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WHAT IS THE V-MODEL IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT?



Mobility Insider
March 08, 2023

The V-model or V-cycle is a style of software development that splits the
process into three parts: design, implementation, and integration and
qualification testing. The letter V is a symbolic representation of the
development flow.


Applying the V-model’s clearly defined steps to small increments of software
development allows for testing earlier in the process. Catching bugs or errors
as early as possible increases the speed of the development effort, cuts costs
and improves overall quality. The approach dovetails well with the continuous
integration and continuous deployment methodology.


How the V-model works


In designing software for complex automotive systems, developers look for
flexibility, speed and the ability to make improvements to the code. Following
the steps along the “V” of the model, development begins with design at the
upper-left end, continues down to implementation at the bottom point of the “V,”
and ends with final testing at the upper right end.


 * System Requirements: Engineers gather both business and system requirements.
   At this stage, it is important to clearly define the outcomes that the
   automotive function or feature will achieve.
 * System Design: Engineers design the desired functionality using a model-based
   development environment. Model-in-the-loop testing catches bugs and errors
   early in the process.
 * Software Requirements: Engineers use system requirements and the resulting
   system design to define what the software needs to achieve.
 * Software Implementation: Engineers create and compile the code that
   constructs the software. For all code that has been written, the testing
   phases begin to confirm that requirements have been achieved (verification
   testing) and that the result is robustly suitable for the application
   (validation testing).
 * Software Integration and Qualification Testing: Software implementation
   generally occurs on a per-feature or per-software component scale. To make a
   full software solution, each of the smaller scale implementations are
   integrated into a single compiled whole that is tested as a single entity.
 * System Integration and Qualification Testing: A system is an assembly of
   parts. All of the software and hardware parts are assembled into a complete
   system for testing. Testers use software-in-the-loop, hardware-in-the-loop
   and vehicle-in-the-loop to test software.
   

How does the V-model mesh with ISO 26262 and ASPICE?

As vehicles became more software-defined, particularly with respect to advanced
driver assistance systems and automated driving features such as emergency
braking or lane correction, the industry as a whole needed a standard
development model that could be shared across OEMs, technology providers and
other third parties.


The International Organization for Standardization, a nongovernmental
organization made up of national standards bodies, created just such a standard
focused on vehicle safety. ISO 26262 has become the de facto automotive
functional safety standard and is based on the V-model.


In addition, European carmakers created a standard for software quality that is
also based on the V-model, called ASPICE
(Automotive Software Performance Improvement and Capability dEtermination),
which is an evolution of the ISO SPICE standard. Using the ASPICE framework,
OEMs can evaluate the quality of software that is provided to them. In fact,
when a premium OEM compared suppliers that use ASPICE against those that did
not, it discovered that the average ASPICE supplier found 90 percent of software
defects nine months earlier than the average non-ASPICE supplier.


Because it is the foundation for these standards, the V-model has become the
predominant style of software development in the automotive industry and will
continue to play a role for the foreseeable future.



The V-Model in Automotive Applications


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RELATED STORIES

WHAT IS ASPICE?


MOBILITY INSIDER

August 11, 2022

WHAT IS SOFTWARE-IN-THE-LOOP TESTING?


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March 17, 2022

WHAT IS AUTOMOTIVE FUNCTIONAL SAFETY?


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September 28, 2022


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