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News » World
UNESCO NEW REPORT: WATER CRISES THREATEN WORLD PEACE
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* The United Nations World Water Development Report 2024, published by UNESCO
on behalf of UN-Water, highlights that tensions over water are exacerbating
conflicts worldwide. To preserve peace, States must boost international
cooperation and transboundary agreements.
22/03/2024
ABOUT THE ENTITY
UNESCO
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UNESCO encourages international peace and universal respect for human rights by
promoting collaboration among nations.
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Water security |
World Water Day
According to the new report published by UNESCO, on behalf of UN-Water, today
2.2 billion people still live without access to safely managed drinking water
and 3.5 billion lack access to safely managed sanitation. The UN goal of
ensuring this access for all by 2030 is therefore far from being attained, and
there is reason to fear that these inequalities may continue to rise.
Between 2002 and 2021 droughts affected more than 1.4 billion people. As of
2022, roughly half of the world’s population experienced severe water scarcity
for at least part of the year, while one quarter faced ‘extremely high’ levels
of water stress, using over 80% of their annual renewable freshwater supply.
Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of these
phenomena, with acute risks for social stability.
GIRLS AND WOMEN ARE THE FIRST VICTIMS OF A LACK OF WATER
The first impact is the deterioration of living conditions, leading to
heightened food insecurity and health risks. Water scarcity also has
consequences on social development, particularly for girls and women. In many
rural areas, they are the primary water collectors, spending up to several hours
a day on this task. Reduced access to water supply exacerbates this burden,
which undermines women’s education, economic participation and safety. This may
also contribute to the higher secondary school dropout rate among girls compared
to boys.
The lack of water security has also been identified as one of the drivers of
migration. This displacement can, in turn, contribute to water insecurity by
placing added strain on water systems and resources in settlement locations,
thereby fuelling social tensions. A study conducted in Somalia indicates a 200%
increase in gender-based violence against a group of displaced people.
AN URGENT NEED FOR TRANSBOUNDARY AGREEMENTS
This water scarcity can increase the risk of conflict. In the Sahel region,
wetland degradation – often due to ill-advised water development projects – has
exacerbated local disputes over access to water and productive land, causing
tensions.
While approximately 40% of the world's population lives in transboundary river
and lake basins, only a fifth of countries have cross border agreements to
jointly manage these shared resources equitably. Many transboundary basins are
already located in areas marked by current or past interstate tensions. In the
Arab region, seven countries were in conflict in 2021 – some dating back many
years –which has had wide-ranging implications for water supply, infrastructure,
and potential cooperation on water-related issues.
Africa remains especially vulnerable to interstate tensions relating to water:
19 out of 22 states studied suffer from water scarcity, and two-thirds of the
continent’s freshwater resources are transboundary. Of the 106 transboundary
aquifers mapped in Africa, interstate cooperation has only been formalized in
seven.
CONCRETE PROGRESS IN COOPERATION IN SEVERAL REGIONS
In this context, cooperation on transboundary water management appears to be a
powerful lever for maintaining peace. By creating conditions for regular
dialogue between all parties and instituting the necessary legal frameworks,
this cooperation has the potential to resolve most disputes relating to water,
and therefore prevent the emergence or exacerbation of wider-ranging conflicts.
The Framework Agreement on the Sava River Basin (FASRB), signed in 2002 by
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia, was the first
multilateral, development-oriented agreement in South-East Europe. It has
successfully laid the groundwork for sustainable water management. Two decades
after its adoption, it has become a key driver of stability in the region, and
now serves as an example of best practice for other regions of the world.
The decline in volume of Lake Chad – which has decreased in size by 90% over 60
years – has led to a broad range of economic and security challenges in the
region. Yet in recent years, Cameroon, Chad, the Central Africa Republic, Libya,
Niger and Nigeria have given a new impetus to the Lake Chad Basin Commission
(LCBC). LCBC’s mandate has expanded to ensure the most efficient use of the
basin's waters, coordinate local development, and prevent the emergence of
disputes that might arise among these countries and local communities. LCBC is
today the most appropriate institution for addressing the specific needs of the
basin, including socio-economic development and security issues.
These two examples highlight the fact that, even in complex situations, states
have the means to enact policies around access to water and shared resource
management that are both fair and equitable thanks to international cooperation
and the support of the United Nations system.
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