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4 tips for spotting deepfakes and other AI-generated images : Life Kit It's easy
to be fooled by AI-generated images and other content. We talk about how to
identify them, how media literacy can help, plus how to use these tools
responsibly.


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AI-GENERATED IMAGES ARE EVERYWHERE. HERE'S HOW TO SPOT THEM

June 13, 202312:10 AM ET

Shannon Bond

AI-GENERATED IMAGES ARE EVERYWHERE. HERE'S HOW TO SPOT THEM

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Photographs Unsplash; Collage by NPR

Photographs Unsplash; Collage by NPR

Amid debates about how artificial intelligence will affect jobs, the economy,
politics and our shared reality, one thing is clear: AI-generated content is
here.

Chances are you've already encountered content created by generative AI
software, which can produce realistic-seeming text, images, audio and video.

So what do you need to know about sorting fact from AI fiction? And how can we
think about using AI responsibly?


HOW TO SPOT AI MANIPULATION

Thanks to image generators like OpenAI's DALL-E2, Midjourney and Stable
Diffusion, AI-generated images are more realistic and more available than ever.
And technology to create videos out of whole cloth is rapidly improving, too.



The current wave of fake images isn't perfect, however, especially when it comes
to depicting people. Generators can struggle with creating realistic hands,
teeth and accessories like glasses and jewelry. If an image includes multiple
people, there may be even more irregularities.

Take the synthetic image of the Pope wearing a stylish puffy coat that recently
went viral. If you look closer, his fingers don't seem to actually be grasping
the coffee cup he appears to be holding. The rim of his eyeglasses is distorted.

AI-generated image: a fake image of the Pope wearing a white puffer jacket.
Pablo Xavier; Annotation by NPR hide caption

toggle caption
Pablo Xavier; Annotation by NPR

Another set of viral fake photos purportedly showed former President Donald
Trump getting arrested. In some images, hands were bizarre and faces in the
background were strangely blurred.

AI-generated image: a fake image of former President Donald Trump being
arrested. Eliot Higgins; Annotation by NPR hide caption

toggle caption
Eliot Higgins; Annotation by NPR

Listen To Life Kit

This story is adapted from an episode of Life Kit, NPR's podcast with tools to
help you get it together. To listen to this episode, play the audio at the top
of the page or subscribe. For more, sign up for the newsletter.

Synthetic videos have their own oddities, like slight mismatches between sound
and motion and distorted mouths. They often lack facial expressions or subtle
body movements that real people make.

Some tools try to detect AI-generated content, but they are not always reliable.

Experts caution against relying too heavily on these kinds of tells. The newest
version of Midjourney, for example, is much better at rendering hands. The
absence of blinking used to be a signal a video might be computer-generated, but
that is no longer the case.



"The problem is we've started to cultivate an idea that you can spot these
AI-generated images by these little clues. And the clues don't last," says Sam
Gregory of the nonprofit Witness, which helps people use video and technology to
protect human rights.

Gregory says it can be counterproductive to spend too long trying to analyze an
image unless you're trained in digital forensics. And too much skepticism can
backfire — giving bad actors the opportunity to discredit real images and video
as fake.


USE S-I-F-T TO ASSESS WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING AT

Instead of going down a rabbit hole of trying to examine images pixel-by-pixel,
experts recommend zooming out, using tried-and-true techniques of media
literacy.

One model, created by research scientist Mike Caufield, is called SIFT. That
stands for four steps: Stop. Investigate the source. Find better coverage. Trace
the original context.

The overall idea is to slow down and consider what you're looking at —
especially pictures, posts, or claims that trigger your emotions.

"Something seems too good to be true or too funny to believe or too confirming
of your existing biases," says Gregory. "People want to lean into their belief
that something is real, that their belief is confirmed about a particular piece
of media."

A good first step is to look for other coverage of the same topic. If it's an
image or video of an event — say a politician speaking — are there other photos
from the same event?


LIFE KIT


FAKE NEWS: HOW TO SPOT MISINFORMATION

Does the location look accurate? Fake photos of a non-existent explosion at the
Pentagon went viral and sparked a brief dip in the stock market. But the
building depicted didn't actually resemble the Pentagon.

Google recently announced it's making it easier to see when a photo first
appeared online, which could help identify AI-generated pictures as well as
photos that are shared with misleading or false context — like that viral image
of a shark swimming on a flooded highway that often appears after hurricanes.



Pause and think in other situations, too. Scammers have begun using spoofed
audio to scam people by impersonating family members in distress. The Federal
Trade Commission has issued a consumer alert and urged vigilance. It suggests if
you get a call from a friend or relative asking for money, call the person back
at a known number to verify it's really them.


CHECK YOUR SOURCES

AI images aren't the only way you might be fooled by a computer. Chatbots like
OpenAI's ChatGPT, Microsoft's Bing and Google's Bard are really good at
producing text that sounds highly plausible. But that doesn't mean what they
tell you is true or accurate.

That's because they're trained on massive amounts of text to find statistical
relationships between words. They use that information to create everything from
recipes to political speeches to computer code.

While the text chatbots spit out may sound convincingly human, they do not
learn, think, or create in the ways we do, says Gary Marcus, a cognitive
scientist and professor emeritus at New York University.

"They don't have models of the world. They don't reason. They don't know what
facts are. They're not built for that," he says. "They're basically autocomplete
on steroids. They predict what words would be plausible in some context, and
plausible is not the same as true."

ChatGPT fabricated a damaging allegation of sexual harassment against a law
professor. It's made up a story my colleague Geoff Brumfiel, an editor and
correspondent on NPR's science desk, never wrote. Bing invented quotes from a
Pentagon spokesman. Bard made a factual error during its high-profile launch
that sent Google's parent company's shares plummeting.

That means you should double-check anything a chatbot tells you — even if it
comes footnoted with sources, as Google's Bard and Microsoft's Bing do. Make
sure the links they cite are real and actually support the information the
chatbot provides.




USE GENERATIVE AI TOOLS RESPONSIBLY

In its early phase, AI can be unreliable and even risky. But it's also fun and
interesting to experiment with. And like it or not, generative AI tools are
being integrated into all kinds of software, from email and search to Google
Docs, Microsoft Office, Zoom, Expedia, and Snapchat.

Playing around with chatbots and image generators is a good way to learn more
about how the technology works and what it can and can't do.

"My main piece of advice to everybody is, do use this stuff," says Ethan
Mollick, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. "You
absolutely should be making things. You should absolutely spend an hour on
ChatGPT...You should try and automate your job."

Mollick requires his students to use AI. And while he's an enthusiastic user of
chatbots and other forms of AI, he's also wary of the ways they can be misused.

"You've got to figure this thing out because we're in a world where there's
nobody with great advice right now. There isn't like a manual out there that you
can read," Mollick says.

If you are going to experiment with generative AI, here are a few things to keep
in mind.

 * Privacy: Be smart about sharing personal information with AI software.
   Systems may use your input for training, and companies may have access to
   what you enter as inputs. 

 * Ethics: What are you using the software to create? Are you asking an image
   generator to copy the style of a living artist, for example? Or using it in a
   class without your teacher's knowledge?

 * Consent: If you're creating an image, who are you depicting? Is it parody?
   Could they be harmed by the portrayal?

 * Disclosure: If you're sharing your AI creations on social media, have you
   made it clear they are computer-generated? What would happen if they were
   shared further without that disclosure?

 * Fact check: As explained above, chatbots get things wrong. So double-check
   any important information before you post or share it.



"You can think of it as like an infinitely helpful intern with access to all of
human knowledge who makes stuff up every once in a while," Mollick says.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The audio portion of this episode was produced by Thomas Lu and edited by Brett
Neely and Meghan Keane.

We'd love to hear from you. Email us at LifeKit@npr.org. Listen to Life Kit on
Apple Podcasts and Spotify, or sign up for our newsletter.

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