preserve that space for
white people.”
She said the environmental benefits seen in the affluent areas and the areas
with historic racial covenants are likely driven by both public and private
investment. Wealthier homeowners can afford bigger yards and to plant more
trees. Cities are more likely to protect places with high property values, and
park boards created new green spaces in white neighborhoods, Walker said.
As a result, low-income communities and communities of color are
disproportionately exposed to higher temperatures and lower tree canopy cover
than higher-income and predominantly white communities. Tree canopy not only
helps dissipate heat; it also improves air quality. More roads, parking lots and
buildings contribute to heat exposure, and they increase the risk of flooding
and water pollution, Walker said.
“Historic and present-day environmental quality was shaped by
government-sanctioned discriminatory policies. Extreme heat exposure during heat
waves can be life threatening, and here we show that the policies of the past
like racial covenants, in addition to redlining, shape whose lives are
threatened by dangerous heat and who is protected from this health impact,”
Walker wrote in the article.
She said the study will help researchers and planners to think more broadly
about how the geographies of segregation and unequal environmental benefits are
linked to specific policies, identify who benefited and who was harmed, and
include the latter in defining solutions.
“We’re all part of this. Our local city governments allowed this to happen and
partnered with real estate developers, and white homeowners bought into it and
benefited from it,” Walker said.
Editor’s notes: To contact Rebecca Walker, email rhwalker@illinois.edu.
The paper “The impacts of racially discriminatory housing policies on the
distribution of intra-urban heat and tree canopy: A comparison of racial
covenants and redlining in Minneapolis, MN” is available online. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105019
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
JOURNAL
Landscape and Urban Planning
DOI
10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105019
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Data/statistical analysis
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Not applicable
ARTICLE TITLE
The impacts of racially discriminatory housing policies on the distribution of
intra-urban heat and tree canopy: A comparison of racial covenants and redlining
in Minneapolis, MN
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
8-Feb-2024
COI STATEMENT
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or
personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported
in this paper.
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