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COULD THIS ANCIENT WATER TECH SAVE LIMA?

By Wesley Tomaselli

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WHY YOU SHOULD CARE

This 21st-century water problem might have an ancient fix.







From afar, they appear to be silvery serpents zigzagging down the Andean
highlands. Up close, though, they turn out to be ancient stone ditches. Known
as amunas, these vestiges of pre-Incan technology are now being restored and put
back into use. And they might even save a city just downstream: the Peruvian
capital, Lima, where 10 million people dwell in the middle of a coastal desert.

As climate change melts glaciers and globalization draws people to megacities,
water resources are being subjected to enormous stress. Perhaps nowhere is this
more visible than Lima. Here, only 1 in every 10 inhabitants has access to
potable water. The rest are thirsty, and often tired from hauling water jugs
across town. That’s where the amunas come in. 

 


Amunas at the Tipón archaeological site in Cusco, Peru.

Source Shutterstock

Well before 1533, when Spanish invaders conquered the Incas, indigenous peoples
had engineered a canal system to manage the extreme disparities in water access
along the arid coast of what is now Peru. The system is twofold: diversion
canals, built from impermeable stone, and permeable infiltration canals that
allow water to seep into the subsurface during the rainy season.

The water is then directed from the amunas to fill water holes where it can be
harvested during the dry season, explains Mariella Sánchez, director of
Aquafondo, a water fund established in 2014 to help with rehabilitation of the
ancient system. The system also prevents erosion, which is more likely to occur
during the dry season.

>  Lima is the second-largest city in the world located in a desert.



Aquafondo and other organizations are recovering miles of the centuries-old
technology, with some 5.6 miles already revived. And experts are toying with the
idea that amunas could inform new hydro technologies for supplying Lima with
water and saving what some experts believe is a city on the verge of a crisis.

Lima is the second-largest city in the world located in a desert, right after
Cairo, says Hugo Contreras, the Nature Conservancy’s director of water security
for Latin America, and “65 percent of the population lives on the coast where
only 2 percent of the water is.”

Changes in climate conditions can disrupt hydrological cycles. At the same time,
people around the world are increasingly living in urbanized environments where
access to basic services like sanitation and potable water is limited. Lima
water and sewage utility Sedapal estimates that unless investment increases and
the city expands its water system, demand for potable water will outstrip supply
by 2030.

 


The centuries-old amunas are being restored and put back into use.

Source Shutterstock

Contreras hopes that ancient technologies like amunas and modern methods can
meld to provide water security solutions and keep Lima’s water crisis at bay.
The Nature Conservancy is currently testing the viability of amunas as supply
systems by measuring water volumes during the dry season. The organization has
already discovered that amunas extend the period that water is available during
the dry season by months. The Peruvian government is also getting behind the
restoration. A $24 million package for investment in natural infrastructure,
which would include rehabilitation of the ancient ditches, is expected this
year.



“[Our team] is measuring the impact in order to see how much water we can bring
to the city of Lima,” says Contreras.

Indeed, magnitude presents a challenge. Sánchez cautions that the network of
canals may not be as scalable as some would like to believe. “The amunas weren’t
originally built so much for scaling and satisfying water for large
populations,” she explains, adding that amunas are unlikely to be the only
solution. In fact, a desalination plant on the coast of Lima is already under
construction.

That’s why Contreras insists that ancient ways of addressing water need to be
combined with modern technologies for the scale of a megacity like Lima. “The
question for me is how can we turn this traditional technology into modern
technology, where you try to use nature as part of modern technology,” he says.
“If you could have a hybrid, I think that’s where you have the most to gain.”


 * Wesley Tomaselli, OZY Author Follow Wesley Tomaselli on Twitter Contact
   Wesley Tomaselli




The Daily Dose May 7, 2020

TOPICS

 * Cities
 * Climate Change
 * Engineering
 * Environment
 * Health
 * Peru
 * SCIENCE
 * SOUTH AMERICA
 * Sustainability


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