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Data and analysis from Census 2021

 1. Home
 2. People, population and community
 3. Crime and justice
 4. Crime in England and Wales


CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES: YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 2021

Crime against households and adults using data from police recorded crime and
the new Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales. Includes the
impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on crime and people’s perceptions
of crime during the January 2021 to December 2021 interview periods. See Section
12 for information on our upcoming user consultation on the future of the Crime
Survey for England and Wales.

This is the latest release. View previous releases

Contact:
Email Meghan Elkin

Release date:
28 April 2022


Next release:
21 July 2022


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 1.  Main points
 2.  Overall estimates of crime
 3.  Homicide
 4.  Knife or sharp instrument offences
 5.  Offences involving firearms
 6.  Violence
 7.  Domestic abuse and sexual offences
 8.  Theft offences
 9.  Fraud
 10. Computer misuse
 11. Anti-social behaviour
 12. Future developments of the Crime Survey for England and Wales
 13. Crime data
 14. Glossary
 15. Measuring the data
 16. Strengths and limitations
 17. Related links

Print this Statistical bulletin

Download as PDF

View all data used in this Statistical bulletin


1. MAIN POINTS

Patterns of crime over the last two years have been substantially affected by
the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and government restrictions on social
contact. While periods of national lockdown have seen decreases in the incidence
of many types of crime, fraud and computer misuse offences have not followed a
lockdown-related pattern and have increased substantially.

Since restrictions were lifted following the third national lockdown in early
2021, police recorded crime data show indications that certain offence types are
returning to or exceeding the levels seen before the pandemic. While violence
and sexual offences recorded by the police have exceeded pre-pandemic levels,
theft offences and robbery remain at a lower level despite increases over the
last nine months.

Overall, Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) estimates provide the best
indicator of long-term trends in crime. Estimates from the Telephone-operated
Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) for the year ending December 2021
compared with the pre-coronavirus year ending December 2019 [note 1] show:

 * an 18% increase in total crime, driven by a 54% increase in fraud and
   computer misuse offences
 * a 15% decrease in theft offences

New TCSEW data provided insights into phishing, one of the main methods used for
committing fraud. Although less than 1% of survey respondents who received a
suspected phishing message provided personal details that criminals could use,
the scale of phishing messages received every month is likely to translate into
a high number of fraud offences.

Police recorded crime data give more insight into lower-volume but higher-harm
crimes that the survey does not cover or does not capture well. Compared with
the year ending December 2020 they show:

 * the number of homicides increased by 14% to 691 offences; this was driven by
   increases in the April to December 2021 period where levels returned to those
   seen before the pandemic
 * a 4% decrease in the number of police recorded offences involving knives or
   sharp instruments (knife-enabled crime) and a 5% decrease in offences
   involving firearms; although these offences increased over the last nine
   months of the year, levels remained lower than before the pandemic

CSEW data on sexual assaults are not available for this release making
interpreting trends in sexual offences challenging. Police recorded sexual
offences rose by 22% to the highest annual figure recorded in England and Wales
(183,587 offences). This includes the highest recorded annual number of rape
offences to date (67,125 offences). Caution is needed when interpreting these
figures as they may reflect a number of factors including the impact of
high-profile cases and campaigns on victims’ willingness to report incidents.

NOTES FOR: MAIN POINTS

 1. The year ending December 2019 face-to-face Crime Survey for England and
    Wales (CSEW) data are the latest that are based on a sample that is
    independent of the year ending December 2021 Telephone-operated Crime Survey
    for England and Wales (TCSEW).

Back to table of contents


2. OVERALL ESTIMATES OF CRIME



!

Crime estimates for the year ending December 2021 best reflect the current
extent of crime experienced by the population resident in households (Appendix
Table A2). However, new telephone-based survey (TCSEW) estimates are not
directly comparable with previous survey (CSEW) estimates because of changes to
the sample and questionnaire (see Section 14). Percentage changes are presented
using figures adjusted for these differences (Appendix Table A3).





The Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) began data
collection on 20 May 2020 to capture trends in crime while normal face-to-face
interviewing was suspended because of restrictions on social contact during the
coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

According to TCSEW estimates, adults aged 18 years and over experienced 12.8
million offences in the year ending December 2021 (Appendix Table 2). This was
an 18% increase in estimated levels of crime compared with the year ending
December 2019 (Appendix Table 3). There were decreases across a range of
individual crime types, particularly theft offences. However, these were offset
by rises in fraud and computer misuse offences resulting in an overall increase
in crime estimates.

Since the mid-1990s, there have been long-term falls in overall Crime Survey for
England and Wales (CSEW) crime estimates when excluding fraud and computer
misuse (Figure 1). In the year ending December 2021, crime excluding fraud and
computer misuse decreased by 13% compared with the year ending December 2019.
However, when including fraud and computer misuse the number of offences has
increased compared with the year ending December 2019. Long-term trends also
vary by crime types.


FIGURE 1: CRIME ESTIMATES FROM THE CSEW DECEMBER 1981 TO MARCH 2020, AND TCSEW
ESTIMATES FOR JANUARY 2021 TO DECEMBER 2021 INTERVIEWS

ENGLAND AND WALES, ANNUAL ESTIMATES

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Rises in crime levels during the 90swere mainly
because of increases inviolence, vehicle-related theft andburglary.Excluding
fraud and computer misuse,we have seen continued falls in overalllevels of crime
over recent decades. In March 2020 face-to-faceinterviewing was suspendedbecause
of COVID-19 causing a breakin the CSEW time series.Estimates fromthe TCSEW
arecompared withthe year endingDecember 2019CSEW usingcomparable dataand are not
partof the main CSEWtime series.
CSEW estimates excluding fraud and computer misuse
CSEW estimates including fraud and computer misuse
Dec 21 (TCSEW)Mar 18Mar 12Mar 06Dec 97Dec 81
05,00010,00015,00020,00025,000
Number of incidents (thousands)

SOURCE: OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS - CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES
(CSEW) AND THE TELEPHONE-OPERATED CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES (TCSEW)

NOTES:

 1. Data from the TCSEW are published as Experimental Statistics.
 2. Data on this chart refer to different time periods: 1981 to 1999 refer to
    crimes experienced in the calendar year; and from year ending March 2002
    onwards the estimates relate to crimes experienced in the 12 months before
    interview, based on interviews carried out in that financial year.
 3. TCSEW data presented here for 2021 are not comparable with CSEW estimates.
    CSEW data relate to adults aged 16 years and over or to households. TCSEW
    data relate to adults aged 18 years and over or to households. See Appendix
    Table A3 for comparable data.
 4. New questions on fraud and computer misuse were incorporated into the CSEW
    from October 2015. The questions were asked of half the survey sample from
    October 2015 until September 2017 and have been asked of a full sample from
    October 2017.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 1: CRIME ESTIMATES FROM THE CSEW DECEMBER 1981 TO
MARCH 2020, AND TCSEW ESTIMATES FOR JANUARY 2021 TO DECEMBER 2021 INTERVIEWS

Image .csv .xls



For the crime types and population it covers, the face-to-face CSEW is a better
indicator of long-term trends than police recorded crime. It is unaffected by
changes in levels of reporting to the police or police recording practices. Our
comparability report has shown that TCSEW estimates can be directly compared
with these long-term CSEW estimates when certain adjustments are applied.

Further information on these changes is available in the Measuring the data
section.


LIKELIHOOD OF VICTIMISATION

The latest estimates show that approximately 8 in 10 adults did not experience
any of the crimes asked about in the TCSEW in the year ending December 2021
(Figure 2). The likelihood of being a victim of crime varies by crime type, with
fraud having the highest proportion of victims (9%), followed by computer misuse
(4%) and vehicle-related theft (3%).




FIGURE 2: THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEING A VICTIM OF CRIME VARIES BY CRIME TYPE

ENGLAND AND WALES, JANUARY 2021 TO DECEMBER 2021 INTERVIEWS

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7
% of adults who experienced a crime
% of adults who did not experience a crime
All TCSEW crime FraudComputer misuseCriminal damageVehicle-related
theftViolenceDomestic burglaryBicycle theftTheft from the personRobbery
0102030405060708090100
%

SOURCE: OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS - TELEPHONE-OPERATED CRIME SURVEY FOR
ENGLAND AND WALES (TCSEW)

NOTES:

 1. Data from the TCSEW are published as Experimental Statistics.
 2. Percentages for violence, robbery, theft from the person, fraud and computer
    misuse are quoted for adults. Percentages for domestic burglary and criminal
    damage are quoted for households. Percentage for vehicle-related theft and
    bicycle theft are quoted for vehicle- or bicycle-owning households.
 3. For all TCSEW crime, including fraud and computer misuse, this is the
    estimated percentage of adults who have been a victim of at least one
    personal crime or have been resident in a household that was a victim of at
    least one household crime.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 2: THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEING A VICTIM OF CRIME VARIES
BY CRIME TYPE

Image .csv .xls



The TCSEW also showed that the likelihood of being a victim of crime varied by
demographic characteristics. For more information, see the annual trend and
demographic tables.


TRENDS IN POLICE RECORDED CRIME



!

Improvements to recording processes and practices by the police, expansions of
the recorded crime collection to include new offences, variations in police
activity, more victims reporting crime, and genuine increases in some types of
crime, have each made substantial contributions to rises in recorded crime over
recent years. This effect has been more pronounced for some crime types. For
some types of offence these figures do not provide reliable trends in crime.





The police recorded 6 million crimes in England and Wales in the year ending
December 2021. This was a similar level to the pre-coronavirus year ending March
2019 and an 8% increase compared with the year ending December 2020.

Total police recorded crime saw the lowest number of offences in the first
quarter (January to March 2021) of the year ending December 2021 coinciding with
a period of national lockdown. However, from April 2021 recorded crime returned
to the levels seen before the pandemic (Figure 3).




FIGURE 3: POLICE RECORDED CRIME HAS RETURNED TO SIMILAR LEVELS SEEN BEFORE THE
CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC

ENGLAND AND WALES, QUARTERLY DATA (APRIL 2017 TO DECEMBER 2021)

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Spring 2020lockdownNov/Dec 2020restrictions,and2021
lockdown
Oct to Dec 21Jan to Mar 21Apr to Jun 20Jul to Sep 19Oct to Dec 18Jan to Mar
18Apr to Jun 17
0250,000500,000750,0001,000,0001,250,0001,500,0001,750,000
Number of offences

SOURCE: HOME OFFICE – POLICE RECORDED CRIME

NOTES:

 1. Police recorded crime data are not designated as National Statistics.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 3: POLICE RECORDED CRIME HAS RETURNED TO SIMILAR
LEVELS SEEN BEFORE THE CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC

Image .csv .xls



Information on case outcomes can be found in Home Office Crime outcomes in
England and Wales.  

Crime survey and police recorded crime data can be used together to develop a
more complete picture of crime (Table 1). The TCSEW data showed increases in
fraud and computer misuse and decreases in theft offences compared with the year
ending December 2019. Police recorded crime also showed decreases in individual
theft offences, such as burglary and vehicle offences, compared with the year
ending December 2020.



Overview of main crime types [note 1, 2]
England and Wales OffenceNumber of
incidents
[note 3]Annual %
change
[note 4,5,6]Comparison
yearSource Violence1,789,000-82019TCSEW/CSEW Homicide691142020PRC Knife or sharp
instruments46,950-42020PRC Theft2,910,000-15[s]2019TCSEW/CSEW
Burglary258,185-142020PRC Vehicle offences348,481-62020PRC
Robbery62,354-92020PRC Fraud5,189,00041[s]2019TCSEW/CSEW Computer
misuse1,841,000104[s]2019TCSEW/CSEW

Source: Office for National Statistics – Crime Survey for England and Wales
(CSEW) and the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW),
Home Office - Police recorded crime (PRC)

Notes

 1. Police recorded crime data are not designated as National Statistics.
 2. Data from the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales are
    published as Experimental Statistics, which are in the testing phase and not
    yet fully developed.
 3. These estimates best reflect the current extent of crime but are not
    directly comparable with CSEW estimates because of changes to the TCSEW
    sample and questionnaire.
 4. Presents our best estimate of percentage changes between TCSEW and CSEW with
    the use of comparable subsets of survey data with the following changes.
 5. Percentage changes for crime survey estimates are based on newly created
    comparable CSEW/TCSEW datasets.
 6. [S]: this change is statistically significant at the 5% level.

DOWNLOAD THIS TABLE OVERVIEW OF MAIN CRIME TYPES [NOTE 1, 2]

.xls .csv



Back to table of contents


3. HOMICIDE

The police recorded 691 homicide offences in the year ending December 2021, a
14% increase compared with the year ending December 2020 (604 offences). This
was similar to the number of offences recorded in the pre-coronavirus (COVID-19)
year ending March 2019 (683 offences). Within this annual figure, the number of
homicides was lower during periods of lockdown but there have been increases
since April 2021.

The rate of homicide in the population remains low at 12 per 1 million people in
the year ending December 2021 compared with 10 per 1 million people in the year
ending December 2020.




FIGURE 4: HOMICIDE INCREASED BY 14% IN THE LATEST YEAR

ENGLAND AND WALES, YEAR ENDING MARCH 2003 TO YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 2021

Created with Highcharts 5.0.72003:173 victims ofHarold Shipmanare recorded.July
2005:52 victims ofLondon bombings. April 2016:96 victims ofHillsboroughare
recorded.June 2017:8 victims of LondonBridge terror attack.March 2017:5 victims
ofWestminsterterror attack.October 2019:39 victims founddead insidelorry in
Essexare recorded.May 2017:22 victims ofManchester Arenabombing.
Dec 21Mar 18Mar 16Mar 14Mar 12Mar 10Mar 08Mar 06Mar 04
02505007501,0001,250
Number of offences

SOURCE: HOME OFFICE – POLICE RECORDED CRIME

NOTES:

 1. The dates shown for the London terrorist attacks in 2005 and 2017, and the
    Manchester Arena bombing in 2017, correspond to when the events occurred,
    rather than when the homicides were recorded by the police.
 2. Data on homicide offences given in these police recorded crime data will
    differ from data from the Home Office Homicide Index

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 4: HOMICIDE INCREASED BY 14% IN THE LATEST YEAR

Image .csv .xls



Of all recorded homicides in the year ending December 2021, the proportion of
homicides where a knife or sharp instrument was the method of killing increased
to 44% compared with 39% in the year ending December 2020.

For the latest analysis of information on homicide offences held within the Home
Office Homicide Index, see our Homicide in England and Wales: year ending March
2021 article.

Back to table of contents


4. KNIFE OR SHARP INSTRUMENT OFFENCES

Police recorded crime provides a better measure than the Crime Survey for
England and Wales (CSEW) of higher-harm but less common types of violence, such
as those involving a knife or sharp instrument (knife-enabled crime).



!

Figures referenced in this section are not directly comparable with those
previously published because of a change in knife or sharp instrument data
collection practices.





Knife-enabled crime recorded by the police saw a 4% decrease to 46,950 offences
in the year ending December 2021, from 49,152 in the year ending December 2020.
This was driven by a 15% decrease in robbery offences to 16,228.

Levels of knife-enabled crime were lower during periods of lockdown but returned
to pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) levels in the April to December 2021 period.
Despite this, knife-enabled crime was still 10% lower in the year ending
December 2021 compared with the pre-coronavirus year ending March 2019.




FIGURE 5: KNIFE-ENABLED CRIME RECORDED BY THE POLICE DECREASED FOR THE SECOND
CONSECUTIVE YEAR

ENGLAND AND WALES (EXCLUDING GREATER MANCHESTER POLICE), YEAR ENDING MARCH 2011
TO YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 2021

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7
Assault with injury and assault with intent to cause serious harm
Robbery
Threats to kill
Other selected offences
Dec 21Dec 20Mar 19Mar 18Mar 17Mar 16Mar 15Mar 14Mar 13Mar 12Mar 11
05,00010,00015,00020,00025,000
Number of offences

SOURCE: HOME OFFICE - POLICE RECORDED CRIME

NOTES:

 1. Greater Manchester Police reviewed their recording of offences involving
    knives or sharp instruments in December 2017 which revealed that they were
    under-counting these offences. Previous data were not revised at the time
    and therefore data from Greater Manchester Police are excluded to allow for
    comparison over time.
 2. An adjustment has been made to data prior to the year ending March 2020 for
    police forces who are now using the NDQIS tool and the total for England and
    Wales. For more information on the adjustment to the time series and the
    differences in data collection methods, please see the methodology note
    Police recorded offences involving knives or sharp instruments: methodology
    changes.
 3. Other selected offences include rape, attempted murder, homicide, and sexual
    assault.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 5: KNIFE-ENABLED CRIME RECORDED BY THE POLICE
DECREASED FOR THE SECOND CONSECUTIVE YEAR

Image .csv .xls



Patterns of knife or sharp instrument offences vary across police force areas
[note 1]. For the three police force areas (PFAs) with the highest volume of
knife-enabled crime we have seen:

 * a 14% increase in the Greater Manchester PFA
 * an 11% decrease in the West Midlands PFA
 * a 7% decrease in the Metropolitan Police PFA

Police recorded “possession of article with a blade or point” [note 2] offences
increased by 10% to 23,287 in the year ending December 2021. This could have
been influenced by increases in targeted police action.

The Home Office and police forces have continued to roll out a new methodology
for identifying recorded offences involving knives or sharp instruments
(knife-enabled crime). Thirty-six forces have now switched to the National Data
Quality Improvement Service (NDIQS) data collection methodology [note 3]. It is
aimed that the new methodology will be rolled out to all forces in England and
Wales over the next year. Estimates in this release include a combination of
both new and old data collection methods.

For more information, including the differences in data collection methods,
please see our methodology note Police recorded offences involving knives or
sharp instruments, methodology changes and improving data collection blog.


OTHER SOURCES OF DATA

The latest provisional admissions data for NHS hospitals in England and Wales
reported a 6% decrease in admissions for assault by a sharp object in the year
ending December 2021 (to 4,026 admissions) compared with the year ending
December 2020.

Data related to stop and searches can be found in the Home Office publication
Police powers and procedures.

NOTES FOR: KNIFE OR SHARP INSTRUMENT OFFENCES

 1. Data cannot be compared across all police forces because of changes in data
    collection methods. Thirty-six police forces have now switched to the
    National Data Quality Improvement Service (NDIQS) data collection method.
    Seven remaining police forces are still submitting knife or sharp instrument
    offences data via a special collection (North Yorkshire, Staffordshire,
    Warwickshire, West Mercia, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire). For more
    information, please see the methodology note Police recorded offences
    involving knives or sharp instruments: methodology changes

 2. Includes the Metropolitan and City of London Police Force Areas.

 3. Offences of “possession of an article with a blade or point” are covered
    separately by a specific recorded crime category, which is the specific
    crime of possessing an article with a blade or point illegally.

Back to table of contents


5. OFFENCES INVOLVING FIREARMS

Police recorded offences involving firearms are at their lowest level since the
year ending March 2016 at 5,682 (Figure 6). This was a 5% decrease compared with
the year ending December 2020 (5,983 offences) and a 17% decrease compared with
the pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) year ending March 2019 (6,882 offences).

Broken down by type of weapon, there was a 17% and 23% decrease in offences
using handguns (to 1,865 offences) and shotguns (to 445 offences) respectively,
while there was a 26% increase in offences using imitation firearms (to 1,819
offences).




FIGURE 6: POLICE RECORDED FIREARMS OFFENCES ARE AT THEIR LOWEST LEVEL SINCE THE
YEAR ENDING MARCH 2016

ENGLAND AND WALES, YEAR ENDING MARCH 2003 TO YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 2021

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7
Dec 21Mar 18Mar 16Mar 14Mar 12Mar 10Mar 08 Mar 06 Mar 04
02,5005,0007,50010,00012,500
Number of offences

SOURCE: HOME OFFICE - POLICE RECORDED CRIME

NOTES:

 1. Excludes offences involving the use of conventional air weapons, such as air
    rifles and offences recorded by British Transport Police. Includes crimes
    recorded by police where a firearm has been fired, used as a blunt
    instrument against a person or used as a threat.
 2. Imitation firearms include replica weapons, as well as low-powered weapons
    which fire small plastic pellets, such as BB guns and soft air weapons.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 6: POLICE RECORDED FIREARMS OFFENCES ARE AT THEIR
LOWEST LEVEL SINCE THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 2016

Image .csv .xls



For data relating to offences involving weapons see our Offences involving the
use of weapons: data tables. For data relating to offences involving firearms
see Other related tables.

Back to table of contents


6. VIOLENCE

The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) provides the best picture of the
overall trend in violent crime.

Estimates from the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW)
showed that there were 1.8 million violent offences in the year ending December
2021.

Using a comparable dataset adjusted for changes in the sample and questionnaire
between the CSEW and TCSEW, there was no statistically significant change in the
total number of violent incidents, or the number of victims compared with the
year ending December 2019 (Figure 7).




FIGURE 7: INCIDENTS OF VIOLENT CRIME CONTINUED LONG-TERM REDUCTIONS

ENGLAND AND WALES, ANNUAL ESTIMATES

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7March 2020:Face-to-face interviewing wassuspended
because of COVID-19causing a break in the CSEWtime series.Estimates fromthe
TCSEW arecompared withthe year endingDecember 2019CSEW usingcomparable dataand
are not partof the mainCSEW timeseries.
Violence
Violence with injury
Violence without injury
Dec 21 (TCSEW)Mar 18Mar 12Mar 06Dec 97Dec 81
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,000
Number of incidents (thousands)

SOURCE: OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS – CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES
(CSEW) AND TELEPHONE-OPERATED CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES (TCSEW)

NOTES:

 1. Data from the TCSEW are published as Experimental Statistics.
 2. Data on this chart refer to different time periods: 1981 to 1999 refer to
    crimes experienced in the calendar year; and from year ending March 2002
    onwards the estimates relate to crimes experienced in the 12 months before
    interview, based on interviews carried out in that financial year.
 3. TCSEW data presented here for 2021 are not comparable with CSEW estimates.
    CSEW data relate to adults aged 16 years and over, or to households. TCSEW
    data relate to adults aged 18 years and over, or to households. See Appendix
    Table A3 for comparable data.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 7: INCIDENTS OF VIOLENT CRIME CONTINUED LONG-TERM
REDUCTIONS

Image .csv .xls



Police recorded crime data in the year ending December 2021 showed increases in
violence with injury (8% increase to 530,374) and violence without injury (11%
increase to 773,878) compared with the year ending December 2020.

The increases in police recorded violence with injury offences are reflected in
research conducted by the Violence Research Group at Cardiff University. An
estimated 146,856 people attended emergency units in England and Wales for
treatment of violence-related injury in the year ending December 2021 [note 1].
This is a 23% increase compared with the year ending December 2020 (119,111
people).

Violence with injury was still lower than the pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) year to
March 2019 (549,647 offences) but levels of violence without injury had exceeded
those seen in the year ending March 2019 (679,161 offences).

Overall, police recorded violence increased by 13% from 1,780,556 to 2,017,307
in the year ending December 2021 compared with the previous year. The highest
increase was seen in stalking and harassment offences, which rose by 19% to
673,129 (excluding controlling and coercive behaviour [note 2]). This increase
may be caused by improvements made by police forces in identifying and recording
stalking and harassment offences together with an increased confidence in
victims coming forward to report these offences.

NOTES FOR: VIOLENCE

 1. Estimate of emergency unit attendance in England and Wales is based on
    37,475 people who were treated for violence-related injuries at 74 hospital
    sites.

 2. From April 2020, controlling and coercive behaviour was categorised under
    the stalking and harassment offence category. To allow for comparison with
    the previous year, controlling and coercive behaviour has been removed from
    overall stalking and harassment figures.

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7. DOMESTIC ABUSE AND SEXUAL OFFENCES



!

Domestic abuse-related crimes and sexual offences recorded by the police do not
provide a reliable measure of trends in these types of crime. Improvements in
police recording practices and increased reporting by victims have contributed
to increases in recent years. The figures do, however, provide a good measure of
the crime-related demand on the police.





The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) provides a more reliable measure
of long-term trends in domestic abuse, sexual assault, stalking and harassment.
Questions related to these offences were removed from the survey with the move
to telephone interviewing from May 2020 because of concerns around
confidentiality and respondent safeguarding. As a result, CSEW estimates for
these offences are not available for this release.

Police recorded crime data, in isolation, do not provide a measure of prevalence
to understand the true extent of domestic abuse, sexual assault, stalking and
harassment. Therefore, figures presented in this release should be interpreted
with caution.


DOMESTIC ABUSE

The police recorded 895,782 offences (excluding fraud) flagged as domestic
abuse-related in the year ending December 2021. This represents a 7% increase
from 839,376 offences in the previous year and a 20% increase from 746,219
offences in the pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) year ending March 2019. This included
712,584 violence against the person offences flagged as domestic abuse-related,
a 7% increase compared with the year ending December 2020.

Some of this increase may reflect improvements seen in reporting over the last
few years. Given this and the absence of domestic abuse survey estimates, we
cannot conclude whether there has been an increase in the number of victims of
domestic abuse.

Further information and data related to domestic abuse can be found in our
Domestic abuse in England and Wales overview: November 2021 bulletin.


SEXUAL OFFENCES

High levels of non-reporting combined with changes in reporting trends can have
a significant impact on sexual offences recorded by the police. Prior to the
coronavirus pandemic, the number of police recorded sexual offences was well
below the number of victims estimated by the crime survey, with fewer than one
in six victims of rape or assault by penetration reporting the crime to the
police.

The latest figures may reflect a number of factors, including the impact of
high-profile incidents, media coverage and campaigns on people’s willingness to
report incidents to the police, as well as a potential increase in the number of
victims.

Sexual offences recorded by the police were at the highest level recorded within
a 12-month period (183,587 offences) in the year ending December 2021, a 22%
increase from the same period in 2020 (Figure 8). Within these annual figures,
the number of recorded sexual offences were lower during periods of lockdown but
there have been substantial increases since April 2021.

Of all sexual offences recorded by the police in the year ending December 2021,
37% (67,125) were rape offences. This was a 21% increase from 55,592 in the year
ending December 2020. Other sexual offences increased by 22% to 116,462 compared
with 95,156 the previous year.




FIGURE 8: POLICE RECORDED RAPE AND SEXUAL OFFENCES WERE THE HIGHEST ON RECORD IN
THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 2021

ENGLAND AND WALES QUARTERLY DATA FROM APRIL 2009 TO DECEMBER 2021

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7October 2012:Operation Yewtreelaunched.November
2014:Publication of HMICFRSreports highlighting theissues in recordingpractices
for sexual offences.Periods of nationallockdown duringCovid-19.
Sexual offences
Rape
Oct to Dec 21Oct to Dec 19Oct to Dec 17Oct to Dec 15Oct to Dec 13Oct to Dec
11Oct to Dec 09
010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000
Number of offences

SOURCE: HOME OFFICE - POLICE RECORDED CRIME

NOTES:

 1. Operation Yewtree is the police investigation into allegations of sexual
    abuse, launched in the wake of the Jimmy Savile scandal.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 8: POLICE RECORDED RAPE AND SEXUAL OFFENCES WERE THE
HIGHEST ON RECORD IN THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 2021

Image .csv .xls



Further data related to sexual offences can be found in our Sexual offences in
England and Wales overview: year ending March 2020 bulletin.

CSEW data on the prevalence of domestic abuse, sexual assault and stalking for
the year ending March 2020 can be found in Table S42 in Annual supplementary
tables.

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8. THEFT OFFENCES

The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) is the most reliable indicator for
long-term trends in the more common types of crime experienced by the general
population, such as theft. However, police recorded crime data can give reliable
indications of trends in some offences involving theft (for example, domestic
burglary) that are well-reported and may provide a better measure of short-term
trends.

There were 2.9 million incidents of theft estimated by the Telephone-operated
Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) for the year ending December 2021
(Appendix Table 2). This was a 15% decrease compared with the year ending
December 2019 (Appendix Table 3). This large fall was seen across most
sub-categories, with a 42% decrease in “theft from the person” offences,
followed by a 30% decrease in bicycle theft offences and a 21% decrease in
vehicle-related theft offences.




FIGURE 9: THE CSEW SHOWS LONG-TERM REDUCTIONS IN THEFT OFFENCES

ENGLAND AND WALES, ANNUAL ESTIMATES

Created with Highcharts 5.0.7March 2020:Face-to-face interviewing wassuspended
because of COVID-19causing a break in the CSEWtime-series.Estimates fromthe
TCSEW arecompared with thethe year endingDecember 2019CSEW usingcomparable
dataand are not part ofthe main CSEWtime series.
All theft
Domestic burglary
Vehicle-related theft
Other household theft
Dec 21(TCSEW)Mar 18Mar 12Mar 06Dec 97Dec 81
02,5005,0007,50010,00012,500
Number of incidents (thousands)

SOURCE: OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS – CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES
(CSEW) AND TELEPHONE-OPERATED CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES (TCSEW)

NOTES:

 1. Data from the TCSEW are published as Experimental Statistics.
 2. Data on this chart refer to different time periods: 1981 to 1999 refer to
    crimes experienced in the calendar year; and from year ending March 2002
    onwards the estimates relate to crimes experienced in the 12 months before
    interview, based on interviews carried out in that financial year.
 3. TCSEW data presented here for 2021 are not comparable with CSEW estimates.
    CSEW data relate to adults aged 16 years and over or to households. TCSEW
    data relate to adults aged 18 years and over or to households. See Appendix
    Table A3 for comparable data.

DOWNLOAD THIS CHART FIGURE 9: THE CSEW SHOWS LONG-TERM REDUCTIONS IN THEFT
OFFENCES

Image .csv .xls



Police recorded theft offences decreased by 3% to 1.4 million in the year ending
December 2021. This decrease was seen across most subcategories: burglary (14%),
bicycle theft (8%) and vehicle offences (6%).

Although levels of theft offences increased after restrictions related to the
third national lockdown were lifted, recorded theft in the year ending December
2021 remained lower than the pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) year ending March 2019
(approximately 2 million offences).

Police recorded robbery decreased for the second year to 62,354 offences; this
was a 9% decrease compared with the year ending December 2020. This follows the
trend of consecutive annual increases seen from the year ending March 2015 to
the year ending March 2020. The largest decreases were seen in the London and
South East regions, which saw 18% and 20% falls, respectively.

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9. FRAUD

Fraud estimates do not follow the trend of falling victimisation seen in other
crime types. Estimates from the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and
Wales (TCSEW) showed that there were 5.2 million fraud offences in the year
ending December 2021 (Appendix Table 2), a 41% increase compared with the year
ending December 2019 (Appendix Table 3).

Large increases were seen in “advance fee fraud” and “consumer and retail
fraud”. This may indicate fraudsters taking advantage of behavioural changes
related to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, such as increased online
shopping. For example, advance fee fraud offences included scams where victims
transferred funds to fraudsters for postal deliveries.

Phishing is one of the main methods used to commit fraud. Approximately half
(53%) of TCSEW respondents reported receiving an email, text or social media
message that may have been phishing in the last month (Coronavirus and Crime
Table 7).

Of those who had received phishing messages, 56% had received messages from
fraudsters pretending to be delivery companies, 34% from banks, building
societies or other financial institutions, and 28% from e-commerce companies.
Where respondents had received phishing messages, 3% replied or clicked on a
link in the message. Of those who replied or clicked on a link, 14% provided
personal information that could be used by fraudsters (equivalent to less than
1% of respondents who received a phishing message).

Fraud offences reported to the police are recorded and collected by the National
Fraud Intelligence Bureau (NFIB) from Action Fraud and two industry bodies,
Cifas and UK Finance. Action Fraud (the public-facing national fraud and
cybercrime reporting centre) reported a 15% rise in fraud offences (to 400,763
offences) compared with the year ending December 2020. The data showed a 29%
increase in “financial investment fraud” offences in the last year (to 22,683
offences) and a 12% rise in “advance fee payments” (to 51,667 offences).

NFIB data showed referrals from UK Finance and Cifas (who report instances of
fraud where their member organisations have been victims) increased by 78% (to
190,327 offences) and 10% (to 329,442 offences), respectively, compared with the
year ending December 2020. These trends need to be interpreted in the context of
differences in coverage and fraud types captured by each reporting body.

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10. COMPUTER MISUSE

The Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) provides a
better indication of the volume of computer misuse offences experienced by the
adult population as it captures incidents that go unreported to the police. This
can be seen by the large difference in the volume of computer misuse offences
between the two sources, which also cannot be compared because of differences in
coverage.

Estimates from the TCSEW showed that computer misuse offences doubled in the
year ending December 2021 (to 1.8 million offences) compared with the year
ending December 2019. The biggest increase was seen in “Unauthorised access to
personal information (including hacking)” offences. This included victims’
details being compromised via large-scale data breaches, and victims’ email or
social media accounts being compromised. This increase may correlate with the
rise in the number of large-scale data breaches around the world.

The National Fraud Intelligence Bureau (NFIB) also reported a 6% increase in
“Hacking – personal” offences referred by Action Fraud (from 4,915 to 5,187
offences) for the year ending December 2021 compared with the previous year.

Our Nature of crime: fraud and computer misuse datasets hold more in-depth data
about these offences from the year ending March 2021.

Back to table of contents


11. ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

The police recorded 1.5 million incidents of anti-social behaviour (ASB) in the
year ending December 2021. This was a 25% decrease compared with the year ending
December 2020.

Levels of ASB incidents were particularly high in the year ending December 2020
because of people reporting breaches of virus restrictions in their local area
since the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The number of ASB
incidents in the year ending December 2021 was similar to that of the
pre-coronavirus year ending March 2019.

The Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TSCEW) showed that
24% of adults personally witnessed or experienced anti-social behaviour in their
area in the last 12 months.

The TCSEW includes a measure of harassment that covers adults’ experiences of
being insulted, called names, threatened or shouted at in public spaces.
Estimates showed that 7% of adults experienced these types of harassment in the
year ending December 2021. Where a specific perceived reason for the harassment
was given, the most common was because of the coronavirus pandemic (21%),
followed by education, income level or job (8%).

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12. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OF THE CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES

In the next few months we will be running a user consultation regarding the
future transformation work on the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW).
This consultation will cover future questionnaire content, sample design and
modal changes. There will also be sections on violence against women and the 10-
to 15-year-olds crime survey. If you would like to review the proposed changes
and provide feedback on the recommendations, please subscribe to Office for
National Statistics email alerts where you will be notified when the
consultation is made available.

Back to table of contents


13. CRIME DATA



Crime in England and Wales: Appendix tables
Dataset | Released on 28 April 2022
Long-term trends in Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) crime, estimates
from the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) and
police recorded crime, by offence type.

Crime in England and Wales: coronavirus (COVID-19) and crime tables
Dataset | Released on 28 April 2022
Information from a new module of questions included in the Telephone-operated
Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) around perceptions of crime, the
police and anti-social behaviour during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and
feelings of safety and experiences of harassment. Data on children’s online
activity are also presented.

Crime in England and Wales: Other related tables
Dataset | Released on 28 April 2022
Firearms, knife and sharp instrument offences, offences involving a corrosive
substance, hospital admissions for assault with sharp objects, fraud, offences
flagged as domestic abuse-related, corruption, child sexual abuse and child
exploitation. Data tables also include information on anti-social behaviour,
perceptions, and non-notifiable incidents. The data contained in these tables
are from the following sources: police recorded crime, NHS hospital admissions
data, fraud data from the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau and UK Finance
CAMIS database and figures from the Ministry of Justice Criminal Justice
Statistics.

Crime in England and Wales: Police Force Area data tables
Dataset | Released on 28 April 2022
The number of police recorded crimes, percentage change from previous year and
rate per 1,000 population by offence group, firearms, knife and sharp
instrument, fraud and computer misuse and anti-social behaviour offences by
police force area.

Crime in England and Wales: Quarterly data tables
Dataset | Released on 28 April 2022
Data from Home Office police recorded crime broken down into quarterly and
monthly time periods.



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14. GLOSSARY


COMPUTER MISUSE

Computer misuse is when fraudsters hack or use computer viruses or malware to
disrupt services, obtain information illegally or extort individuals or
organisations.


CRIMINAL DAMAGE

Criminal damage results from any person who, without lawful excuse, destroys or
damages any property belonging to another, either intending to destroy or damage
any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be
destroyed or damaged.


FRAUD

Fraud involves a person dishonestly and deliberately deceiving a victim for
personal gain of property or money or causing loss or risk of loss to another.
The majority of incidents fall under the legal definition of “Fraud by false
representation” – where a person makes a representation that they know to be
untrue or misleading (for example, banking and payment card frauds and dating
scams). Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) estimates
cover a broad range of fraud offences, including attempts, involving a loss and
incidents not reported to the authorities. See the “Glossary” section of our
Nature of fraud and computer misuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019
article for definitions of the different fraud types.


OVERALL THEFT OFFENCES

Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW) theft offences
include all personal and household crime where items are stolen, including theft
from the person, other theft of personal property, domestic burglary,
vehicle-related theft and bicycle theft.


ROBBERY

Robbery is an offence in which force, or the threat of force, is used either
during or immediately prior to a theft or attempted theft. Mugging is an
informal term for robbery. In this bulletin, we use the term “robbery”.


VIOLENT CRIME

Violent crime covers a range of offence types from minor assaults, such as
pushing and shoving that result in no physical harm, to murder. This includes
offences where the victim was intentionally stabbed, punched, kicked, pushed or
jostled, as well as offences where the victim was threatened with violence,
regardless of injury.

More information and further definitions can be found in the “offence type”
section of our User guide to crime statistics for England and Wales: Measuring
crime during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

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15. MEASURING THE DATA


TELEPHONE-OPERATED CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES (TCSEW)

The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) estimates continue to provide
important information in relation to longer-term trends in crime from year
ending December 1981 to year ending March 2020. The TCSEW provides estimates of
crime for the year ending December 2021.

Estimates from the TCSEW are derived from a total of 37,332 telephone interviews
conducted with household residents in England and Wales aged 18 years and over
between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2021. The sample was formed from
respondents who had previously participated in the face-to-face CSEW in the last
two years. TCSEW estimates cannot be compared with estimates for the year ending
December 2020 because of overlapping reporting periods for some respondents.
Therefore, TCSEW estimates are compared with the year ending December 2019 CSEW
estimates throughout this bulletin.

Appendix Table A2 presents TCSEW crime for the year ending December 2021. These
estimates best reflect the current extent of crime but are not directly
comparable with CSEW estimates because of changes to the TCSEW sample and
questionnaire.

Findings from our comparability study showed that TCSEW estimates are comparable
with CSEW estimates after certain adjustments are applied. All direct
comparisons between the year ending December 2021 TCSEW estimates and the year
ending December 2019 CSEW estimates are made with the use of these comparable
datasets. An additional table, Appendix Table A3, presents percentage changes
between these estimates. Estimates presented in Appendix Table A3 will be lower
than those presented in Appendix Table A2 and underestimate the extent of crime.

Further information is available in our User guide to crime statistics for
England and Wales: measuring crime during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

As we are collecting data in a new survey mode, the telephone-operated survey
estimates are presented within this release as Experimental Statistics.


POLICE RECORDED CRIME

Police recorded crime data are supplied to us by the Home Office, who are
responsible for the collation of recorded crime data supplied by the 43
territorial police forces of England and Wales, plus the British Transport
Police. These data are supplied to the Home Office on a monthly basis for each
crime within the notifiable offence list.

The recorded crime figures are collated via a live administrative system that is
continually being updated as forces submit data. The data represent a “snapshot”
of the live database taken on 11 March 2022 (for data up to the end of December
2021).

Figures may differ slightly from those published in subsequent bulletins for the
same period, although this does not mean that the figures previously published
were inaccurate at the time that they were reported. Police recorded crime data
are not designated as National Statistics.

For more information on how we are measuring crime during the pandemic, see our
Quality and Methodology Information report.

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16. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS


POLICE RECORDED CRIME

Police recorded crime has wider offence coverage and population coverage than
the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales (TCSEW). It is the
primary source of local crime statistics and is a good measure of offences that
are well-reported to and well-recorded by the police, including lower volume
crimes (for example, homicide). In addition, the time lag between occurrence of
crime and reporting results tends to be short, providing an indication of
emerging trends.

Police recorded crime excludes offences that are not reported to, or not
recorded by, the police. Trends can be influenced by changes in recording
practices, or police activity and public reporting of crime, making it difficult
to make long-term comparisons. There are also concerns about the quality of
recording and that crime is not recorded consistently across police forces.

For more information see our Quality and Methodology Information report.


TELEPHONE-OPERATED CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES (TCSEW)

Although the TCSEW was set up in a short timeframe in response to developing
world events, findings from our comparability study showed that TCSEW estimates
are comparable with CSEW estimates with the use of newly created comparable
datasets. However, TCSEW estimates cannot be compared with the year ending
December 2020 CSEW estimates because of overlapping reporting periods for some
respondents.

For more information see our Quality and Methodology Information report.

Back to table of contents


17. RELATED LINKS



Guide to finding crime statistics
Methodology | Released 22 July 2021
A guide that directs you on where best to find different crime statistics.

Victimisation and its relationship to drug misuse, common mental disorder and
well-being in England and Wales: year ending March 2021
Article | Released 3 March 2022
An overview of drug misuse, symptoms of common mental disorder and personal
well-being in adults who reported being a victim of crime in the last year. Data
are from the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales.

Homicide in England and Wales: year ending March 2021
Article | Released 10 February 2022
Analyses of information held within the Home Office Homicide Index, which
contains detailed record-level information about each homicide recorded by
police in England and Wales.

Property crime tables
Dataset | Released 27 January 2022
Annual data from the Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales
(TCSEW) and metal theft offences recorded by the police, including demographic
and offence type breakdowns and time series data.

Nature of crime: fraud and computer misuse
Dataset | Released 27 January 2022
Annual data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW). Data are
included on the impact on the victim, contact with offenders, financial loss and
experiences with computer viruses. Also includes data from the
Telephone-operated Crime Survey for England and Wales showing nature of fraud
data for May 2020 to March 2021.

Domestic abuse in England and Wales overview: November 2021
Bulletin | Released 24 November 2021
Figures on domestic abuse from police recorded crime and a number of different
organisations.

Statistics relating to knife or sharp instrument offences in England and Wales
Database | Released 22 July 2021
Experimental database bringing together all official statistics relating to
knife or sharp instrument offences in England and Wales.

Sexual offences in England and Wales overview: year ending March 2020
Bulletin | Released 18 March 2021
Figures on sexual offences from the year ending March 2020 Crime Survey for
England and Wales and crimes recorded by police.



Back to table of contents

View all data used in this Statistical bulletin


CONTACT DETAILS FOR THIS STATISTICAL BULLETIN

Meghan Elkin
crimestatistics@ons.gov.uk
Telephone: +44 20 7592 8695


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