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Home → Tutorials → Automotive → AUTOSAR → Application Layer in AUTOSAR – AUTOSAR
Tutorials Part 2

APPLICATION LAYER IN AUTOSAR – AUTOSAR TUTORIALS PART 2

by Kiruthika Tags Automotive, AUTOSAR, Tutorials Categories AUTOSAR

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Last Updated on: March 17th, 2024

This article is the continuation of the Series on AUTOSAR Tutorials and carries
the discussion on AUTOSAR. The aim of this series is to provide easy and
practical examples that anyone can understand. In the last article, we have seen
the Introduction to AUTOSAR. In this tutorial, we are going to see the
Application Layer in AUTOSAR – AUTOSAR Tutorials Part 2.

Table of Contents

Toggle
* Application Layer in AUTOSAR – Introduction
* Software Component (SWC)
* Atomic SWC
* Composition SWC
* Runnable Entity
* Init Runnable
* Periodic Runnable
* Server Runnable
* Trigger points
* Access point type
* Ports
* Port Interface
* Sender/Receiver interface
* Client/Server interface
* Example
* Port Prototypes
* Connectors
* Assembly connector
* Delegate connector
* Summary

APPLICATION LAYER IN AUTOSAR – INTRODUCTION

The application layer in AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a
crucial component within the overall software architecture of automotive
systems. It is the top most layer in AUTOSAR Software Architecture, and it is
responsible for executing the application software and managing the interaction
between different software components. The application layer provides a
standardized framework that enables seamless integration of various
applications, such as vehicle functions, services, and features, across
different ECUs (Electronic Control Units) in a vehicle. It helps to facilitate
communication, data exchange, and coordination among these applications,
ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the entire automotive system.

This layer consists of many software components (SWC) which execute the set of
tasks to fulfill the functionality of the vehicle. Each SWC contains many
runnable. These software components (SWC) are connected with the help of ports.
These ports give communication between two SWCs as well as with BSW.

SOFTWARE COMPONENT (SWC)

The below image represents the typical view of Software component (SWC),

The software component is a small application that is created for some specific
functionality in ECU. The main purpose of having a software component is to make
the software independent of hardware and make the software reusable. while
creating a new component type under the application component type in the
DaVinci Developer tool, the developer needs to select either one of the types
mentioned below.

There are 2 types of software components. they are,

1. Atomic SWC
2. Composition SWC

ATOMIC SWC

An atomic software component is a self-contained unit which is having
application software. It encapsulates the implementation of the functionality.
It only exposes the connection points to the outside world through the port
prototype.

Under Atomic SWC there are a few sub-types,

1. Application SWC – This is normal hardware-independent application software.
2. Sensor/Actuator SWC – This is used to handle sensor and Actuator
input/outputs.
3. Non-volatile memory block SWC – This is used when we are using NVRAM.
4. Calibration parameter SWC- This is used for sharing calibration parameter
values with other devices.
5. Complex device driver SWC- This is used when we are developing complex
device drivers which are not supported by AUTOSAR.
6. Service SWC- This is used when we are using services provided by the service
layer which is placed in the BSW layer.
7. Service proxy SWC- It serves as a proxy to one or more remote ECUs,
providing internal services. Its primary function is to distribute vehicle
mode information across the system.
8. ECU abstraction SWC- This is used to access the I/O by directly interacting
with specific BSW modules.

COMPOSITION SWC

Composition SWC is a group of individual software components combined into one
software component to make the ECU. This type of grouping facilitates
abstracting SWCs and standardizing software development.

RUNNABLE ENTITY

As discussed earlier, application software components are having certain
entities, those are called as the Runnable, which are basically embedded c
logics. During configuration with the help of tools, a skeleton is generated in
respective source files of SWCs, later developers must write their logic inside
the skeleton to run the specific task.

There are 3 types of runnable entities,

1. Init Runnable
2. Periodic Runnable
3. Server Runnable

INIT RUNNABLE

The Init Runnable is an important part of the AUTOSAR architecture as it allows
the ECU to perform the necessary tasks during the initialization phase and
prepare for normal operation. These can be used to verify that the controller is
properly configured and ready to perform its intended function.

PERIODIC RUNNABLE

If an executable is configured as Periodic, it will be called periodically at
the configured time. So the developer needs to give the minimum interval during
configuration.

SERVER RUNNABLE

This is used to provide services to other components in the system. This is
typically triggered by an external request, such as a request from another
component to access certain data or perform a certain task.

TRIGGER POINTS

While configuring runnable developers must mention the trigger point type as
well as access points, and trigger points, it tells under which condition the
runnable needs to be triggered or called. There are few types of trigger points
are mentioned below,

1. Init
2. Periodic
3. Background
4. On-data reception
5. On-data reception

ACCESS POINT TYPE

In case if the runnable wants to use the port prototype, the developer must
mention the access point type. The types of access points are,

1. Read data
2. Write data
3. Invoke operations
4. Read received mode

PORTS

In AUTOSAR, all communication between SWC and lower layers is done using ports.
A port is a channel or connection used to transmit data between SWCs or BSW
modules. Since AUTOSAR is intended for standardization, the data that will be
transferred between entities must be known at configuration time. Ports belong
to exactly one SWC at a time. The port may or may not be connected to the other
end. Connectors are used to connect two ports.

There are two types of ports,

1. Required Ports(R-Port)- This type of port is used when data is to be received
or required.

2. Provider Ports(P-Port)- – This type of port is used when data is to be
transmitted or SWC is a provider of some service to other entities.

PORT INTERFACE

The Port interface acts as a door between software components (SWC) to
communicate with one another. The term Port Interface refers to the highest
level of description of information transferred between components in an AUTOSAR
system. The Port interface is reusable, and it is configured during the system
configuration phase.

There are two types of port interfaces,

1. Sender/Receiver interface
2. Client/Server interface

SENDER/RECEIVER INTERFACE

In this type of communication interface data elements are transferred from one
software component to another. The data element type may be int, float, char,
array, and record. This interface is mostly used between application software
components. A port may contain many data elements. The communication between
software components is 1: n or n:1.

Syntax

Rte_Read_<port name>_<data element>

Rte_Write_<port name> _<data element>

CLIENT/SERVER INTERFACE

The Client calls an operation of a Server asynchronously or synchronously.
Communication between client and server is 1:1 or n:1. Operations can be called
individually. This communication interface takes place most frequently between
the application and services of the Basic Software (diagnostics, memory
management, etc.). The operation may be requesting for turn on the light and get
some data from memory, etc.,

Syntax

Rte_Call_<port_name>_<operations_name>

EXAMPLE

To understand better the concept of SR Interface and CS Interface let’s take the
below example,

We have two sensor actuators one is for right door motion and another one is for
left door motion called Right Door Sensor, Left Door Sensor, and right Door
Sensor is a Sender port(P- Port) it will write the door state and Left Door
State, and the Right Door State is an SWC’s is a Receiver Port(R-Port) it will
read the door state.

CDD SWC for the Right door state and CDD SWC for the Left door state are acting
as Server Ports (P- Port) it will get the input from Actuators, and it will
serve the door state and Interior Light state acting as a Client Port(R-Port)
and it will get the interior light state whether it is ON or OFF based on door
state.

PORT PROTOTYPES

Port Prototypes are intended to be used for attaching Software Connectors that
establish an actual connection between SWC prototypes.

CONNECTORS

A connector is used to complete the connection between the port prototypes.

There are 2 types of connectors,

1. Assembly connector
2. Delegate connector

ASSEMBLY CONNECTOR

Assembly connectors are used to connect two ports in a single software
component.

DELEGATE CONNECTOR

Delegation connectors are used when some port of SWC needs to be exposed to the
outer world of the Composition (ECU).

SUMMARY

The application layer in AUTOSAR is a fundamental part of the automotive
software architecture. Its main purpose is to execute application software and
facilitate communication between different software components. It provides a
standardized framework for integrating various vehicle functions, services, and
features across multiple ECUs. The application layer plays a vital role in
ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the automotive system as a
whole.

In our next article, we will discuss the Run Time Environment (RTE) Layer in
AUTOSAR.

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Kiruthika

Embedded Software Developer who is passionate about Embedded Systems.

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