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UNDERSTANDING HUMAN CALORIE NEEDS: IAEA SUPPORTS FAO AND WHO

Aug 30, 2024 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
human calorie needs, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health
Organization (WHO)
Understanding nutrition needs to fight hunger and obesity. Photo by
Mohamed_hassan on Pixabay

Vienna, 28 August 2024

By

 * Peter Lee, IAEA Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications
 * Cecilie Wille, IAEA Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications

Energy requirements reflect what an individual needs to maintain all bodily
functions, depending on life stage and activity, and are essential for
evaluating how well food supplies can meet the nutritional demands of a
population.

For the first time the IAEA is to help United Nations nutrition experts
reevaluate human energy requirements: a key input for assessing global hunger
that was last evaluated in 2001.

The IAEA will provide expertise and data based on nuclear science, to address
knowledge gaps in how calorie and nutrition requirements are understood and
calculated, in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and others.

“Energy requirements are an important input into calculations used for SDG2
(Zero Hunger) reporting, specifically undernourishment.  It is very important
that we periodically review the basis for these calculations and reflect on
whether updates are needed,” said Lynnette Neufeld, Director of FAO’s Food and
Nutrition Division.

With more than 700 million men, women and children going hungry last year,
ending hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in time to achieve the 2030
Agenda will remain out of reach without more and better targeted efforts.
Undernutrition in particular — a form of malnutrition which includes wasting,
stunting, underweight and vitamin and mineral deficiencies — continues to be a
pressing challenge outlined in the United Nations’ recently launched report
on The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI 2024). If current
trends continue, a projected 528 million people will be chronically
undernourished by the decade’s end. Yet, to ensure effective action, policies
and interventions must be informed by accurate data. To that end, the IAEA, FAO
and WHO and other global experts reviewed current scientific understandings of
human energy requirements at a consultancy meeting held at the IAEA’s Vienna
headquarters in June.

Energy requirements reflect what an individual needs to maintain all bodily
functions, including growth and development, depending on life stage as well as
activity for long-term health, and are essential for evaluating how well food
supplies can meet the nutritional demands of a population. These requirements
vary in relation to a person’s age, gender, physiological status (e.g.,
pregnancy), level of physical activity, basal metabolic rate (BMR) (the amount
of energy needed for basic life functions such as breathing and keeping the body
temperature) and environment, to name a few factors. For certain groups, they
encompass additional energy costs such as optimal growth in the case of
children; tissue development in pregnant women; and milk production in lactating
mothers. Estimating accurate energy requirements can consequently entail complex
calculations and challenges – especially when attempting to do so for specific
sub-populations around the globe.

As early as the 1950s, the FAO and WHO collaborated with global nutrition
specialists to assess energy requirements and, in turn, derive these estimates.
Their most recent exercise in October 2001 notably developed key recommendations
for specific groups.  It also maintained the use of international calculations
first developed in 1985 (Schofield’s equations) to estimate BMR based on a
person’s gender, age, weight and physical activity level. However, in the
decades that have since elapsed, the field has seen a growing body of scientific
evidence which challenges the adequacy and accuracy of some aspects of those
equations for universal use.

Discussing FAO’s seminal 2004 report on the topic, the meeting’s 15 nutrition
and energy metabolism experts noted a number of developments affecting BMR: the
dramatic increase in global obesity; documented variations in metabolically
active tissues across different populations; and trends — specifically declines
— in the amount of energy needed for essential bodily functions. They also
identified several key data gaps, especially those concerning energy
requirements of underrepresented populations in low- and middle-income countries
(LMICs); people over 90; and pregnant and lactating women. Experts formulated a
roadmap which outlined next steps to update estimates of energy requirement
while suggesting areas for future research.

“A correct estimate of energy needs at different ages is needed to plan for
actions to prevent and manage different forms of malnutrition. The update may
help us reconsider the design of population programmes in LMICs,” said Francesco
Branca, Director of WHO’s Department of Nutrition and Food Safety.

The IAEA can help revise energy requirements by providing data. Its Doubly
Labelled Water (DLW) Database – a collection of almost 12 000 measurements of
daily energy expenditure from pre-term infants to nonagenarians spanning 40
countries – has already been utilised by researchers and scientists around the
world to generate scientific publications redefining understandings of human
energy metabolism. The IAEA can also help address additional knowledge gaps on
specific population groups and regions. A 2022 coordinated research project, for
example, is gathering additional data on energy expenditure for pre-adolescents
and adolescents in LMICs.

“Going forward, all three United Nations agencies will continue their global
consultations by including dietitians, clinicians and other public health
related end users. As an immediate next step, the meeting’s participants will
collaborate on a series of papers highlighting the need for a paradigm shift
within human energy requirements,” said Cornelia Loechl, Head of the Nutritional
and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section in the IAEA’s Division of Human
Health.

RELATED STORIES

 * New IAEA Database to Help Countries Tackle Growing Obesity Crisis
 * Nuclear Technique Provides Data to Define Four Phases of Metabolism in
   ‘Landmark’ Study
 * Obesity Epidemic: IAEA Database Shows How Daily Energy Expenditure Has
   Changed Over Time
 * New CRP: Total Energy Expenditure Across the Life Course in Low- and
   Middle-Income Countries (E43037)
 * Nuclear Explained – Nuclear Techniques for Better Nutrition
 * Paving the Way for Enhanced Nutrition Action Using Nuclear Techniques

RELATED RESOURCES

 * Nutrition
 * Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
 * Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero hunger
 * Doubly Labelled Water (DLW)
 * Seven Ways Nuclear Techniques Combat Malnutrition
 * Nutritional and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section
 * Human energy requirements, Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation

Source – IAEA

 

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   screen.

Number of Vendors seeking consent: 545
Save and communicate privacy choices
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice
are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals
(such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this
service and those entities to respect such choices.
Illustrations
 * When you visit a website and are offered a choice between consenting to the
   use of profiles for personalised advertising or not consenting, the choice
   you make is saved and made available to advertising providers, so that
   advertising presented to you respects that choice.

Number of Vendors seeking consent: 348
Features
Match and combine data from other data sources
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with
other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for
instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card
in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in
this notice.

Number of Vendors seeking consent: 382
Link different devices
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be
considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your
household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both
your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet
connection on both devices).

Number of Vendors seeking consent: 338
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it
automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of
your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the
purposes exposed in this notice.

Number of Vendors seeking consent: 512
Special Features
specialfeature
Use precise geolocation data
1
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500
metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.

Number of Vendors seeking consent: 266
Actively scan device characteristics for identification
2
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be
requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed
fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes
explained in this notice.

Number of Vendors seeking consent: 134
Third Party Vendors
vendors

Google Ad Tech Providers
google-vendors

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