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  <!-- the only thing to note here is that the correct answer
 has a value set to "correct" while incorrect ones do not--> Question 1: What is the circulatory system?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q1" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. Blood, carried throughout the body\'s circulatory system, transports food to cells in a form they can use.')">The body's blood-transporting system<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q1" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The respiratory system moves air in and out of the body -- using oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.')">The body's breathing system<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q1" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The nervous system transports messages from the brain to different parts of the body, then back to the brain -- so that the body can respond to the information.')">The body's system of
  nerves<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q1"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. The digestive system is the group of organs that break down food into smaller particles, or molecules, for use in the human body. Unusable materials are disposed of as solid and liquid waste.')">The body's
  food-processing system<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 2: From what source do cells get their food?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q2" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Although oxygen is essential for cells to create energy and to grow, it is a gas, not a food.')">oxygen<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q2" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. Blood, carried throughout the body\'s circulatory system, transports food to cells in a form they can use.')">blood<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q2"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Healthy cells do not eat each other. However, in very sick people, strong unhealthy cells sometimes \'eat up\' scarce supplies of food and crowd out healthy cells, causing them to die.')">other cells<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q2" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Carbon dioxide is a gas that cells produce when they use oxygen. Carbon dioxide is a waste, and the body gets rid of it by exhaling.')">carbondioxide<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 3: Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q3" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Platelets (not oxygen) help blood to clot so that cuts or wounds do not bleed uncontrollably.')">Oxygen helps the blood to clot<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q3" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Food comes to the cells separate from oxygen, but it, like oxygen, is a basic source of energy for cells.')"> Oxygen brings food to the cells<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q3" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. Oxygen enters a person\'s bloodstream through the lungs. The blood carries oxygen to the cells of the body. In the cells, oxygen combines with chemicals obtained from food to produce energy needed for each cell to perform its function in the body.')">
  Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and energy<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q3" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Carbon dioxide is a gas that is produced when cells use material brought to them by the blood.')"> Oxygen is not important and carbondioxide is the most important substance to the body<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q3" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Oxygen does not get converted to Ozone in the lungs but Ozone is used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants.')"> Oxygen O2 gets converted to Ozone O3 in the lungs and Ozone purifies the
  venous blood in the lungs and enhances muscle activity in voluntary and involuntary organs<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 4: Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q4" value="correct" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Veins carry blood to the heart.')">Veins<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q4" onclick="alert('CORRECT. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Arteries Away! Remember AA.')">Artieries<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q4" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Capillaries connect the arteries and veins. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries. Blood returns to the heart through veins.')"> Capillaries<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q4" onclick="alert('Incorrect. All three types carry blood but only arteries carry blood away from the heart.')">Arteries, Veins and Capillaries<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 5: Why is blood that flows from the lungs to the heart bright red rather than dark red?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q5" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Dye is not responsible for the red colour of blood. The colour is the product of a gas -- oxygen.')"> The lungs add a pigment (dye) to blood as it flows<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q5" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. As soon as oxygen in the lungs enters the blood flowing through the walls of the lungs, the blood turns bright red.')"> Oxygen makes it red<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q5" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Carbon dioxide is a waste product given off by the body\'s cells. Blood that flows from the lungs into the heart does not have large amounts of carbon dioxide in it.')"> Carbondioxide makes
  it red<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q5" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Gastric juices help digest food in the stomach.')">Gastric juices produce the red colour of the blood<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 6: What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins, sugar, and other foods to the body's cells?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q6"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Platelets are plate-like structures that help stop bleeding. If a blood vessel is cut, platelets stick to the damaged surface and to one another, forming a plug. They then release chemicals leading to the formation of a blood clot.')">
  Platelets<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q6" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. Plasma is the liquid part of blood. It carries nutrients [from food consumed] to the cells.')">Plasma<br>
  <img src="The%20Circulatory%20System%20%20Multiple-Choice%20Questions_files/blood.gif" alt="Blood Components" border="2" height="133" hspace="10" width="318">
  <br>
  <input type="radio" name="q6"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Red corpuscles carry oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide from the cells. Red blood cells consist mainly of haemoglobin [an oxygen-carrying protein] that gives them their red colour.')"> Red Corpuscles<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q6"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. White corpuscles fight diseases and germs. Some kinds of white blood cells kill bacteria by surrounding and digesting them. Other kinds produce antibodies and proteins that make invaders harmless.')"> White
  Corpuscles<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 7: What is the main job of the red corpuscles in the blood?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q7"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. This is the job of the blood platelets. When a person has a cut, millions of platelets rush to the area to help dry up the blood so that blood will not continue to escape from the wound. Platelets get their name from their flat, round, plate-like shape.')">
  To clot blood<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q7" onclick="alert('Incorrect. This is the job of the white corpuscles. White corpuscles [also called white blood cells] fight germs in the body and carry away the body\'s dead cells for disposal.')"> To fight disease<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q7" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Although red corpuscles transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, they do not transport carbon dioxide to the body\'s cells. Carbon dioxide is a waste product given off by cells.')"> To transport
  carbon dioxide to the body's cells and carry away oxygen from the cells<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q7" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. The red corpuscles get the needed oxygen to the body\'s cells. They also carry away the carbon dioxide that cells give off during the chemical reaction that takes place as the cells use oxygen.')"> To transport oxygen to
  the body's cells and carry away carbon dioxide from the cells<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 8: Which of the following can best be compared to soldiers?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q8" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The lungs are the intake system for the body. They inhale the oxygen the body needs to carry out its basic functions.')"> Lungs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q8" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The capillaries and other blood vessels are the highway or road system of the body. They provide a way for the blood cells to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the entire body.')">
  Capillaries<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q8"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Although there are more red blood cells than white blood cells in the body, red blood cells are not like soldiers in an army. Instead, red blood cells are like moving vans, carrying oxygen to the body\'s cells and carbon dioxide to the heart.')">
  Red blood cells<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q8" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. White corpuscles are like soldiers because they fight off the body\'s enemies -- harmful bacteria and disease. White blood cells attack and kill germs in the body, and they also carry away dead cells.')"> White blood
  cells<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 9: Which element in the blood is round and colourless?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q9" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Plasma is the liquid part of blood and as a liquid it has no definite shape.')"> Plasma<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q9" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Platelets are plate-like structures that help stop bleeding.')"> Platelets<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q9"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. A red blood cell has a flat, disk-like shape. It is thinner in the middle than at the edges -- somewhat like a doughnut without the hole. Red blood cells consist mainly of haemoglobin [an oxygen-carrying protein] that gives them their red colour.')">
  Red blood cells<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q9" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. Most of the white blood cells are round and colourless.')"> White blood cells<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 10: What would happen to people who have an open wound and whose blood did not clot naturally?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q10" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. People born with this problem are called haemophiliacs. Haemophilia is inherited, or passed on to children by their parents. They must receive regular injections of platelets in order to stay alive.')"> They would bleed
  to death<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q10" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The clotting function can mean the difference between life and death.')">Nothing. Clotting is not important<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q10" onclick="alert('Incorrect. No such miracle drug is available.')">They would have to take special clotting drugs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q10" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Plasma will not help blood to clot. People whose blood does not clot need platelets.')">They would have to take regular doses of plasma<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 11: What happens when a clot occurred in an undamaged blood vessel?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q11" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Note that the question states that the blood vessel is not damaged.')"> You would bleed to death<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q11" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. A clot may block the flow of blood to tissues beyond the clot and cutting off food and oxygen to those tissues. If a clot blocks an artery that nourishes the heart then a heart attack may occur. If a clot blocks an artery to the brain, a stroke may occur.')">
  The flow of blood to tissues beyond the clot may be cut off<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q11" onclick="alert('Incorrect. A scab will form on the skin surface of an open wound.')"> A scab will form on the skin surface<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q11" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Platelets stick to the edges of the cut and to one another, forming a plug only when the blood vessel is cut or damaged.')"> Platelets stick to the edges of the cut and to one another,
  forming a plug<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 12: What happens to blood when it is pumped into the thin-walled blood vessels of the lungs?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q12" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The lungs remove neither the platelets nor the plasma from blood.')">Platelets are exchanged for plasma<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q12" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The body is much too efficient to send blood through the lungs without a reason!')">Nothing -- the lungs are just a place blood goes through<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q12" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. Carbon dioxide [which is a waste product of the body\'s cells] collects in the blood as blood returns to the heart and lungs. In the lungs, the carbon dioxide leaves the body. It is replaced by oxygen when the lungs inhale fresh air.')">
  Carbondioxide is relaced with oxygen<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q12"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Blood flows through the blood vessels that make up the walls of the lungs. It does not actually fill the lungs\' open spaces. The lungs have many large and small bronchial tubes that fill up with air when people breathe.')">
  Blood fills the lungs and causes coughing<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 13: What is the function of the blood vessels and capillaries?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q13" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The heart pumps blood throughout the body.')">They pump blood to the heart<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q13" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The kidneys and large and small intestines clean unwanted items from the blood.')">They filter impurities from the blood<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q13" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. The almost 50,000 miles of tiny, thin-walled tubes carry blood throughout the body. Oxygen, food, and other substances pass from the blood through the thin capillary walls into the tissues. Carbon dioxide and other wastes from the tissues also pass through the capillary walls and enter the bloodstream for disposal.')">
  They carry blood to all parts of the body<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q13"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. The nervous system provides pathways by which information travels from a person\'s surroundings to the brain and instructions from the brain to various muscles so that the body can respond to the information.')"> They
  carry messages from the brain to the muscles<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 14: Why does blood turn dark red as it circulates through the body?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q14"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. In healthy individuals, blood clotting is activated only when the person is losing blood through an open wound. Sometimes, however, people may develop clots in their blood vessels, which block the flow of blood through the body.')">
  It starts to clot<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q14" onclick="alert('Incorrect. It takes only about a minute for blood to go all through the body. Blood cannot really get \'old,\' because it is continually renewed in the lungs.')"> It gets old and dirty flowing through
  the body<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q14" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. As red blood passes by the body\'s cells, oxygen is left behind to nourish the cells and carbon dioxide collects in the blood. The carbon dioxide is then carried back to the lungs as waste matter.')"> The oxygen in it is
  replaced with carbon dioxide<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q14" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The blood\'s ingredients determine its colour, not its distance from the heart.')">The farther blood is from the heart, the more dark red it is<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 15: How many major types of blood have scientists discovered?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q15" onclick="alert('Incorrect. \'O\' is one of the four main types of blood. People who have type \'O\' blood are called \'universal donors,\' which means that they can give their blood to anyone in a transfusion.')">
  One: Type "O"<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q15" onclick="alert('Incorrect. These are two of the three main ingredients of blood. White cells fight disease, and red cells carry life-giving oxygen to the rest of the body\'s cells.')"> Two: white cells and red
  cells<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q15" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. These are the four blood types. In medicine, the chief use of blood groups is to determine whether the blood of one person, called a donor, can be transfused into the body of a patient without rejection or serious reaction.')">
  Four: Types A, B, AB, and O<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q15" onclick="alert('Incorrect. These are the three main ingredients of all human blood, no matter what type it is.')">Three: white cells, red cells, and plasma<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 16: What is the organ that pumps blood all throughout the human body?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q16" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The lungs pump air in and out of the body. They do not pump blood.')">The Lungs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q16" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The blood vessels and capillaries are the tiny tubes through which blood flows, but they do not actually pump the blood.')"> Blood vessels and capillaries<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q16" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. With each heartbeat, the heart sends life-giving blood throughout the almost 50,000 miles of blood vessels and capillaries in the body. Blood carries oxygen and food to all the body cells.')"> The Heart<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q16"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Kidneys clean waste water from the blood and produce urine that carries various waste materials out of the body. If the kidneys fail to function, poisons build up in the body, eventually causing death.')"> The
  Kidneys<br>
  <img src="The%20Circulatory%20System%20%20Multiple-Choice%20Questions_files/heart-w.gif" alt="Heart" border="0" height="196" vspace="5" width="268"><br>
  <ol class="normal">
    <li>
      <font size="-1">The heart receives oxygen-deficient blood (see the white arrows) from the body into the right upper atrium.</font><br><br>
    </li>
    <li>
      <font size="-1">When the heart contracts, the right lower ventricle will pump the blood into the lungs, where the carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.</font><br><br>
    </li>
    <li>
      <font size="-1">After the exchange, the blood containing fresh oxygen flows into the left upper atrium.</font><br><br>
    </li>
    <li>
      <font size="-1">Oxygen-rich blood (see the black arrows) flows from the left upper atrium into the left lower ventricle.</font><br><br>
    </li>
    <li>
      <font size="-1">When the heart contracts, the left lower ventricle will force the blood out to the body through a network of arteries.</font>
    </li>
  </ol>
  <br> Question 17: What is the respiratory system?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q17"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. The nervous system is the body\'s system of nerves, which transports messages from the brain to different parts of the body, then back to the brain -- so that the body can respond to the information.')"> The body's
  system of nerves<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q17" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The digestive system breaks down food into simple substances that the cells can use. It then absorbs these substances into the bloodstream and eliminates any leftover waste matter.')"> The
  body's food-processing system<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q17" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. The respiratory system moves air in and out of the body -- using oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide, a gas produced when cells use oxygen. The respiratory system includes the nose, throat and lungs.')"> The body's
  breathing system<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q17" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The circulatory system is a network that carries blood throughout the body.')">The body's blood-transporting system<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 18: Air can enter the body and travel to the lungs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q18"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. The windpipe is not an entry into the body, because it is inside the body. Air does, however, pass through the windpipe on its way to the lungs. Pores are small openings in the skin through which perspiration, or sweat, escapes.')">
  through the windpipe and the pores<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q18"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Air can enter the body through the nose but not the nervous system. The nervous system conducts electrical impulses from the brain to the nerves, then back to the brain. These impulses tell the body how and when to function.')">
  through the nose and the nervous system<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q18" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. Air enters the body through either the open mouth or the nose. It travels to the lungs, where the oxygen in it passes into the bloodstream.')"> through the mouth and the
  nose<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q18" onclick="alert('Incorrect. These are two different names for the same organ. This is the tube that conducts food to the stomach, not air to the lungs.')"> through the oesophagus and gullet<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 19: What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q19" onclick="alert('Incorrect. These small hairs do not discriminate between disease and other items in the air. If disease-causing bacteria enter the body, the white blood cells try to fight the disease.')"> To fight
  disease<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q19" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. It is important to keep dust and other impurities out of the lungs. The tiny hairs in the nose trap unwanted particles before they can go too far into the respiratory system.')"> To keep dust outside of the lungs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q19" onclick="alert('Incorrect. These hairs perform a very useful function similar to that of the sentries outside a fortress.')"> They serve no purpose<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q19" onclick="alert('Incorrect. These little hairs try to prevent sneezes. Sneezes occur when tiny particles or impurities get pass the hairs and move farther down toward the chest.')"> To tickle the nose and cause sneezes
  to remove allergens<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 20: What is another name for the windpipe?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q20"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. The oesophagus, like the windpipe, is a tube that runs through the neck. But it transports food from the mouth to the stomach and is not part of the respiratory system. When food \'goes down the wrong pipe\' (the windpipe), we cough until it is released to the food pipe.')">
  Oesophagus<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q20" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The lungs are the balloon-like structures in the chest that bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide from the body.')"> Lungs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q20" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The larynx is the voice box. It is connected to the windpipe.')"> Larynx<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q20" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. At its bottom, the trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi, which lead into the lungs.')"> Trachea<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 21: What happens to the windpipe, or trachea, before it reaches the lungs?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q21"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. If the trachea closed up, the lungs would receive no air. Sometimes a disease can cause the larynx (or voice box) to swell up so much that it blocks air from going through the trachea. If the swelling does not go down, doctors may have to cut a hole in the trachea from the outside of the throat to allow air into the lungs.')">
  It closes up so that no oxygen can escape<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q21" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. About half of its 13 cm length is inside the chest and the rest is in the neck. The lower end of the trachea divides into two bronchi (tubes) that carry air into the lungs. One bronchus goes to the left lung, the other to the right lung.')">
  It branches in two directions<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q21" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The trachea needs to branch into only enough parts to reach the lungs.')"> It branches in three directions<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q21" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The larynx, or voice box, is the sound-producing mechanism of the respiratory system.')"> It vibrates and creates sounds<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 22: What important activity takes place in the lungs?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q22" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Digestion takes place in the stomach and small intestine.')"> Food is digested<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q22" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The kidneys filter the liquid waste from the body\'s blood.')"> Liquid waste is filtered from the blood<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q22" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. When we breathe air into the moist environment of the lungs, oxygen in that air passes through the walls of the lungs into the blood stream, where it is carried to the body\'s cells. The blood picks up excess carbon dioxide and carries it back to the lungs, where it is exhaled.')">
  Oxygen is exchanged for carbondioxide<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q22" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The trachea, or windpipe, and larynx, or voice box, are both connected to the lungs. Without both these organs, we would not be able to speak.')"> The trachea is exchanged for the larynx<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 23: Oxygen moves from the lungs into the bloodstream through ...<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q23" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The jugular vein is not connected to the lungs. This vein carries blood heavy with carbon dioxide from the brain back to the heart. From there the blood is pumped to the lungs.')"> a tube in
  the lungs called the jugular vein<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q23" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Nerve fibres carry electrical impulses from the brain to the various parts of the body, and back to the brain. They do not carry oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream.')"> nerve
  fibres<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q23" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The pulmonary artery in the heart carries blood full of carbon dioxide from the heart to the lungs.')"> a large artery in the heart<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q23" value="correct" onclick="alert('CORRECT. These small blood vessels, called capillaries, have thin walls that allow oxygen to seep through. This process is called diffusion.')"> small blood vessels in the lungs<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 24: When we breathe in, we inhale many gases, including oxygen. What happens to the gases that the body can't use?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q24" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Food is the main energy source for the body. Digested food is absorbed into the blood and \'burned\' in the body\'s cells.')"> They are absorbed into the digestive system and used to create
  energy<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q24" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. When we breathe air into the lungs, oxygen is absorbed into the blood through the thin walls of blood vessels. Everything else is breathed back into the air, along with the carbon dioxide brought to the lungs from the body\'s cells.')">
  they are exhaled<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q24" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The lungs are amazing organs, but they cannot create oxygen out of waste materials.')"> They are changed into oxygen by the lungs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q24" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Gases that cannot be used by the body never enter the blood stream.')"> They circulate through the body and are disposed of later<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 25: Which organ is made up of air-carrying tubes and tiny sacs?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q25" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The brain has many nerves, but these do not carry air. The brain also has areas that contain fluid. These are called cavities, not sacs.')"> The Brain<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q25"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. Air flows through the lungs\' complicated network of air-carrying tubes called bronchiolies, which branch off the windpipe like the many branches on a tree trunk. Each branch ends in a tiny sac (or pocket) called alveoli, where oxygen passes into the bloodstream.')">
  The Lungs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q25" value="correct" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The stomach has sacs that distribute digestive juices, but it has no air-carrying tubes.')"> The Stomach<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q25" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The diaphragm has neither branches nor sacs. It is a muscle that helps you breathe.')"> The Diaphragm<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 26: What body structure protects the lungs from outside harm?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q26" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Rings of rubbery cartilage protect the windpipe, but not the lungs.')"> Cartilage<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q26"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. The lungs are made up of air-carrying bronchial tubes which end in tiny sacs, but these sacs do not protect the lungs. In fact, the tubes and sacs can become inflamed, a condition called bronchitis.')"> Tiny sacs<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q26" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. The lungs are delicate and can be bruised and even punctured. The rib cage provides protection for the lungs, but because it is rounded, it allows the lungs to fill up like balloons beneath it.')"> The rib cage<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q26" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The diaphragm rests between the lungs and the abdomen, which holds the digestive organs. The diaphragm provides some of the muscle power needed to breathe.')"> The diaphragm<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 27: To go on living, the body's cells need food, water, chemicals, and ...<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q27" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Human cells do not need the gas helium to survive.')">helium<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q27" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('CORRECT. The lungs get oxygen from the air, and blood brings it from the lungs to the cells. It is used in combination with other ingredients to create energy for growth and to maintain health.')"> oxygen<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q27" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Although the body does need the nutrients from several daily servings of fruits and vegetables, these items go in the category of \'food.\'')"> vegetables<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q27" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Carbon dioxide is a waste by-product given off by the body. It does not help in keeping cells alive.')"> carbondioxide<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 28: How many chambers does the heart have?<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q28" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The heart does not have five chambers.  We are referring to the heart, not the fingers in your right hand!')"> Five<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q28" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The heart does not have six chambers.  We are referring to the heart, not the six senses humans have!')">Six<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q28" onclick="alert('Incorrect. The heart does not have ten chambers.  We are referring to the heart, not the ten toes on our feet!')">Ten<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q28" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct. The heart has four chambers.  Right atrium, left atrium, right vetricle, left ventricle.  Good job!')">Four<br>
  <br>
  <br> Question 29: This is a fluid akin to blood and plasma that contains white blood cells<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q29"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Saliva is a watery substance located in the mouths of organisms, secreted by the salivary glands. Human saliva is 99.5% water, while the other 0.5% consists of electrolytes, mucus, glycoproteins, enzymes, and antibacterial compounds such as secretory IgA and lysozyme.  The enzymes found in saliva are essential in beginning the process of digestion of dietary starches and fats. These enzymes also play a role in breaking down food particles entrapped within dental crevices, protecting teeth from bacterial decay.  Furthermore, saliva serves a lubricative function, wetting food and permitting the initiation of swallowing, and protecting the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity from desiccation')">
  saliva<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q29"
    onclick="alert('Incorrect. Urine (from Latin Urina) is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by-products, many rich in nitrogen, that require elimination from the bloodstream. These by-products are eventually expelled from the body during urination, the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body')">urine<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q29" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Sweat contains mainly water. It also contains minerals, lactate, and urea.')">sweat<br>
  <input type="radio" name="q29" value="correct"
    onclick="alert('Correct. Lymph has a composition comparable to that of blood plasma, but it may differ slightly. Lymph contains white blood cells. In particular the lymph that leaves a lymph node is richer in lymphocytes. Likewise, the lymph formed in the digestive system called chyle is rich in triglycerides (fat), and looks milky white.')">lymph<br>
  <br>
  <br>
  <img src="structure.jpg">
  <p> Question 30: The beating sound your heart makes comes from<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q30" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Congenital heart defects can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can Slow down, Go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place')">blood going in the wrong
    direction<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q30"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Interestingly both skipped beats and extra beats or palpitations typically have the same cause. The hearts regular rhythm is interrupted by a premature or early beat. If the premature beat arises from the atria or upper chambers it is called a premature atrial contraction or PAC. If it arises from the ventricles or lower chambers, it is called premature ventricular contraction or PVC. In most cases, neither is considered dangerous, though exceptions exist. The reason PACs or PVCs can sometimes be felt as a skipped beat, is that the heart gets a premature signal to squeeze before it has had time to fill with blood. The resulting heart contraction does not produce blood flow to the body. A pause is felt, and the following heart beat is more forceful than usual. If the PAC or PVC is less premature and the heart has had time to fill with blood before receiving the early signal to squeeze an extra beat will be felt rather than a skipped beat')">The
    heart skipping beats<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q30"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. The ear does not play tricks and it is not a magician but if you have high blood pressure your body can warn you by making you feel throbbing beats in your ear.  It also happens when you are agitated and angry at someone or something.  Just settle down dont die because you let your emotions control you')">Your
    ears playing tricks on you<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q30" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. When you listen to your heartbeat through a stethoscope lubb dubb lubb dubb, you hear the sound of your heart valves closing. Although your heart has four valves, the valves open and close two at a time. Thats why you hear only two thumps one lubb dubb per heartbeat, rather than four.  Your heart valves keep blood flowing in one direction through your heart, just like the one-way valves in your homes plumbing. They open to let blood flow through, and then close to prevent blood from flowing back the way it came. When a valve closes, flaps of tissue on the valve close tightly together to create a seal. These flaps of tissue are called leaflets.   Your heart has four valves. Blood flows through each valve one time on its way through your heart. The four valves can be grouped by their job. Atrioventricular valves control blood flow between your hearts upper and lower chambers. The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve. The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called the mitral valve.  Semilunar valves control blood flow out of your heart. Blood flows out of the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. Blood flows out of the left ventricle to your body through the aortic valve.')">Valves
    closing<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 31: With circulation, the heart provides your body with<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q31"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. This is only one of the functions of circulation facilitated by the heart.  The heart has four chambers. Some of the main blood vessels arteries and veins that make up your blood circulatory system are directly connected to the heart.  The ventricle on the right side of your heart pumps blood from your heart to your lungs. When you breathe air in, oxygen passes from your lungs through your blood vessels and into your blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is passed from your blood through blood vessels to your lungs and is removed from your body when you breathe out.  The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from your lungs. The pumping action of your left ventricle sends this oxygen-rich blood through the aorta a main artery to the rest of your body. After your bodys organs and tissues have used the oxygen in your blood, the vena cavae carry the oxygen-poor blood back to the right atrium of your heart.  The superior vena cava carries oxygen-poor blood from the upper parts of your body, including your head, chest, arms, and neck. The inferior vena cava carries oxygen-poor blood from the lower parts of your body.  The oxygen-poor blood from the vena cavae flows into your hearts right atrium and then on to the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to your lungs. There, through many small, thin blood vessels called capillaries, the blood picks up more oxygen.  The oxygen-rich blood passes from your lungs back to your heart through the pulmonary veins.  Oxygen-rich blood from your lungs passes through the pulmonary veins. It enters the left atrium and is pumped into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the rest of your body through the aorta.  Like all of your organs, your heart needs blood rich with oxygen. This oxygen is supplied through the coronary arteries as blood is pumped out of your hearts left ventricle.  Your coronary arteries are located on your hearts surface at the beginning of the aorta. Your coronary arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to all parts of your heart.')">
    Oxygen<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q31"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. This is only one of the functions of circulation facilitated by the heart.  Systemic circulation supplies nourishment to all of the tissue located throughout your body, with the exception of the heart and lungs because they have their own systems. Systemic circulation is a major part of the overall circulatory system.')">Nutrients<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q31"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. This is only one of the functions of circulation facilitated by the heart.  During systemic circulation, blood passes through the kidneys. This phase of systemic circulation is known as renal circulation. During this phase, the kidneys filter much of the waste from the blood.')">
    A way to get rid of waste<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q31" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The blood vessels arteries, veins, and capillaries are responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue. Oxygen-rich blood enters the blood vessels through the hearts main artery called the aorta. The forceful contraction of the hearts left ventricle forces the blood into the aorta which then branches into many smaller arteries which run throughout the body. The inside layer of an artery is very smooth, allowing the blood to flow quickly. The outside layer of an artery is very strong, allowing the blood to flow forcefully. The oxygen-rich blood enters the capillaries where the oxygen and nutrients are released. The waste products are collected and the waste-rich blood flows into the veins in order to circulate back to the heart where pulmonary circulation will allow the exchange of gases in the lungs.')">All
    of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <img src="127.gif">
  </p>
  <p> Question 32: The Atria are the upstairs chambers of the heart and these are the downstrairs chambers<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q32"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. The valves within the heart are one-way valves. This means that blood can flow into the heart but not back into the arteries or ventricles.  The heart consists of four chambers and four valves. The valves allow the flow of blood from one chamber to the other. As the heart muscle contracts, the valves open and shut, letting blood flow into the ventricles and atria at alternate times.   The four valves prevent backward flow of blood (also called leaflets). Each valve has flaps, called leaflets, which allow forward flow of blood and prevent the backward flow.  Tricuspid valve: between the right atrium and right ventricle.  Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.  Mitral valve: between the left atrium and left ventricle.  Aortic: between the left ventricle and aorta.  Valves are flaps that act as one-way inlets for blood entering and leaving the chambers and ventricles.')">
    Valves<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q32" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Blood is a fluid that flows in and out of the hearts chamber, it is a fluid, not a chamber')">Blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q32" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Are you kidding? I do love candy hearts though.  They are yummy')">Candy Hearts<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q32" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The heart has four separate compartments or chambers. The upper or upstairs chamber on each side of the heart, which is called an atrium, receives and collects the blood coming to the heart. The atrium then delivers blood to the powerful lower or downstairs chamber, called a ventricle, which pumps blood away from the heart through powerful, rhythmic contractions.  The contraction of the cardiac muscle tissue in the ventricles is called systole. When the ventricles contract, they force the blood from their chambers into the arteries leaving the heart. The left ventricle empties into the aorta and the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. The increased pressure due to the contraction of the ventricles is called systolic pressure.  The human heart is actually two pumps in one. The right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the various regions of the body and delivers it to the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen is absorbed in the blood. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and delivers it to the rest of the body.')">Ventricles<br>
    <br>
    <br>Question 33: What wall separates the left side and the right side of the heart?<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q33" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Please refer to question 32 to understand what a ventricle is!')"> Ventricle<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q33" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Please refer to question 32 to understand what an atrium is!')">Atrium<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q33" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Are you referring to the Great Wall of China in the Asian Continent.  It is a beautiful scenic country with friendly people and a great culture.  You ought to visit it.')">The Great
    Wall<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q33" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The dividing wall between the right and left sides of the heart. That portion of the septum that separates the right and left atria of the heart is termed the atrial, or interatrial, septum, whereas the portion of the septum that lies between the right and left ventricles of the heart is called the ventricular, or interventricular, septum.')">Septum<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 34: The lining of the inner walls of the hearts chambers is termed the<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q34"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. The heart is surrounded by a double-layered, sac-like structure called the pericardium. The space between the layers normally contains a very small amount of fluid which serves as a lubricant. The pericardium is an extremely tough membrane that acts as protection for the heart and is not directly connected to the walls of the heart.  This allows for the free movement (contractions) of the heart muscle within the bag. A disease called pericarditis occurs when this fibrous sac becomes inflamed. When the volume of fluid exceeds the pericardiums full level, pericardial effusion puts pressure on the heart, causing poor heart function. If left untreated, pericardial effusion can cause heart failure or death.')">
    Pericardium<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q34"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. The epicardium is the outer layer of the wall of the heart. It consists of connective tissue covered by epithelium.  The epicardium is also known as the visceral pericardium. Epicardium provides an outer protective layer for the heart.')">Epicardium<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q34"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. The muscular walls of the heart consist of three major layers. The bulk of the walls is made up of a layer of cardiac muscle and is called the myocardium. The muscle is enclosed on the outside by the epicardium and on the inside by the endocardium. The heart is also covered completely by a protective sac called the pericardium.  Myocardium is the thick layer of cardiac muscle which is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the ventricles and atria. This layer is composed almost completely of cardiomyocytes.  These are the muscle cells of the heart, each one physically contracting to cause the heart muscle to shorten. They are relatively very large cells (30x30x150 micron), constitute up to 80 percent of the heart volume and have an elongated, brick-like appearance.')">Myocardium<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q34" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The endocardium is the innermost layer of heart tissue that lines the cavities and valves of the heart. This layer is composed of loose connective tissue and simple squamous epithelial tissue. The endocardium regulates the contractions of the heart, aids cardiac development, and may regulate the composition of the blood that feeds the tissues of the heart.  The heart sits in a fluid-filled sac called the parietal pericardium. The tough, outer fibrous layer of the parietal pericardium protects the heart and roots it in place. The thin, inner serous layer connects the sac to the heart, which is composed of three layers. On the outside, the epicardium, also called the visceral pericardium, is composed of connective tissue and fat. The visceral pericardium connects loosely with the parietal pericardium and tightly with the myocardium, the middle layer of tissue in the heart.  The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle and sits between the epicardium and endocardium. The myocardium is responsible for the contractions of the heart, which occur spontaneously, or without stimulation from the nervous system. These contractions allow blood to enter the atria and pump blood out of the ventricles. The endocardium is the inner layer of the heart that connects with the myocardium and lines the atria and ventricles.')">Endocardium<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <img src="heart4a.gif">
  </p>
  <p> Question 35: The heart’s natural pacemaker is termed the<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q35"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. AV nodes are a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the sinoatrial or SA node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles.')">
    Atrio Ventricular or AV Node<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q35"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Purkinje fibers are modified cardiac muscle fibers that originate from the atrioventricular node and spread into the two ventricles. They transmit the electrical impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles enabling almost simultaneous contraction. The spread of excitation through the ventricles from the atrioventricular node is extremely rapid, moving at one to four meters per second.')">Purkinje
    fibers<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q35"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. The bundle of His is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches. The fascicular branches then lead to the Purkinje fibers which provide electrical conduction to the ventricles, causing the cardiac muscle of the ventricles to contract at a paced interval.  The bundle of His is a group of fibers that carry electrical impulses through the center of the heart. If these signals are blocked, you will have problems with your heartbeat.')">Bundle
    of His<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q35" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The natural pacemaker of the heart is called the sinoatrial node (SA node). It is located in the right atrium. The heart also contains specialized fibers that conduct the electrical impulse from the pacemaker (SA node) to the rest of the heart.   The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres are part of the conduction system of the heart. In order to pump blood around the body, the heart muscle must contract (atria first to fill the ventricles, then ventricles contract to send the blood around the body.  The conduction system starts in the sinoatrial node (SA node) which is also known as the hearts natural pacemaker and is located at the top of the right atrium. The impulse is then sent to the atrioventricular node (AV node) located by the junction between the atria and ventricles. The next part of the conduction system is the bundle of His which sends the impulse from the atria to the ventricles. The purkinje fibres then spread through the ventricles.  As the impulse passes through each part of the conduction system, that part of the heart is excited and the heart muscle contracts, which gives the pumping action of the heart.')">Sino
    Atrial or SA Node<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 36: The exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues is a major function of<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q36"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart to distribute this fresh blood to various parts of the body.  Blood vessels form a tubular network that allows blood to travels from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart again. Blood that leaves the heart passes into arteries. Large arteries branch into progressively smaller arteries that function to deliver blood to various regions of the body.')">
    Arteries<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q36"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Small arteries branch into even smaller vessels called arterioles, which function to regulate the flow of blood into different tissues. Arterioles branch into capillaries, the smallest of all blood vessels.')">Arterioles<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q36"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Capillaries are microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system. Blood coming out of the capillaries passes into vessels of increasing diameter as it flows back toward the heart. Capillaries join to form venules, which then merge to form small veins. Small veins unite to form large veins that eventually deliver blood back to the heart.')">Veins<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q36" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct. Capillaries are the sites of nutrient and waste exchange between the blood and body cells.')">Capillaries<br>
    <br><img src="0298vessels.jpg">
    <br>Question 37: Which of the following statements best describes arteries? <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q37" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Arteries carry oxygen rich blood with nutrients away from the heart')"> all arteries carry oxygenated blood towards the heart <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q37"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. No the arteries do not have backflow valves and the pressure from the heart is great enough to prevent backflow, and from the arteries the blood generally flows downwards anyway. Veins, however, have valves as there is a much lower pressure, and the flow is generally upwards.')">all
    arteries contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q37"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. All arteries are lined with endothelium, not just the large arteries.  An artery is made up of several layers: an inner lining called the endothelium, an elastic membrane that allows the artery to expand and contract, a layer of smooth muscle, and a layer of connective tissue.')">only
    large arteries are lined with endothelium<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q37" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. This blood is normally oxygenated, exceptions made for the pulmonary and umbilical arteries.  The heart pumps blood out through one main artery called the dorsal aorta. The main artery then divides and branches out into many smaller arteries so that each region of your body has its own system of arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich blood.')">all
    arteries carry blood away from the heart<br>
    <br>
    <br>Question 38: The circulatory pathway that carries blood from the digestive tract towards the liver is termed the<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q28"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. This is the circulation of blood to the myocardium, or heart muscle, to supply oxygen and to remove CO2 waste just as any other cell requires. It is the same process as is circulation to any other part of the body. Coronary arteries bring oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and diffusion of the oxygen into the myocardial cells occurs in the coronary capillaries, which have narrowed from arteries to arterioles to capillaries. As in all capillary circuits, the venus end picks up CO2 and then become coronary venules and coronary veins, emptying into the vena cava like all veins do, to bring the blood to the right side of the heart where it is pumped to the lungs to discharge the CO2 and pick up more oxygen, returning through pulmonary veins to the left atrium and ventricle to begin the circuit again.')">
    coronary circuit <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q38"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Cerebral circulation refers to the movement of blood through the network of blood vessels supplying the brain. The arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain and the veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, removing carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. Since the brain is very vulnerable to compromises in its blood supply, the cerebral circulatory system has many safeguards. Failure of these safeguards results in cerebrovascular accidents, commonly known as strokes. The amount of blood that the cerebral circulation carries is known as cerebral blood flow.')">cerebral
    circuit<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q38"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect.  Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.  The pulmonary circuit is powered by the right side of the heart. Its main function is to pump deoxygenated blood which has returned to the heart from the body to the lungs, then back to the heart.  The blood is pumped from the heart via the pulmonary artery. The blood is then oxygenated by gas exchange between the alveoli in the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries. The newly oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins, ready to be sent round the body.')">pulmonary
    circuit <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q38" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The Hepatic Portal Circuit (see the diagram) is a circulation pattern part of the systemic circuit. It is a double circuit where blood flows from the aorta to digestive organs (e.g. stomach and intestines), bringing nutrients from them into the blood. This blood is collected into veins which later merge into the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic portal vein brings the blood to the liver where different chemical processes are undergone. Finally the blood returns to the right side of the heart through the inferior vena cava.')">hepatic
    portal circuit<br>
    <br><img src="hepaticportal.jpg">
    <br>Question 39: Immediately following strenuous and vigorous exercise, which of the following is most likely to occur?<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q39"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Causes of Arrhythmia after Meals, The normal heart rate for children above 10 and adults is 60-100 bpm. Irregular heartbeat causes include excessive exercise, high body temperature, anxiety, diseases, excessive consumption of diet pills, use of certain medications, caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, a heavy meal, etc. High heart rate is referred to as tachycardia and abnormally slow heart rate is referred to as bradycardia. Generally, people with circulatory problem or heart problem experience a rapid heartbeat after eating. As you eat, a large amount of blood is diverted to your digestive tract. Your body immediately reacts to this situation and tries to maintain the normal blood pressure by increasing your heart rate and constricting certain blood vessels. But failure of this mechanism may lead to postprandial hypo-tension (low blood pressure after eating). Older adults generally experience arrhythmia after meals. People with high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system disorders like Parkinsons disease, may experience arrhythmia after eating. The causes and symptoms of the disorder may vary from person to person.')">
    blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q39"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. Clammy skin is a common symptom of hyperhidrosis, a condition in which the body sweats excessively. A clammy skin is often pale. Some of the causes may include anxiety, low glucose levels, heart attack, heat exhaustion, internal bleeding, low blood oxygen levels, acute allergic reaction and shock.')">the
    skin will be cold and clammy <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q39"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. When you begin to exercise, a remarkable diversion happens. Blood that would have gone to the stomach or the kidneys goes instead to the muscles, and the way that happens shows how the bodys processes can sometimes override one another. As your muscles begin to work, the sympathetic nervous system, a part of the automatic or autonomic nervous system (that is, the brainstem and spinal cord) stimulates the nerves to the heart and blood vessels. This nervous stimulation causes those blood vessels (arteries and veins) to contract or constrict (vasoconstriction). This vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to tissues. Your muscles also get the command for vasoconstriction, but the metabolic byproducts produced within the muscle override this command and cause vasodilation, as we discussed above. Because the rest of the body gets the message to constrict the blood vessels and the muscles dilate their blood vessels, blood flow from nonessential organs (for example, stomach, intestines and kidney) is diverted to working muscle. This helps increase the delivery of oxygenated blood to working muscle further.')">blood
    flow to the kidneys quickly increases <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q39" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. As you exercise, the blood vessels in your muscles dilate and the blood flow is greater, just as more water flows through a fire hose than through a garden hose. Your body has an interesting way of making those vessels expand. As ATP gets used up in working muscle, the muscle produces several metabolic byproducts (such as adenosine, hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide). These byproducts leave the muscle cells and cause the capillaries (small, thin-walled blood vessels) within the muscle to expand or dilate (vasodilation). The increased blood flow delivers more oxygenated blood to the working muscle.  Exercise Training increases working muscle mass and therefore capillary proliferation.  New blood capillary networks demand a greater blood supply of oxygen and nutrients with existing capillary networks becoming more efficient at opening and arteriole diameter significantly increasing in response to exercise. Throughout a ‘bout’ of exercise, blood volume and flow increase due to increases in both cardiac output (CO) and respiratory pressure.  Compared to blood volume at rest; physical exercise causes blood flow to change dramatically, between 15-20 times that when the muscles are resting and for blood volume to increase up to 20 fold.  Blood pumps ‘furiously’ throughout the body, capillaries become engorged with blood (swell) and vascular resistance increases.  This enormous increase in blood flow is necessary to meet the 20-50 fold enhanced oxygen demands of the muscle tissue.  During non-exercise periods only 25% of capillaries are utilised, compared to when the capillaries are open 100% during exercise.')">capillaries
    of the active muscles will be engorged with blood<br>
    <br>
    <br><a href="http://www.massageceu.us">Lymphatic System Review <small>(Username: <b>"client"</b> &amp; Password: <b>"allow"</b>)</small></a>
  </p>
  <p> Question 40: Pus indicates that ______________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q40" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The presence of pus is the result of our bodys natural immune system responding to an infection, usually caused by bacteria or fungi. When the body detects an infection, our immune system immediately reacts to get rid of it and limit the damage.  Leukocytes (white blood cells), which are produced in the marrow of bones, attack the organism that are causing the infection. Neutrophils, a type of leukocyte, have the specific task of attacking harmful fungi or bacteria.  Another type of leukocyte, called macrophages, detect the foreign bodies and release an alarm system in the form of small cell-signaling protein molecules called cytokines. Cytokines alert the neutrophils, which filter from the bloodstream into the affected area.  Experts say that the neutrophils are within the affected area about an hour after an infection starts. The rapid accumulation of neutrophils eventually leads to the presence of pus - a large quantity of dead neutrophils. ')">the
    body is trying to overcome infection<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q40" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">body tissues are dying<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q40" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">too much lymph has built up<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q40" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">the inflammatory response has failed to defend against bacterial invasion<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 41: Blood in the pulmonary arteries<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q41" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">enters the heart’s right ventricle<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q41" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is one of the only arteries (other than the umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide—approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver de-oxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.')">is
    heading towards the lungs<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q41" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">leaves the left ventricle to enter the aorta <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q41" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">flows from the lungs towards the heart’s left atrium<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 42: Blood returning to the heart from the inferior vena cava would enter the<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q42"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect. The left atrium is one of the hearts four hollow chambers; it can be found on the upper right hand side of the heart. Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins; the left atrium then pumps this blood directly into the left ventricle. The left atrium receives most of its blood supply from the left circumflex coronary artery. Drainage of the veins is carried out, in part, through left atriums oblique vein.')">left
    atrium<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q42"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect.The left ventricle is the lower left-hand chamber of the heart. Together with the right ventricle, it forces blood out of the heart into the arteries to be carried back to the various sites throughout the body. The left ventricle has a much thicker wall than the right ventricle. It must force blood to all other parts of the body against a great flow of resistance, so the walls are stronger than that of the right ventricle.')">left
    ventricle<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q42" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. The right atrium is one of the four hollow chambers of the heart; it is located on the upper right hand side. It has relatively thin walls and receives blood returning through the veins. The right atrium receives blood from two large veins: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. These veins return blood that is low in oxygen from various sites in the body. A smaller vein, called the coronary sinus, also drains blood into the right atrium from the wall of the heart.')">right
    atrium<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q42"
      onclick="alert('Incorrect.The right ventricle is the lower right-hand chamber of the heart. Together with the left ventricle, it forces blood out of the heart into the arteries to be carried back to the various sites throughout the body. The right ventricle has a much thinner wall than the left ventricle. This chamber pumps blood a fairly short distance to the lungs.')">right
    ventricle<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 43: The pulmonary veins<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q43" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins; The left atrium is one of the hearts four hollow chambers; it can be found on the upper right hand side of the heart. The left atrium then pumps this blood directly into the left ventricle. The left atrium receives most of its blood supply from the left circumflex coronary artery. Drainage of the veins is carried out, in part, through left atriums oblique vein.')">carry
    oxygenated blood towards the heart<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q43" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Only arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart to organs in the body.')">carry oxygenated blood away from the heart <br>
    <input type="radio" name="q43" onclick="alert('Incorrect. Youve got it mixed up with the pulmonary artery. We are referring to vein not artery')">carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q43" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 44: A/an ________ is usually a protein or polysaccharide chain of a glycoprotein molecule that the body recognizes as "non-self"<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q44" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">allergin<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q44" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  An antigen is defined as a substance that reacts with antibody molecules and antigen receptors on lymphocytes. An immunogen is an antigen that is recognized by the body as non-self and stimulates an adaptive immune response. For simplicity, both antigens and immunogens are usually referred to as antigens.  Chemically, antigens are large molecular weight proteins (including conjugated proteins such as glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and nucleoproteins) and polysaccharides (including lipopolysaccharides). These protein and polysaccharide antigens are found on the surfaces of viruses and cells, including microbial cells (bacteria, fungi, protozoans) and human cells.  Since the immune system of the body has no idea as to what antigens it may eventually encounter, it has evolved a system that possesses the capability of responding to epitopes of any conceivable antigen. During its development, each different B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte becomes genetically programmed to produce a B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor with a unique three-dimensional shape.  It is estimated that the human body has the ability to recognize 10E07or more different epitopes and make up to 10E09 different antibodies, each with a unique specificity. In order to recognize this immense number of different epitopes, the body produces 10E07 or more distinct clones of both B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, each with a unique B-cell receptor or T-cell receptor. Among this large variety of B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors there is bound to be at least one that has an epitope-binding site able to fit, at least to some degree, any antigen the immune system eventually encounters. With the adaptive immune responses, the body is able to recognize any conceivable antigen it may eventually encounter. ')">antigen<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q44" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">antibody<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q44" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">interferon<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q44" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">complement<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 45: The immune system is chemically able to tell "self" from "non-self" based on a lock-and-key receptor-antigen fit<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q45" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q45" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q45" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  There are 25 million to a billion different T-cells in your body. Each cell has a unique T-cell receptor that can fit with only one kind of antigen, like a lock that can fit with only one shape of key.  Antigens and receptors work a lot like a lock and key. Each of the 25 million to a billion different T-cells fit with a different shape of antigen.  Most of these antigens will never get in your body, but the T-cells that patrol your body will recognize them if you do.  The T-cell receptor fits with its antigen like a complex key.  When the perfectly shaped virus antigen on an infected cell fits into the Killer T-cell receptor, the T-cell releases perforin and cytotoxins. Perforin first makes a pore, or hole, in membrane of the infected cell. Cytotoxins go directly inside the cell through this pore, destroying it and any viruses inside. This is why Killer T-cells are also called Cytotoxic T-cells. The pieces of destroyed cells and viruses are then cleaned up by macrophages.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q45" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">None of the answers above are applicable<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 46: B lymphocytes mature in the bloodstream<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q46" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q46" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q46" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Lymphocytes originate from stem cells in the bone marrow; these stem cells divide continuously, releasing immature lymphocytes into the bloodstream. Some of these cells travel to the thymus, where they multiply and differentiate into T lymphocytes, or T cells. The T stands for thymus-derived, referring to the fact that these cells mature in the thymus. Once they have left the thymus, T cells enter the bloodstream and circulate to and within the rest of the lymphoid organs, where they can multiply further in response to appropriate stimulation. About half of all lymphocytes are T cells.  Some lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow, where they differentiate and then pass directly to the lymphoid organs. They are termed B lymphocytes, or B cells, and they, like T cells, can mature and multiply further in the lymphoid organs when suitably stimulated. Although it is appropriate to refer to them as B cells in humans and other mammals, because they are bone-marrow derived, the B actually stands for the bursa of Fabricius, a lymphoid organ found only in birds, the organisms in which B cells were first discovered.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q46" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">incorrect question and not applicable<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 47: T lymphocytes mature in the ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q47" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">lymph in the general lymphatic system<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q47" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">bone marrow<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q47" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.  The T stands for thymus-derived, referring to the fact that these cells mature in the thymus.')">thymus gland<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q47" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">thyroid gland<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q47" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">spleen<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 48: B cells give rise to plasma cells which produce ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q48" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">allergin<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q48" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">antigen<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q48" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">complement<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q48" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">interferon<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q48"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  The B-cells mature in the bone marrow and recognize antigens with the help of T-cells. Upon activation, these cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins). Antibodies bind with toxic pathogen proteins or antigens and interact with other cells to remove the invader from the system. Plasma cells are found in the lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow. B-cells also give rise to memory cells that remain alive for long periods of time and assist in a more effective immune response upon the next exposure to the same antigen.')">antibody<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 49: Antibodies bind with antigens in a lock-and-key manner<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q49" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q49" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q49" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen.  Each tip of the Y of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q49" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">None of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 50: T cells produce antibodies<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q50" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  No, B cells and only B cells produce antibodies. T cells respond to antigen in the context of antigen bound to MHC molecules and their T-cell receptors. Antigen Processing:  When the macrophage eats bacteria, proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are broken down into short peptide chains and those peptides are then displayed on the macrophage surface attached to special molecules called MHC II (for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II). Bacterial peptides are similarly processed and displayed on MHC II molecules on the surface of B lymphocytes.  Helper T Cell Stimulating B Cell:  When a T lymphocyte sees the same peptide on the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production.  Antibody Production:  The stimulated B cell undergoes repeated cell divisions, enlargement and differentiation to form a clone of antibody secreting plasma cells. Hence. through specific antigen recognition of the invader, clonal expansion and B cell differentiation you acquire an effective number of plasma cells all secreting the same needed antibody. That antibody then binds to the bacteria making them easier to ingest by white cells. Antibody combined with a plasma component called complement may also kill the bacteria directly.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q50" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q50" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q50" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">None of the Above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 51: A plasma cell is a mature B cell that mass produces ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q51" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">complement<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q51" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Plasma cells develop from B cells when foreign substances (antigens), such as bacteria, enter the body. In response to invasion by foreign substances, groups of plasma cells produce proteins called immunoglobulins (Ig), also known as antibodies that help fight disease and infection. Each plasma cell develops in response to a particular foreign substance within the body, and it produces immunoglobulins specific to that substance. Thus, there are many different immunoglobulins produced in the body. ')">antibodies<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q51" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">interferon<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q51" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">allergens<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q51" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">antigens<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 52: There is a different lymphocyte type for each possible antigen<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q52" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q52" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">not applicable<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q52" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell, which are an important part of the immune system. Lymphocytes can defend the body against infection because they can distinguish the body’s own cells from foreign ones. Once they recognize foreign material in the body, they produce chemicals to destroy that material.  Two types of lymphocyte are produced in the bone marrow before birth. B lymphocytes, also called B cells, stay within the bone marrow until they are mature. Once mature, they spread throughout the body and concentrate in the spleen and lymph nodes. T lymphocytes, or T cells, leave the bone marrow and mature in the thymus, a gland found in the chest. Only mature lymphocytes can carry out immune responses.  All lymphocytes are capable of producing chemicals to fight foreign molecules. Any molecule recognized by the body as foreign is called an antigen. A lymphocyte, whether B or T, is specific for only one kind of antigen. Only when the appropriate antigen is encountered does the cell become stimulated.  There are two main types of T lymphocytes and each plays a separate role in the immune system. Killer T cells search the body for cells infected by antigens. When a killer T cell recognizes an antigen attached to a cell of the body, it attaches itself to the surface of the infected cell. It then secretes toxic chemicals into the cell, killing both the antigen and the infected cell.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q52" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">None of the Above<br>
    <img src="canvas.png">
    <br>
    <br> Question 53: Certain T cells attack and destroy antigen-bearing cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q53" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  There are two main types of T lymphocytes and each plays a separate role in the immune system. Killer T cells search the body for cells infected by antigens. When a killer T cell recognizes an antigen attached to a cell of the body, it attaches itself to the surface of the infected cell. It then secretes toxic chemicals into the cell, killing both the antigen and the infected cell.  T helper cells release a chemical, called a cytokine, when activated by an antigen. These chemicals then stimulate B lymphocytes to begin their immune response. When a B cell is activated, it produces proteins that fight antigens, called antibodies. Antibodies are specific for only one antigen, so there are many types of B cells in the body.  The first time an antigen is encountered, the primary immune response, the reaction is slow. After being stimulated by the T helper cells, the B cells begin to replicate and become either plasma cells or memory cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies to fight the antigen, but the antigen also has time to multiply. The effect of the antigen on the bodys cells is what causes symptoms of the disease. Initially, it can take days or even weeks for enough antibodies to be produced to defeat the invading material.  Plasma cells continue to multiply and produce antibodies during the infection, but do not live very long. Plasma cells die within a few days. Antibodies remain in the system for a bit longer, but usually breakdown within a week. Memory cells remain in the body for much longer than plasma cells and antibodies, often years. They are important for providing immunity.  If the antigen infects the body again, the memory cells respond almost immediately. They begin to multiply right away and become plasma cells. This causes antibodies to be produced practically instantaneously. In these later infections, the response is so quick that symptoms can be prevented. This is known as the secondary immune response and is what gives people immunity to a disease.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q53" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q53" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">not applicable<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q53" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">none of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 54: A B cell does not clone until its antigen is present<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q54" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q54" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  B cells exist as clones. All B cells derive from a particular cell, and thus, the antibodies their differentiated progenies (see below) produce can recognize and/or bind the same specific surface components composed of biological macromolecules (epitope) of a given antigen. Such clonality has important consequences, as immunogenic memory relies on it. The great diversity in immune response comes about because there are up to 10E09 clones with specificities for recognizing different antigens. A single B cell or a clone of cells with shared specificity, upon encountering its specific antigen, divides to produce many B cells. Most of such B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into blood that bind the same epitope that elicited proliferation in the first place. A small minority survives as memory cells that can recognize only the same epitope. However, with each cycle, the number of surviving memory cells increases. The increase is accompanied by affinity maturation which induces the survival of B cells that bind to the particular antigen with high affinity. This subsequent amplification with improved specificity of immune response is known as secondary immune response. B cells that have not been activated by antigen are known as naive lymphocytes; those that have met their antigen, become activated, and have differentiated further into fully functional lymphocytes are known as effector B lymphocytes.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q54" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">not applicable<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q54" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">None of the Above<br>
    <br><img src="bcell.png">
    <br> Question 55: When B cells undergo clonal expansion, they produce plasma cells and memory B cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q55" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q55" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q55" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Plasma B cells (also known as plasma cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells) are large B cells that have been exposed to antigen and produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies, which assist in the destruction of microbes by binding to them and making them easier targets for phagocytes and activation of the complement system. They are sometimes referred to as antibody factories. An electron micrograph of these cells reveals large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for synthesizing the antibody, in the cells cytoplasm. These are short lived cells and undergo apoptosis when the inciting agent that induced immune response is eliminated. This occurs because of cessation of continuous exposure to various colony-stimulating factors which is required for survival.  Memory B cells are formed from activated B cells that are specific to the antigen encountered during the primary immune response. These cells are able to live for a long time, and can respond quickly following a second exposure to the same antigen.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q55" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">None of the Above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 56: Defense by T cells is called antibody-mediated immunity<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q56" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q56" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q56" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  antibody-mediated immunity is conferred to an individual through the activity of B cells and their progeny, which produce circulating antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance and recognize the substance upon renewed exposure.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q56" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">None of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 57: Humoral immunity is so called because antibodies are present in the ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q57" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">upper arm bone or "humerus"<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q57" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">red blood cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q57" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  The T cells neutralize their enemies through a process of cell mediated immunity. This means that they attack antigens directly. They are effective against fungi, cancer cells, protozoa, and unfortunately, organ transplants. B cells use a process of humoral immunity (also called antibody mediated immunity). This means that they secrete antibodies to poison their enemies.  The lymphatic system is responsible for the following: Cleansing the cellular environment, Returning proteins and tissue fluids to the blood, Providing a pathway for the absorption of fats into the bloodstream and Defending the body against disease.  The lymphatic system is composed of lymph (or interstitial fluid), lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs (e.g. tonsils, adenoids, appendix, spleen, thymus gland, and patches of tissue in the intestines called Peyer patches), and lymphoid tissue. Monocytes and lymphocytes pass from the bloodstream through the blood capillary walls into the spaces between the cells in the body. When they pass into this lymph or interstitial fluid that surrounds cells, they perform their protective functions. Monocytes change into macrophages, destroy pathogens, and collect debris from damaged cells. Lymphocytes are much more complicated and are essential to the immune response, so they are discussed in the next section. Once monocytes and lymphocytes pass into the lymphatic capillaries, the fluid is termed lymph or lymphatic fluid.')">blood
    and lymph<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q57" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">tissues<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q57" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">cranium<br>
    <br><img src="immbody.jpg"><img src="imm.jpg"><img src="immune.jpg" width="717" height="816"><img src="im.jpg"><img src="cap.jpg">
    <br> Question 58: The most common type of antibody is a protein molecule with two arms<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q58" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">not applicable<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q58" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q58" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q58" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  An antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a Y-shaped molecule. It consists of two short polypeptide chains called light chains and two longer polypeptide chains called heavy chains. The two light chains are identical to each other and the two heavy chains are identical to each other. At the ends of both the heavy and light chains, in the areas that form the arms of the Y-shaped structure, are regions known as antigen-binding sites. The antigen-binding site is the area of the antibody that recognizes the specific antigenic determinant and binds to the antigen. Since different antibodies recognize different antigens, antigen-binding sites are different for different antibodies. This area of the molecule is known as the variable region. The stem of the Y-shaped molecule is formed by the longer region of the heavy chains. This region is called the constant region.')">true<br>
    <br><img src="antibody.jpg">
    <br> Question 59: IgA antibodies are found in _______.<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q59" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">blood and on mast cells in tissues<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q59" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">general plasma<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q59" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Antibody Classes:  Five primary classes of antibodies exist with each class playing a distinct role in the human immune response. These classes are identified as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. Immunoglobulin classes differ in the structure of the heavy chains in each molecule.  Immunoglobulins (Ig):  IgG: These molecules are the most plentiful in circulation. They can cross blood vessels and even the placenta to provide protection to a fetus. The heavy chain type in IgG is a gamma chain.  IgM: Of all of the immunoglobulins, these are the most massive. They contain five Y-shaped sections each with two light chains and two heavy chains. Each Y-shaped section is attached to a joining unit called a J chain. IgM molecules play a major role in the primary immune response as the initial respondents to new antigens in the body. The heavy chain type in IgM is a mu chain.  IgA: Located mainly in body fluids such as sweat, saliva, and mucus, these antibodies prevent antigens from infecting cells and entering the circulatory system. The heavy chain type in IgA is an alpha chain.  IgD: The role of these antibodies in the immune response is currently unknown. IgD molecules are located on the surface membranes of mature B cells. The heavy chain type in IgD is a delta chain.  IgE: Found mostly in saliva and mucus, these antibodies are involved in allergic responses to antigens. The heavy chain type in IgE is an epsilon chain.  There are also a few subclasses of immunoglobulins in humans. The differences in subclasses are based on small variations in the heavy chain units of antibodies in the same class. The light chains found in immunoglobulins exist in two major forms. These light chain types are identified as kappa and lambda chains.')">body
    secretions such as saliva and milk<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q59" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">lymph<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 60: The main antibody type in circulation is _______<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q60" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgA<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q60" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgD<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q60" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgM<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q60" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Immunoglobulins (Ig):  IgG: These molecules are the most plentiful in circulation. They can cross blood vessels and even the placenta to provide protection to a fetus. The heavy chain type in IgG is a gamma chain.')">IgG<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q60" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgE<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 61: ________ is the largest antibody<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q61" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. IgM: Of all of the immunoglobulins, these are the most massive. They contain five Y-shaped sections each with two light chains and two heavy chains. Each Y-shaped section is attached to a joining unit called a J chain. IgM molecules play a major role in the primary immune response as the initial respondents to new antigens in the body. The heavy chain type in IgM is a mu chain.')">IgM<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q61" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgG<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q61" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgD<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q61" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgA<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q61" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgE<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 62: IgG antibodies _________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q62" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are responsible for allergic reactions<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q62" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) makes up about 75% of the antibodies found in the blood. IgG can bind with many types of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. It is the only antibody that can pass through the placenta from mother to fetus, providing in utero protection.')">bind
    to pathogens and their toxins<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q62" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">stimulate complement production<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q62" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">trigger inflammation<br>
    <br><img src="antibod.gif">
    <br> Question 63: IgM antibodies _________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q63" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Due to its polymeric nature, IgM possesses high avidity, and is particularly effective at complement activation.  IgM antibodies are mainly responsible for the clumping (agglutination) of red blood cells if the recipient of a blood transfusion receives blood that is not compatible with their blood type.')">activate
    complement and clump cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q63" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">attack bacterial toxins<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q63" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are responsible for allergic reactions<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q63" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">attack microbes<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 64: IgA antibodies attack microbes and bacterial toxins<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q64" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q64" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct. Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q64" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">not applicable<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q64" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">none of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 65: ________ antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q65" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgM<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q65" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgD<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q65" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.  Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms.')">IgE<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q65" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgG<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q65" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgA<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 66: There is/are ________ main types of T cell(s)<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q66" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells. T helper cells are responsible for directing both antibody production and activation of T cytotoxic cells. Once the T helper cell has interacted with the macrophage and established the identity of the pathogen, it releases cytokines to activate B cells to become either plasma cells, releasing antibodies, or memory cells to protect against subsequent infections. T cytotoxic cells destroy viral-infected cells within the body by destroying parts of the cell membrane by releasing perforin.')">two<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q66" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">three<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q66" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">four<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q66" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">five<br>
    <br><img src="tcell.jpg" width="748" height="228">
    <br> Question 67: Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q67" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">helper T cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q67" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  (1) T helper cell (TH cells) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.  These cells are also known as CD4+ T cells because they express the CD4 glycoprotein on their surface.  Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs).  Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called cytokines that regulate or assist in the active immune response.  These cells can differentiate into one of several subtypes, including TH1, TH2, TH3, TH17, or TFH, which secrete different cytokines to facilitate a different type of immune response.  Signalling from the APC directs T cells into particular subtypes.  (2) Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells, or CTLs) destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection.  These cells are also known as CD8+ T cells since they express the CD8 glycoprotein at their surface.  These cells recognize their targets by binding to antigen associated with MHC class I, which is present on the surface of all nucleated cells.  Through IL-10, adenosine and other molecules secreted by regulatory T cells, the CD8+ cells can be inactivated to an anergic state, which prevent autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.  (3) Memory T cells are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved.  They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with memory against past infections.  Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells).  Memory cells may be either CD4+ or CD8+.  Memory T cells typically express the cell surface protein CD45RO.')">plasma
    T cell<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q67" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">cytoxic T cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q67" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">memory T cells<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 68: Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q68" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">viruses<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q68" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">bacteria<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q68" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Cytotoxic T cells, on the other hand, directly attack body cells that are infected or malignant.  Cytotoxic T cells, which usually carry the T8 marker, are killer cells. In addition to ridding the body of cells that have been infected by viruses or transformed by cancer, they are responsible for the rejection of tissue and organ grafts.')">antigen-bearing
    cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q68" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">cells that produce toxins or poisons<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 69: Cytotoxic T cells have storage vacuoles containing ___________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q69" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">antibodies<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q69" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">complement<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q69" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  The two main types of T cells are cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells can bring about the destruction of antigen-bearing cells, such as virus-infected or cancer cells. Cancer cells also have nonself proteins. Cytotoxic T cells have storage vacuoles containing perforin molecules. Perforin molecules perforate a plasma membrane, forming a pore that allows water and salts to enter. The cell then swells and eventually bursts. Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for so-called cell-mediated immunity')">perforin
    molecules<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q69" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgG<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 70: Perforin molecules function to ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q70" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">stimulate production of complement<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q70" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">trigger production of interferon<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q70" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.  Perforin molecules perforate a plasma membrane, forming a pore that allows water and salts to enter. The cell then swells and eventually bursts. ')">perforate a cell
    membrane<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q70" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">label a cell for attack by cytotoxic T cells<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 71: Perforin molecules form holes in plasma membranes, allowing _________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q71" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">vital cell contents to leak out<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q71" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">macrophages to phagocytize cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q71" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.  Perforin molecules perforate a plasma membrane, forming a pore that allows water and salts to enter. The cell then swells and eventually bursts.')">water and salt to enter a
    cell<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q71" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgG to bind with foreign proteins<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 72: ________ T cells are the only T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q72" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">Helper<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q72" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">Memory<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q72" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  The cell-mediated immune response involves cytotoxic T-cells, or killer-T cells. Body cells that have been infected by foreign matter often present components of that material on their surfaces. Killer-T cells recognize these displays and respond by ingesting or otherwise destroying the infected cell. Killer-T cells are also important in the bodys defenses against parasites, fungi, protozoans, and other larger cells that might have found their way into the body. The killer-T cells recognize these large invaders by their foreign proteins and then destroy them.')">Cytotoxic<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q72" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">Suppressor<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 73: HIV that causes AIDS infects _______<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q73" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.   HIV infects cells in the immune system and the central nervous system. One of the main type of cells that HIV infects is the T helper lymphocyte. These cells play a crucial role in the immune system, by coordinating the actions of other immune system cells. A large reduction in the number of T helper cells seriously weakens the immune system.  HIV infects the T helper cell because it has the protein CD4 on its surface, which HIV uses to attach itself to the cell before gaining entry. This is why the T helper cell is sometimes referred to as a CD4+ lymphocyte. Once it has found its way into a cell, HIV produces new copies of itself, which can then go on to infect other cells.  Over time, HIV infection leads to a severe reduction in the number of T helper cells available to help fight disease. The number of T helper cells is measured by having a CD4 test and is referred to as the CD4 count. It can take several years before the CD4 count declines to the point that an individual needs to begin antiretroviral treatment. Without treatment, the CD4 count continues to decline to very low levels, at which point the individual is said to have progressed to AIDS. ')">helper
    T cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q73" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">cytoxic T cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q73" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">suppressor T cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q73" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">memory T cells<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 74: Helper T cells regulate immunity by increasing the response of other immune cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q74" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q74" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  T helper cells (Th cells) are a sub-group of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. They help the activity of other immune cells by releasing T cell cytokines. They are essential in B cell antibody class switching, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages.  Helper T cells do not directly kill infected cells, as cytotoxic T cells do. Instead they help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to attack infected cells, or they stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies. Helper T cells become activated by interacting with antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages. Antigen-presenting cells ingest a microbe, partially degrade it, and export fragments.  activated helper T cells, which release cytokines. In particular, the gamma interferon produced by helper T cells greatly increases the ability of macrophages to kill ingested microbes; this can tip the balance against microbes that otherwise resist killing.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q74" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">not applicable<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q74" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">none of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 75: When exposed to an antigen, helper T cells enlarge and secrete messenger molecules called ________.<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q75" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">antibodies<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q75" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">perforin<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q75" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Once stimulated by the appropriate antigen, helper T cells secrete chemical messengers called cytokines (messenger molecules).  T-cells cells play a vital role in cell-mediated immunity. Once activated, T-cells secrete chemical messengers called cytokines, which stimulate immune system cells to engulf foreign substances (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and allergens) that enter the body.')">cytokines<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q75" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">complement<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q75" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">IgG<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 76: Cytokines _________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q76" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  The cytokines stimulate the production and migration of other white blood cells.  Cytokines known as the Colony stimulating factors (CSF) promote the production of white blood cells.  Cytokines serve as molecular messengers between cells.  Cytokines are proteins that are produced by cells. Cytokines interact with cells of the immune system in order to regulate the bodys response to disease and infection. Cytokines also mediate normal cellular processes in the body.  Cytokines are diverse, meaning, they are not all alike. The body produces different types of cytokines colony stimulating factors (stimulate production of blood cells), growth and differentiation factors (function primarily in development), immunoregulatory and proinflammatory cytokines interferon, interleukins, and TNF alpha that function in the immune system')">stimulate
    white blood cell formation<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q76" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">trigger inflammation<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q76" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">depress antibody production<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q76" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">make the body more susceptible to cancer<br>
    <br><iframe width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Non4MkYQpYA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
    <br> Question 77: ________ are antibodies of one specific type, all produced by plasma cells derived from the same B cell, and capable of identifying unique cells and infectious agents<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q77" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">Lymphokines<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q77" value="correct"
      onclick="alert('Correct.  Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that recognize one specific epitope on a pathogen.  Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that are the same because they are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell, in contrast to polyclonal antibodies which are made from several different immune cells. ')">Monoclonal
    antibodies<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q77" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">Inflammatory reactions<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q77" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">Complement fixations<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q77" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">Antibody-mediated immunity<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 78: With the human ABO blood types in the below transfusions, which person would safely receive blood lacking foreign antigens?<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q78" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">a type A person received type B blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q78" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">a type B person received type A blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q78" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.  a patient with blood group A can receive blood from a donor with blood group A (which lacks the B antigen) or blood group O (which lacks all ABO blood group antigens).')">a
    type A person received type O blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q78" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">a type O person received type B blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q78" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">a type A person received type AB blood<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 79: Why is hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh-conflict) described as a likely problem only when the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive?<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q79" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">the type Rh-negative is so rare that Rh-negative fathers are too uncommon<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q79" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">a type Rh-negative father is not possible since it is sex-linked<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q79" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">a type Rh-negative fetus in an Rh-positive mother does not expose the mother to any new antigens and therefore does not trigger any immune response<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q79" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">this was just the way the textbook gave the possible example and the reverse situation is just as much a problem<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 80: When an immune system overreacts to an antigen or forms antibodies to substances that are usually NOT recognized as foreign, it results in _______<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q80" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">immune deficiency disease<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q80" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">autoimmune disease<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q80" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">allergic response<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q80" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">hemolytic disease<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q80" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">edema<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 81: Myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q81" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">failure of the T cells to defend the body<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q81" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">immune deficiency diseases<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q81" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">normal inflammatory reactions<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q81" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">autoimmune diseases<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q81" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">failure of the B cells to defend the body<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 82: Thanks to new biotechnology, there are now cures for all autoimmune diseases<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q82" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">true<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q82" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">both true and false are correct<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q82" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">false<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q82" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">none of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 83: All of the following belong to the lymphatic system EXCEPT<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q83" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">yellow bone marrow<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q83" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">lymph<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q83" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">lymphatic vessels<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q83" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">red bone marrow<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 84: Which of the following cells produce antibodies?<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q84" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">T-lymphocytes<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q84" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">B-lymphocytes<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q84" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">monocytes<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q84" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">phagocytes<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 85: Lymph nodes<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q85" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are bean shaped organs<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q85" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are located along lymphatic vessels<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q85" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are acattered throughout the body<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q85" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">all of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 86: Worn-out and damaged red blood cells are destroyed in the<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q86" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">spleen<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q86" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">thymus gland<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q86" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">tonsils<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q86" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">lymph nodes<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 87: Complement proteins<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q87" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are present in infected cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q87" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">are found in blood plasma<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q87" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are produced by T-cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q87" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">are produced by B-cells<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 88: All of the following are symptoms of inflammation EXCEPT<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q88" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">pain<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q88" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">redness<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q88" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">fever<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q88" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">swelling<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 89: Which of the following an act as an antigen?<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q89" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">bacteria<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q89" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">viruses<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q89" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">food<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q89" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">all of the above<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 90: Vaccination is an example of<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q90" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">artifically acquired passive immunity<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q90" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">naturally acquired active immunity<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q90" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">artifically acquired active immunity<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q90" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">naturally acquired passive immunity<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 91: Cell-mediated immunity is provided by<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q91" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">B-cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q91" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">macrophages<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q91" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">basophils<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q91" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">T-cells<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 92: One of the functions that the lymphatic system performs is to return excess _____________fluid to the blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q92" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">clear<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q92" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">red-colored<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q92" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">interstitial<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q92" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">thoracic<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 93: Lymph nodes are widely distributed throughout the body along the lymphatic pathways where they filter the before it is returned to the ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q93" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">lymph, blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q93" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">lymph, heart<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q93" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">blood, heart<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q93" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">blood, lymph<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 94: The spleen is a lymph organ that filters blood and also acts as a reservoir for ______<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q94" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">interstitial fluid<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q94" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">blood<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q94" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">water<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q94" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">fat<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 95: The __________ tonsils are the ones that are located near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q95" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">linguals<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q95" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">oral<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q95" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">palatine<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q95" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">pharyngeal<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 96: Lymph enters a lymph node through , filters through the ________, and leaves through ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q96" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">afferent vessels, sinuses, efferent vessels<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q96" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">afferent vessels, efferent vessels, sinuses<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q96" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q96" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">efferent vessels, afferent vessels, sinuses<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 97: The thymus also produces a hormone,___________, that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes in other lymphatic organs<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q97" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">thymosin<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q97" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">oxytocin<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q97" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">calcitosin<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q97" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">estrogen<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 98: The thymus is a soft organ with ______lobes that is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q98" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">four<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q98" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">two<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q98" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">three<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q98" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">five<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 99: Of the fluid that leaves the capillary, about _____________percent is returned. The ________ percent that does not return becomes part of the interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q99" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">50, 50<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q99" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">40, 60<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q99" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">90, 10<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q99" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">20, 80<br>
    <br>
    <br> Question 100: Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q100" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">lymph follicles<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q100" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">cisterna chyli<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q100" value="correct" onclick="alert('Correct.')">lymph nodes<br>
    <input type="radio" name="q100" onclick="alert('Incorrect.')">axillary nodes<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <!-- make sure the return is part of the onclick attribute or
 the link will work even if the function returns false-->
    <a href="#" onclick="return checkAnswers()">Get Certificate</a>
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY INTERACTIVE EXAM-QUIZ, ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY 12 HR



(Non-Technique Continuing Education Course to know Principles, Chronology &
Science: Not massage Therapy Techniques or Manipulation of Soft Tissue)



ONLINE CE CLASS FOR TEXAS MASSAGE THERAPISTS. TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF STATE HEALTH
SERVICES DSHS MASSAGE THERAPY TX LICENSED CONTINUING EDUCATION PROVIDER TX DSHS
MASSAGE CEU PROVIDER LICENSE NUMBER: CE 1608 PROVIDED BY TX LICENSED INSTRUCTOR:
DANIEL C. PHD EMT LMT MTI, INTEGRITY SERVICES, GRANBURY, TX 76048

review circulatory system class notes | review lymphatic system class notes.

You can review course material and retake exam (unlimited attempts) until you
pass!



Immune System Review: Cytotoxic T-cell Activity Against Target Cells | IgE
Mediated Hypersensitivity | Constructing Vaccines | Monoclonal Antibody
Production | Immune Response | eLearning Connection | Flash Cards

Question 1: What is the circulatory system?
The body's blood-transporting system
The body's breathing system
The body's system of nerves
The body's food-processing system


Question 2: From what source do cells get their food?
oxygen
blood
other cells
carbondioxide


Question 3: Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells?
Oxygen helps the blood to clot
Oxygen brings food to the cells
Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and energy
Oxygen is not important and carbondioxide is the most important substance to the
body
Oxygen O2 gets converted to Ozone O3 in the lungs and Ozone purifies the venous
blood in the lungs and enhances muscle activity in voluntary and involuntary
organs


Question 4: Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart?
Veins
Artieries
Capillaries
Arteries, Veins and Capillaries


Question 5: Why is blood that flows from the lungs to the heart bright red
rather than dark red?
The lungs add a pigment (dye) to blood as it flows
Oxygen makes it red
Carbondioxide makes it red
Gastric juices produce the red colour of the blood


Question 6: What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins, sugar, and other
foods to the body's cells?
Platelets
Plasma

Red Corpuscles
White Corpuscles


Question 7: What is the main job of the red corpuscles in the blood?
To clot blood
To fight disease
To transport carbon dioxide to the body's cells and carry away oxygen from the
cells
To transport oxygen to the body's cells and carry away carbon dioxide from the
cells


Question 8: Which of the following can best be compared to soldiers?
Lungs
Capillaries
Red blood cells
White blood cells


Question 9: Which element in the blood is round and colourless?
Plasma
Platelets
Red blood cells
White blood cells


Question 10: What would happen to people who have an open wound and whose blood
did not clot naturally?
They would bleed to death
Nothing. Clotting is not important
They would have to take special clotting drugs
They would have to take regular doses of plasma


Question 11: What happens when a clot occurred in an undamaged blood vessel?
You would bleed to death
The flow of blood to tissues beyond the clot may be cut off
A scab will form on the skin surface
Platelets stick to the edges of the cut and to one another, forming a plug


Question 12: What happens to blood when it is pumped into the thin-walled blood
vessels of the lungs?
Platelets are exchanged for plasma
Nothing -- the lungs are just a place blood goes through
Carbondioxide is relaced with oxygen
Blood fills the lungs and causes coughing


Question 13: What is the function of the blood vessels and capillaries?
They pump blood to the heart
They filter impurities from the blood
They carry blood to all parts of the body
They carry messages from the brain to the muscles


Question 14: Why does blood turn dark red as it circulates through the body?
It starts to clot
It gets old and dirty flowing through the body
The oxygen in it is replaced with carbon dioxide
The farther blood is from the heart, the more dark red it is


Question 15: How many major types of blood have scientists discovered?
One: Type "O"
Two: white cells and red cells
Four: Types A, B, AB, and O
Three: white cells, red cells, and plasma


Question 16: What is the organ that pumps blood all throughout the human body?
The Lungs
Blood vessels and capillaries
The Heart
The Kidneys


 1. The heart receives oxygen-deficient blood (see the white arrows) from the
    body into the right upper atrium.
    
    
 2. When the heart contracts, the right lower ventricle will pump the blood into
    the lungs, where the carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.
    
    
 3. After the exchange, the blood containing fresh oxygen flows into the left
    upper atrium.
    
    
 4. Oxygen-rich blood (see the black arrows) flows from the left upper atrium
    into the left lower ventricle.
    
    
 5. When the heart contracts, the left lower ventricle will force the blood out
    to the body through a network of arteries.


Question 17: What is the respiratory system?
The body's system of nerves
The body's food-processing system
The body's breathing system
The body's blood-transporting system


Question 18: Air can enter the body and travel to the lungs
through the windpipe and the pores
through the nose and the nervous system
through the mouth and the nose
through the oesophagus and gullet


Question 19: What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose?
To fight disease
To keep dust outside of the lungs
They serve no purpose
To tickle the nose and cause sneezes to remove allergens


Question 20: What is another name for the windpipe?
Oesophagus
Lungs
Larynx
Trachea


Question 21: What happens to the windpipe, or trachea, before it reaches the
lungs?
It closes up so that no oxygen can escape
It branches in two directions
It branches in three directions
It vibrates and creates sounds


Question 22: What important activity takes place in the lungs?
Food is digested
Liquid waste is filtered from the blood
Oxygen is exchanged for carbondioxide
The trachea is exchanged for the larynx


Question 23: Oxygen moves from the lungs into the bloodstream through ...
a tube in the lungs called the jugular vein
nerve fibres
a large artery in the heart
small blood vessels in the lungs


Question 24: When we breathe in, we inhale many gases, including oxygen. What
happens to the gases that the body can't use?
They are absorbed into the digestive system and used to create energy
they are exhaled
They are changed into oxygen by the lungs
They circulate through the body and are disposed of later


Question 25: Which organ is made up of air-carrying tubes and tiny sacs?
The Brain
The Lungs
The Stomach
The Diaphragm


Question 26: What body structure protects the lungs from outside harm?
Cartilage
Tiny sacs
The rib cage
The diaphragm


Question 27: To go on living, the body's cells need food, water, chemicals, and
...
helium
oxygen
vegetables
carbondioxide


Question 28: How many chambers does the heart have?
Five
Six
Ten
Four


Question 29: This is a fluid akin to blood and plasma that contains white blood
cells
saliva
urine
sweat
lymph




Question 30: The beating sound your heart makes comes from
blood going in the wrong direction
The heart skipping beats
Your ears playing tricks on you
Valves closing


Question 31: With circulation, the heart provides your body with
Oxygen
Nutrients
A way to get rid of waste
All of the above




Question 32: The Atria are the upstairs chambers of the heart and these are the
downstrairs chambers
Valves
Blood
Candy Hearts
Ventricles


Question 33: What wall separates the left side and the right side of the heart?
Ventricle
Atrium
The Great Wall
Septum


Question 34: The lining of the inner walls of the hearts chambers is termed the
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium




Question 35: The heart’s natural pacemaker is termed the
Atrio Ventricular or AV Node
Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His
Sino Atrial or SA Node


Question 36: The exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues is a
major function of
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Capillaries


Question 37: Which of the following statements best describes arteries?
all arteries carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
all arteries contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood
only large arteries are lined with endothelium
all arteries carry blood away from the heart


Question 38: The circulatory pathway that carries blood from the digestive tract
towards the liver is termed the
coronary circuit
cerebral circuit
pulmonary circuit
hepatic portal circuit


Question 39: Immediately following strenuous and vigorous exercise, which of the
following is most likely to occur?
blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs
the skin will be cold and clammy
blood flow to the kidneys quickly increases
capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood


Lymphatic System Review (Username: "client" & Password: "allow")

Question 40: Pus indicates that ______________
the body is trying to overcome infection
body tissues are dying
too much lymph has built up
the inflammatory response has failed to defend against bacterial invasion


Question 41: Blood in the pulmonary arteries
enters the heart’s right ventricle
is heading towards the lungs
leaves the left ventricle to enter the aorta
flows from the lungs towards the heart’s left atrium


Question 42: Blood returning to the heart from the inferior vena cava would
enter the
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle


Question 43: The pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart
carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart


Question 44: A/an ________ is usually a protein or polysaccharide chain of a
glycoprotein molecule that the body recognizes as "non-self"
allergin
antigen
antibody
interferon
complement


Question 45: The immune system is chemically able to tell "self" from "non-self"
based on a lock-and-key receptor-antigen fit
false
both true and false are correct
true
None of the answers above are applicable


Question 46: B lymphocytes mature in the bloodstream
true
both true and false are correct
false
incorrect question and not applicable


Question 47: T lymphocytes mature in the ________
lymph in the general lymphatic system
bone marrow
thymus gland
thyroid gland
spleen


Question 48: B cells give rise to plasma cells which produce ________
allergin
antigen
complement
interferon
antibody


Question 49: Antibodies bind with antigens in a lock-and-key manner
false
both true and false are correct
true
None of the above


Question 50: T cells produce antibodies
false
true
both true and false are correct
None of the Above


Question 51: A plasma cell is a mature B cell that mass produces ________
complement
antibodies
interferon
allergens
antigens


Question 52: There is a different lymphocyte type for each possible antigen
false
not applicable
true
None of the Above


Question 53: Certain T cells attack and destroy antigen-bearing cells
true
false
not applicable
none of the above


Question 54: A B cell does not clone until its antigen is present
false
true
not applicable
None of the Above


Question 55: When B cells undergo clonal expansion, they produce plasma cells
and memory B cells
false
both true and false are correct
true
None of the Above


Question 56: Defense by T cells is called antibody-mediated immunity
true
both true and false are correct
false
None of the above


Question 57: Humoral immunity is so called because antibodies are present in the
________
upper arm bone or "humerus"
red blood cells
blood and lymph
tissues
cranium


Question 58: The most common type of antibody is a protein molecule with two
arms
not applicable
both true and false are correct
false
true


Question 59: IgA antibodies are found in _______.
blood and on mast cells in tissues
general plasma
body secretions such as saliva and milk
lymph


Question 60: The main antibody type in circulation is _______
IgA
IgD
IgM
IgG
IgE


Question 61: ________ is the largest antibody
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgA
IgE


Question 62: IgG antibodies _________
are responsible for allergic reactions
bind to pathogens and their toxins
stimulate complement production
trigger inflammation


Question 63: IgM antibodies _________
activate complement and clump cells
attack bacterial toxins
are responsible for allergic reactions
attack microbes


Question 64: IgA antibodies attack microbes and bacterial toxins
true
false
not applicable
none of the above


Question 65: ________ antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions
IgM
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgA


Question 66: There is/are ________ main types of T cell(s)
two
three
four
five


Question 67: Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
helper T cells
plasma T cell
cytoxic T cells
memory T cells


Question 68: Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy ________
viruses
bacteria
antigen-bearing cells
cells that produce toxins or poisons


Question 69: Cytotoxic T cells have storage vacuoles containing ___________
antibodies
complement
perforin molecules
IgG


Question 70: Perforin molecules function to ________
stimulate production of complement
trigger production of interferon
perforate a cell membrane
label a cell for attack by cytotoxic T cells


Question 71: Perforin molecules form holes in plasma membranes, allowing
_________
vital cell contents to leak out
macrophages to phagocytize cells
water and salt to enter a cell
IgG to bind with foreign proteins


Question 72: ________ T cells are the only T cells involved in cell-mediated
immunity
Helper
Memory
Cytotoxic
Suppressor


Question 73: HIV that causes AIDS infects _______
helper T cells
cytoxic T cells
suppressor T cells
memory T cells


Question 74: Helper T cells regulate immunity by increasing the response of
other immune cells
false
true
not applicable
none of the above


Question 75: When exposed to an antigen, helper T cells enlarge and secrete
messenger molecules called ________.
antibodies
perforin
cytokines
complement
IgG


Question 76: Cytokines _________
stimulate white blood cell formation
trigger inflammation
depress antibody production
make the body more susceptible to cancer


Question 77: ________ are antibodies of one specific type, all produced by
plasma cells derived from the same B cell, and capable of identifying unique
cells and infectious agents
Lymphokines
Monoclonal antibodies
Inflammatory reactions
Complement fixations
Antibody-mediated immunity


Question 78: With the human ABO blood types in the below transfusions, which
person would safely receive blood lacking foreign antigens?
a type A person received type B blood
a type B person received type A blood
a type A person received type O blood
a type O person received type B blood
a type A person received type AB blood


Question 79: Why is hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh-conflict) described as
a likely problem only when the mother is Rh-negative and the father is
Rh-positive?
the type Rh-negative is so rare that Rh-negative fathers are too uncommon
a type Rh-negative father is not possible since it is sex-linked
a type Rh-negative fetus in an Rh-positive mother does not expose the mother to
any new antigens and therefore does not trigger any immune response
this was just the way the textbook gave the possible example and the reverse
situation is just as much a problem


Question 80: When an immune system overreacts to an antigen or forms antibodies
to substances that are usually NOT recognized as foreign, it results in _______
immune deficiency disease
autoimmune disease
allergic response
hemolytic disease
edema


Question 81: Myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, and
rheumatoid arthritis are examples of ________
failure of the T cells to defend the body
immune deficiency diseases
normal inflammatory reactions
autoimmune diseases
failure of the B cells to defend the body


Question 82: Thanks to new biotechnology, there are now cures for all autoimmune
diseases
true
both true and false are correct
false
none of the above


Question 83: All of the following belong to the lymphatic system EXCEPT
yellow bone marrow
lymph
lymphatic vessels
red bone marrow


Question 84: Which of the following cells produce antibodies?
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
monocytes
phagocytes


Question 85: Lymph nodes
are bean shaped organs
are located along lymphatic vessels
are acattered throughout the body
all of the above


Question 86: Worn-out and damaged red blood cells are destroyed in the
spleen
thymus gland
tonsils
lymph nodes


Question 87: Complement proteins
are present in infected cells
are found in blood plasma
are produced by T-cells
are produced by B-cells


Question 88: All of the following are symptoms of inflammation EXCEPT
pain
redness
fever
swelling


Question 89: Which of the following an act as an antigen?
bacteria
viruses
food
all of the above


Question 90: Vaccination is an example of
artifically acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
artifically acquired active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity


Question 91: Cell-mediated immunity is provided by
B-cells
macrophages
basophils
T-cells


Question 92: One of the functions that the lymphatic system performs is to
return excess _____________fluid to the blood
clear
red-colored
interstitial
thoracic


Question 93: Lymph nodes are widely distributed throughout the body along the
lymphatic pathways where they filter the before it is returned to the ________
lymph, blood
lymph, heart
blood, heart
blood, lymph


Question 94: The spleen is a lymph organ that filters blood and also acts as a
reservoir for ______
interstitial fluid
blood
water
fat


Question 95: The __________ tonsils are the ones that are located near the
opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx
linguals
oral
palatine
pharyngeal


Question 96: Lymph enters a lymph node through , filters through the ________,
and leaves through ________
afferent vessels, sinuses, efferent vessels
afferent vessels, efferent vessels, sinuses
sinuses, afferent vessels, efferent vessels
efferent vessels, afferent vessels, sinuses


Question 97: The thymus also produces a hormone,___________, that stimulates the
maturation of lymphocytes in other lymphatic organs
thymosin
oxytocin
calcitosin
estrogen


Question 98: The thymus is a soft organ with ______lobes that is located
anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum
four
two
three
five


Question 99: Of the fluid that leaves the capillary, about _____________percent
is returned. The ________ percent that does not return becomes part of the
interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells
50, 50
40, 60
90, 10
20, 80


Question 100: Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________
lymph follicles
cisterna chyli
lymph nodes
axillary nodes


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