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LEECH

Posted on 29-03-2021  by admin




Leech definition is - any of numerous carnivorous or bloodsucking usually
freshwater annelid worms (class Hirudinea) that have typically a flattened
lanceolate segmented body with a sucker at each end. Leech is a fictional
character from the popular toy line Masters of the Universe by Mattel. A member
of the Evil Horde, he is an amphibian-like creature, of a large and bulky build
with green skin and suction pads on his hands, feet and mouth. It is these
suction pads that provide him with his main power: to suck and drain the
life-force from his opponent, rendering them helpless against him. Leech is a
minor attribute introduced in Warlords of Draenor.Leech causes a player to
instantly return health from both outgoing damage and outgoing heals. The amount
of health returned is equal to your amount of Leech, 1% of Leech will return
health equal to 1% of your damage and healing done.

Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.


LEACH

to dissolve out substances; to percolate

Not to be confused with:
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree Copyright © 2007, 2013 by Mary
Embree


LEACH

(lēch)v.tr.
1. To remove soluble or other constituents from by the action of a percolating
liquid: heavy rains that leached the soil of minerals.
2. To remove from a substance by the action of a percolating liquid: acids in
groundwater that leach calcium out of the bedrock.
3. To empty; drain: 'a world leached of pleasure, voided of meaning'(Marilynne
Robinson).
v.intr.
To be dissolved or passed out by a percolating liquid.
n.
2. A porous, perforated, or sievelike vessel that holds material to be leached.
3. The substance through which a liquid is leached.
[From Middle English leche, leachate, from Old English *lece, muddy stream; akin
to leccan, to moisten.]
leach′a·ble adj.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright
© 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.


LEACH

(liːtʃ) vb
1. to remove or be removed from a substance by a percolating liquid
2. to lose or cause to lose soluble substances by the action of a percolating
liquid
n
5. a substance that is leached or the constituents removed by leaching
[C17: variant of obsolete letch to wet, perhaps from Old English leccan to
water; related to leak]


LEACH

(liːtʃ)
n


LEACH

(liːtʃ) n
(Biography) Bernard (Howell). 1887–1979, British potter, born in Hong Kong
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 ©
HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011,
2014


LEACH

(litʃ)
v.t.
1. to dissolve out soluble constituents from (ashes, soil, etc.) by percolation.
2. to cause (water or other liquid) to percolate through something.
v.i.
3. (of ashes, soil, etc.) to undergo the action of percolating water.
n.
5. a leaching.
7. a vessel for use in leaching.
[1425–75; late Middle English leche leachate, infusion]
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd.
Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.


LEACH

(lēch)
To remove the soluble materials from a substance, such as ash or rock, by
passing a liquid through or over it: Heavy rains leached minerals from the soil.
The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition. Copyright ©
2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.


LEACH


Past participle: leached
Gerund: leaching


Imperativeleachleach

PresentI leachyou leachhe/she/it leacheswe leachyou leachthey leach

PreteriteI leachedyou leachedhe/she/it leachedwe leachedyou leachedthey leached

Present ContinuousI am leachingyou are leachinghe/she/it is leachingwe are
leachingyou are leachingthey are leaching

Present PerfectI have leachedyou have leachedhe/she/it has leachedwe have
leachedyou have leachedthey have leached

Past ContinuousI was leachingyou were leachinghe/she/it was leachingwe were
leachingyou were leachingthey were leaching

Past PerfectI had leachedyou had leachedhe/she/it had leachedwe had leachedyou
had leachedthey had leached

FutureI will leachyou will leachhe/she/it will leachwe will leachyou will
leachthey will leach

Future PerfectI will have leachedyou will have leachedhe/she/it will have
leachedwe will have leachedyou will have leachedthey will have leached

Future ContinuousI will be leachingyou will be leachinghe/she/it will be
leachingwe will be leachingyou will be leachingthey will be leaching

Present Perfect ContinuousI have been leachingyou have been leachinghe/she/it
has been leachingwe have been leachingyou have been leachingthey have been
leaching

Future Perfect ContinuousI will have been leachingyou will have been
leachinghe/she/it will have been leachingwe will have been leachingyou will have
been leachingthey will have been leaching


LEECHING

Past Perfect ContinuousI had been leachingyou had been leachinghe/she/it had
been leachingwe had been leachingyou had been leachingthey had been leaching

ConditionalI would leachyou would leachhe/she/it would leachwe would leachyou
would leachthey would leach

Past ConditionalI would have leachedyou would have leachedhe/she/it would have
leachedwe would have leachedyou would have leachedthey would have leached

Collins English Verb Tables © HarperCollins Publishers 2011

Noun1.leach - the process of leaching
natural action, natural process, action, activity - a process existing in or
produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings); 'the action of
natural forces'; 'volcanic activity'
Verb1.leach - cause (a liquid) to leach or percolate
remove, take away, withdraw, take - remove something concrete, as by lifting,
pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract; 'remove a threat'; 'remove
a wrapper'; 'Remove the dirty dishes from the table'; 'take the gun from your
pocket'; 'This machine withdraws heat from the environment'
2.leach - permeate or penetrate gradually; 'the fertilizer leached into the
ground'
dribble, trickle, filter - run or flow slowly, as in drops or in an unsteady
stream; 'water trickled onto the lawn from the broken hose'; 'reports began to
dribble in'
3.leach - remove substances from by a percolating liquid; 'leach the soil'
remove, take away, withdraw, take - remove something concrete, as by lifting,
pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract; 'remove a threat'; 'remove
a wrapper'; 'Remove the dirty dishes from the table'; 'take the gun from your
pocket'; 'This machine withdraws heat from the environment'

Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton
University, Farlex Inc.


LEACH

verbextract, strain, drain, filter, seep, percolate, filtrate,
lixiviate(Chemistry)Minerals leach from the soil much faster on cleared land.
Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition.
2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002


LEACH

verbTo flow or leak out or emit something slowly:
bleed, exude, ooze, percolate, seep, transpire, transude, weep.
The American Heritage® Roget's Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Publishing Company. All rights reserved.


LEACH

[liːtʃ]
B.VI → lixiviarse
Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William
Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996,
1997, 2000, 2003, 2005


LEACH

Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William
Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004,
2005, 2007

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page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content.



LEECH DEFINITION

Link to this page:


Scientific Name(s): Hirudo medicinalis L. Phylum: Annelida.
Common Name(s): Fresh water leech, Medicinal leech

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Apr 24, 2020.


CLINICAL OVERVIEW


USE

Leeches have been used for bloodletting, wound healing, and stimulating blood
flow at postsurgical sites. Use in osteoarthritis is being investigated, but
there is a lack of clinical information to make recommendations.


DOSING

Consult existing guidelines for the use of leeches.


CONTRAINDICATIONS

Arterial insufficiency, previous exposure to leeches (risk of allergic
reaction), immunosuppression (risk of infection), patient refusal to accept
possible subsequent blood transfusions, and unstable medical conditions have
been described as contraindications for extensive leech therapy.


PREGNANCY/LACTATION

Information regarding safety in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Avoid use
because of risk of infection and anemia.


INTERACTIONS

None well documented.


ADVERSE REACTIONS

Extensive blood loss. Allergic reactions and infections may develop.


TOXICOLOGY

No data.


BIOLOGY

There are more than 700 species of leeches, all of which are carnivorous.1 The
leech is an hermaphrodite, containing both male and female sexual organs, but is
not self-fertile.

The use of medicinal leeches (H. medicinalis) is preferred because of their
ability to bite deeply and cause prolonged bleeding even after they are
detached. H. medicinalis can reach up to 12 cm long, but is generally smaller,
weighing 1 to 1.5 g before feeding. H. medicinalis has both anterior and
posterior suckers, with the head located at the narrow tapered end. The anterior
sucker has 3 jaws, each with 60 to 100 teeth for biting. The posterior sucker is
used for attachment and crawling.1

Leeches obtained from commercial breeders are easily maintained in a
chlorine-free salt solution at 10° to 20°C. Under such conditions, leeches can
survive for up to 18 months.


HISTORY

The medicinal use of leeches dates back to ancient Egyptians around 1300 BC; the
Greek physician Galen (130 to 201 AD) commonly used leeches for bloodletting.
The 19th century heralded the widespread use of leeches for bloodletting—leading
to a leech shortage from 1825 to 1850 in France requiring the importation of
leeches from America.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 By the end of the 19th century, the
medicinal use of leeches had lost popularity due to adoption of the modern
concepts of pathology and microbiology.1


CHEMISTRY

Different species of leeches secrete varying compounds with differing
hematological actions.7, 8

Following attachment, H. medicinalis secretes hirudin, a selective thrombin
inhibitor, which enhances bleeding and prevents coagulation.1, 9, 10 Hirudin was
first described more than a century ago and characterized as a 65-amino acid
peptide with antithrombokinase activity.1 Early therapeutic studies of hirudin
were limited by low natural yield, but the compound has recently been produced
in larger quantities by recombinant gene techniques.11, 12 Recombinant hirudin
binds avidly to thrombin, thus low doses inhibit venous thrombosis in animals.
Extracts from leeches have been marketed in creams for topical application. In
addition to hirudin, leeches secrete hirustasin, which selectively inhibits
tissue kallikreins; antistasin and ghilanten, which inhibit Factor Xa; calin,
apyrase, and saratin, which inhibit platelet aggregation; a histamine-like
compound, which causes vasodilation; hyaluronidase and collagenase, which
increase permeability; and bdellin and eglin, which are proteinase inhibitors.1,
10, 13, 14

There is conflicting evidence as to whether an anesthetic is secreted in H.
medicinalis.4, 15, 16 Theromyzon is widely distributed in the tissue of the
leech Theromyzon tessulatum and has angiotensin-converting, enzyme-like
properties8 and peptides with antimicrobial properties have been identified.17

Undefined anti-inflammatory substances in the saliva of medicinal leeches have
been reported.18, 19


USES AND PHARMACOLOGY


ISCHEMIC TISSUE

Medicinal leeches are used to stimulate the flow of blood at postoperative
surgical sites.2, 15, 16

After attaching to the site, leeches secrete compounds, especially hirudin, that
reduce blood viscosity. They provide the drainage needed to permit decongestion
and to preserve tissue viability until normal venous flow is established.16, 20

Reviews of the use of 'hirudotherapy' in localized venous congestion or hematoma
have been published; most commonly, only case reports exist in the
literature.18, 21, 22


OTHER USES

Based on reported anti-inflammatory substances in the saliva of medicinal
leeches, a number of clinical studies have evaluated the role of leeches in
osteoarthritis.18, 19 Blinding of participants is problematic in such studies
and comparators have used transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)23
and topical diclofenac.24 A meta-analysis of clinical studies (n=4) reported
moderate to strong evidence for pain reduction, functional impairment, and joint
stiffness following leech therapy.19


DOSING

Institutional guidelines may exist for the use of leeches. Leeches are applied
from 2 to 4 times a day for up to a week. Feeding is complete in about 20
minutes, at which time the leech drops off. Removal of the leech may be hastened
by applying solutions of salt, vinegar, a flame, or a local anesthetic. Leeches
should not be forcibly removed. Bleeding from the attachment site usually
continues for several hours. Reuse of leeches is discouraged to minimize the
development of cross-infection.1, 20, 25, 26


PREGNANCY / LACTATION

Information regarding safety in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Avoid use
due to risk of infection and anemia.


INTERACTIONS

None well documented. Closely monitor conditions requiring concomitant
anticoagulant therapy.

One study found no changes in ipsilateral activated partial thromboplastin or
prothrombin times when leeches were applied to an intact hand. This suggests
that systemic or local anticoagulation is not likely to occur and that the risk
of interference with other therapies may be small.27


ADVERSE REACTIONS

Arterial insufficiency, previous exposure to leeches (risk of allergic
reaction), immunosuppression (risk of infection), patient refusal to accept
possible subsequent blood transfusions, and unstable medical conditions have
been described as contraindications for extensive leech therapy.9


BLOOD LOSS

Leeches may consume up to 50 mL blood per application, and their secretions
during a single feed can prevent coagulation (in vitro) of up to 100 mL human
blood. Passive bleeding after detachment can continue up to 72 hours but most
commonly continues for about 5 hours. Blood loss may occur, sometimes requiring
transfusions.18, 28


INFECTION

H. medicinalis should be considered a possible vector of infectious diseases.
The incidence of infection consequent to leech therapy ranges from 2% to 20%.21,
22

The gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophilia is the predominant microbial species
found in leeches.1, 9, 29, 30 Serratia, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas have also
been isolated10, 31, 32, 33, 34 and patients should receive appropriate
prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Older studies suggested possible transmission
of HIV and hepatitis, but this is less likely with the use of farmed leeches.22,
35 Reuse of leeches is not recommended due to concerns of disease transmission.4


OTHER

Local allergic reactions and anaphylaxis have been reported.36 Leeches found in
the nose, throat, and the GI tract have caused complications.37, 38, 39, 40


TOXICOLOGY

No data.


REFERENCES

1. Whitaker IS, Cheung CK, Chahal CA, Karoo RO, Gulati A, Foo IT. By what
mechanism do leeches help to salvage ischaemic tissues? A review. Br J Oral
Maxillofac Surg. 2005;43(2):155-160.157492172. Hayden RE, Phillips JG, McLear
PW. Leeches. Objective monitoring of altered perfusion in congested flaps. Arch
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114(12):1395-1399.31908663. Rao J, Whitaker IS.
Use of Hirudo medicinalis by maxillofacial surgical units in the United Kingdom:
current views and practice. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;41(1):54-55.4.
Whitaker IS, Izadi D, Oliver DW, Monteath G, Butler PE. Hirudo medicinalis and
the plastic surgeon. Br J Plast Surg. 2004;57(4):348-353.151457395. Ventura HO,
Mehra MR. Bloodletting as a cure for dropsy: heart failure down the ages. J Card
Fail. 2005;11(4):247-252.158803326. Hodgson D. Of gods and leeches: treatment of
priapism in the nineteenth century. J R Soc Med. 2003;96(11):562-565.145949727.
Ledizet M, Harrison LM, Koskia RA, Cappello M. Discovery and pre-clinical
development of antithrombotics from hematophagous invertebrates. Curr Med Chem
Cardiovasc Hematol Agents. 2005;3(1):1-10.8. Rivière G, Michaud A, Deloffre L,
et al. Characterization of the first non-insect invertebrate functional
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE): leech TtACE resembles the N-domain of
mammalian ACE. Biochem J. 2004;382(pt 2):565-573.151750049. Chepeha DB,
Nussenbaum B, Bradford CR, Teknos TN. Leech therapy for patients with surgically
unsalvageable venous obstruction after revascularized free tissue transfer. Arch
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128(8):960-965.1216277910. Dippenaar R, Smith
J, Goussard P, Walters E. Meningococcal purpura fulminans treated with medicinal
leeches. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006;7(5):476-478.1687804911. Wallis RB.
Hirudins and the role of thrombin: lessons from leeches. Trends in Pharmacol
Sci. 1988;9(12):425-427.307808112. Hand R, et al. A review of the pharmacology,
clinical applications, and toxicology of hirudin and hirulog. Transgenica: J
Clin Biotechnol. 1994;1:1.817222513. Deckmyn H, Stassen JM, Vreys I, Van Houtte
E, Sawyer RT, Vermylen J. Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of
platelet adhesion to collagen, prevents platelet-rich thrombosis in hamsters.
Blood. 1995;85(3):712-719.783347514. Harsfalvi J, Stassen JM, Hoylaerts MF, et
al. Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor binding
to collagen under static and flow conditions. Blood.
1995;85(3):705-711.783347415. Baskova IP, Khalil S, Nartikova VF, Paskhina TS.
Inhibition of plasma kallikrein, kininase and kinin-like activities of
preparations from the medicinal leech. Thrombosis Research.
1992;67(6):721-730.144053716. Rados C. Beyond bloodletting: FDA gives leeches a
medical makeover. FDA Consum. 2004;38(5):9.1559514117. Salzet M.
Neuropeptide-derived antimicrobial peptides from invertebrates for biomedical
applications. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(26):3055-3061.1637570018. Porshinsky BS,
Saha S, Grossman MD, Beery Ii PR, Stawicki SP. Clinical uses of the medicinal
leech: a practical review. J Postgrad Med. 2011;57(1):65-71.2120611519. Lauche
R, Cramer H, Langhorst J, Dobos G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of
medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin J Pain.
2014;30(1):63-72.2344606920. Abrutyn E. Hospital-associated infection from
leeches. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109(5):356-358.304421021. Elyassi AR, Terres J,
Rowshan HH. Medicinal leech therapy on head and neck patients: a review of
literature and proposed protocol. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol.
2013;116(3):e167-e172.2281946222. O'Dempsey T. Leeches--the good, the bad and
the wiggly. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2012;32(suppl 2):S16-S20.2339475423.
Stange R, Moser C, Hopfenmueller W, et al. Randomised controlled trial with
medical leeches for osteoarthritis of the knee. Complement Ther Med.
2012;20(1-2):1-7.2230524224. Michalsen A, Klotz S, Lüdtke R, Moebus S, Spahn G,
Dobos GJ. Effectiveness of leech therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a
randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(9):724-730.1459745625.
Adams SL. The emergency management of a medicinal leech bite. Ann Emerg Med.
1989;18(3):316-319.292334026. Rao P, Bailie FB, Bailey BN. Leechmania in
microsurgery. Practitioner. 1985;229(1408):901-905.405917027. Blackshear JL,
Ebener MK. Leeching, hirudin, and coagulation tests. Ann Intern Med.
1994;121(2):151-152.801773528. Ikizceli I, Avsarogullari L, Sözüer E, Yürümez Y,
Akdur O. Bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite. Emerg Med J.
2005;22(6):458-460.1591196529. Ardehali B, Hand K, Nduka C, Holmes A, Wood S.
Delayed leech-borne infection with Aeromonas hydrophilia in escharotic flap
wound. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2006;59(1):94-95.1648279630. Steer A,
Daley AJ, Curtis N. Suppurative sequelae of symbiosis. Lancet.
2005;365(9454):188.1563930331. Dickson WA, Boothman P, Hare K. An unusual source
of hospital wound infection. Brit Med J. 1984;289(6465):1727-1728.644062332.
Kourt B, Segars LW, Davis TW. When the prescription says 'leeches.' Am J Hosp
Pharm. 1994;51(17):2113-2114, 2116.798568533. Bickel KD, Lineaweaver WC,
Follansbee S, Feibel R, Jackson R, Buncke HJ. Intestinal flora of the medicinal
leech Hirudinaria manillensis. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1994;10(2):83-85.818256934.
Wilken GB, Appleton CC. Bacteriological investigation of the occurrence and
antibiotic sensitivities of the gut-flora of the potential southern African
medicinal leech, Asiaticobdella buntonensis (Hirudinidae). J Hosp Infect.
1993;23(3):223-228.809909635. Nehili M, Ilk C, Mehlhorn H, Ruhnau K, Dick W,
Njayou M. Experiments on the possible role of leeches as vectors of animal and
human pathogens: a light and electron microscopy study. Parasitol Res.
1994;80(4):277-290.807301336. Tseng CC, Ho CY. Removal of a nasal leech: a safe
and effective method. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2005;132(5):814-815.1588664437. Bergua A, Vizmanos F, Monzón FJ, Blasco RM.
Unavoidable epistaxis in the nasal infection of leeches [in Spanish]. Acta
Otorrinolaringol Esp. 1993;44(5):391-393.812997738. Uygur K, Yasan H, Yavuz L,
Dogru H. Removal of a laryngeal leech: A safe and effective method. Am J
Otolaryngol. 2003;24(5):338-340.1313044839. Kuehnemund M, Bootz F. Rare living
hypopharyngeal foreign body. Head Neck. 2006; 28(11):1046-1048.1693331440.
Krüger C, Malleyeck I, Olsen OH. Aquatic leech infestation: a rare cause of
severe anaemia in an adolescent Tanzanian girl. Eur J Pediatr.
2004;163(6):297-299.15346909


DISCLAIMER

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary
supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether
it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety
information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs.
This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this
product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or
approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief
summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all
information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions,
interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This
information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you
receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care
provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this
product.

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions,
other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary
supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other
medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the
herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any
kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products
that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of
folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been
sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or
nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.

Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health


FURTHER INFORMATION

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on
this page applies to your personal circumstances.






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