snyk.io Open in urlscan Pro
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OPEN SOURCE SECURITY

IN THIS SECTION

 * Benefits of using open source software
 * Security risks of open source software
 * Key statistics from the State of Open Source Report
 * Open source security trends
 * Developing your open source security strategy
 * Open source security tools
 * Using Snyk for OSS Security
 * FAQ Section



MORE IN THIS SERIES

 * Open Source Audits Explained
 * Guide to Software Composition Analysis (SCA)
 * The State of Open Source Security 2020
 * Defining a secure open source policy
 * 6 tips for managing your open source components

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OPEN SOURCE SECURITY EXPLAINED

TIMELAPSE

22 MIN READ


OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE SECURITY DEFINED

Open-source software security is essential to manage open source components and
dependencies to mitigate the risks and vulnerabilities that come with
third-party software.

Open source software has become widely used over the past few years due to its
collaborative and public nature, simultaneously making it convenient for both
developers and malicious actors. Once adversaries discover that an application
is exposed to a publicly known vulnerability, they can attack any application
developed using that open source code. Cases like the Log4j and Apache Struts
vulnerabilities show that this represents a real and sometimes serious risk to
organizations.

It’s essential to manage open source components and dependencies to mitigate
this risk. Yet, it’s difficult to maintain visibility over all the open source
components used within an application, and tedious to manually check open source
components against databases of known vulnerabilities. Nested dependencies
further complicate the matter, since it’s necessary to secure not only the code
developers write, but any open source code they consume and any dependencies
inside that code.

In this post we’ll define open source security, dive into the risks around open
source software, and introduce tools and processes that mitigate the risk
organizations face when consuming open source software.


WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE SECURITY?

Open source security is the risks and vulnerabilities that come with third-party
software, along with the tools and processes taken to secure open source
software. Security tools can automate the discovery of open source libraries and
dependencies in code, analyze how those components are used in applications, and
trigger alerts or remediation steps whenever vulnerabilities are detected.
Practices such as two-factor authentication add another security layer to
protect against breaches.

SNYK REPORT


STATE OF OPEN SOURCE SECURITY 2022

A look at software supply chain complexity and risk in collaboration with The
Linux Foundation.

View full report



4 BENEFITS OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Business demands are driving faster software development and release cycles. To
address these demands, developers are increasingly turning to open source
software to augment internally developed code. 

Its popularity comes down to a few factors:

 1. Cost: Software developers can freely use, modify, and share public domain
    open source software while a worldwide community of developers and
    volunteers work to maintain it. Even commercial open source software
    packages are relatively inexpensive compared to the cost of
    custom-developing code from scratch.
 2. Ease of use: The pre-built and open nature of open source software means
    developers can use previously written code to address their specific needs.
    Leaving more time  to work on higher-value tasks.
 3. Quality: Since a community of developers build, utilize, and inspect open
    source code, there are, theoretically, fewer bugs as vulnerabilities are
    quickly uncovered and addressed.
 4. Speed: By using open source software, developers can get valuable business
    applications to market faster.

Open source software adoption has doubled or more in some cases, bringing
developers the benefits of economies-of-scale since there are more tools
available and better-trained developers entering the market. At the same time,
there are tradeoffs between openness and vulnerability, agility and quality.

Figure 1: new packages created by ecosystem per year

Using open source software means you’re relying on strangers to maintain the
code your applications rely on, so it’s critical to use systems and tools to
minimize the potential downside.


3 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE SECURITY RISKS

Almost all cloud-native apps rely on open source components. However, since no
one is responsible for their maintenance or security, open source software is
laden with risks, including: 


1. VULNERABILITIES IN OPEN SOURCE DEPENDENCIES

These span both known and unknown vulnerabilities. Known vulnerabilities include
those assigned a common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) number, those
disclosed on the Internet, those shared in public vulnerability databases, and
ones within private vulnerability databases. In general, the more well-known a
vulnerability is, the more urgent is the need to address it. 

On top of tracking vulnerabilities, it’s also key to track every open source
dependency within an application. Transitive dependencies — where dependencies
rely on other dependencies — are a special area of concern because they are less
visible to security tools and audits, so it’s helpful to use tools or processes
that can identify and audit all the dependencies in an application. 


2. LICENSE COMPLIANCE RISKS

Developers need to understand each type of software license in the open source
packages they consume so they can use the code in a compliant way. This requires
awareness of the licensing stipulations and enforcement throughout projects. To
enforce open source licenses, organizations need deep visibility into how open
source components are used. It’s also important to continuously monitor licenses
in case the copyright owner changes the license for a library. 


3. UNMAINTAINED OPEN SOURCE PACKAGES

Open source packages are typically maintained by a single developer or a small
team, if they’re maintained at all. Developers of community open source projects
have no commitment to maintain the software, and it comes “as is.” Hence it’s
users’ responsibility to devote the time and resources to ensure that code is
safe. Fortunately there are helpful tools that can simplify this process, such
as Snyk Advisor, which analyzes packages by maintenance level, community,
security posture, and popularity to help you gauge the health of open source
packages you’re using.

Curious to read more about open source software risks? Read our post, 5
potential risks of open source software.


KEY STATISTICS FROM THE STATE OF OPEN SOURCE REPORT

Data is knowledge, so Snyk surveyed developers and security professionals to
learn about their open source security concerns, trends in vulnerabilities
across packages and container images, and the practices employed by maintainers
and organizations in securing their software. We released the findings in our
State of Open Source Security report for 2020. Here are some of the key
takeaways from the report.


OPEN SOURCE ADOPTION IS INCREASING

Open source ecosystems are experiencing continuous expansion, thanks to market
demands and business realities. The leader was npm, with over 33% year-on-year
growth and 1.8 million packages as of March 2022. The majority of OS
vulnerabilities continue to be discovered in indirect dependencies: 

 * npm: 86%
 * Ruby: 81%
 * Java: 74%


OPEN SOURCE SECURITY CULTURE IS SHIFTING TOWARDS DEVELOPERS

Respondents indicated they see security as a responsibility that is shared
across departments:

 * 85% felt developers were responsible for open source security
 * 55% felt security teams were responsible
 * 35% felt operations had a role to play


VULNERABILITY TRENDS

New vulnerabilities were down by 20% across the board, with cross-site scripting
(XSS) vulnerabilities being the most commonly reported.

Figure 2: vulnerabilities identified in ecosystems since 2014


CONTAINER & ORCHESTRATION CHALLENGES

Official base images tagged as latest often include known vulnerabilities, most
notably the official node image which has almost 700 known vulnerabilities. Over
30% of survey participants do not review Kubernetes manifests for insecure
configurations, and requirements for security-related resource controls in
Kubernetes are not widely implemented.

Figure 3: vulnerabilities in official container images


OPEN SOURCE SECURITY TRENDS IN 2022

Over the past year, we’ve seen a few trends dominating the conversation related
to open source security, including supply chain security, cultural shifts around
responsibility, a drop in the newly discovered vulnerabilities, the reliance on
volunteer open source maintainers, and shifts in expectations around
vulnerability remediation.


SUPPLY CHAIN SECURITY ATTACKS ARE MORE COMMON

Third-party software components live in a centralized repository, which makes up
the software supply chain. This supply chain is an attractive attack vector
since bad actors can attack vulnerable points in the development pipeline
without needing to change software repositories: for instance, by exploiting
design flaws with a dependency/namespace confusion attack, or exploiting
third-party components to compromise user data and access internal systems. 

Each link is a potential attack vector, so it’s important to secure the supply
chain from source code to deployment. Supply chain vulnerabilities are not a new
issue but were at the center of conversation in 2021 and were a recurring theme
in President Biden’s cybersecurity executive order. 


SHIFT IN CULTURE TOWARDS A SHARED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SECURITY

Who should be responsible for security? One of the most exciting trends we’ve
seen is a shift towards shared responsibility among developers, security, and
operations teams.

The shift towards a DevSecOps approach is positive, but 47% of respondents said
they have no specific programs in place to drive shared responsibility, and only
15% of respondents implemented the security champions programs defined as a key
security practice in the OWASP Software Assurance Maturity Model (SAMM). This
shows there is a bridge between awareness of the need for shared responsibility
and implementation in practice.

Based on Puppet’s State of DevOps report, we have also learned that as
organizations mature with their DevOps practices, their security practices also
mature.

> “As DevOps practices improve, DevSecOps naturally follows. High-evolution
> organizations have shifted left, with majorities integrating security into
> requirements (51 percent), design (61 percent), build (53 percent), and
> testing (52 percent). In contrast, for most mid-level organizations, security
> is involved when there’s a scheduled audit of production (48 percent) and when
> there’s an issue reported in production (45 percent).”
> 
>  Puppet State of DevOps Report 2021


FEWER VULNERABILITIES FOUND

A surprising finding from the report is that new vulnerabilities are down 20%
overall. This trend comes at a time when open source ecosystems are experiencing
explosive growth, making it particularly noteworthy. 

There is no clear reason why the growth of open source vulnerabilities has
decreased while the landscape is more than doubling in some ecosystems, but it
suggests that improvements in security awareness, practices, and tools are
showing results. 

We’ll continue to pay attention to this trend, but it’s still too early to
become complacent around security controls and practices.


OPEN SOURCE MAINTAINERS ARE PUSHING BACK AGAINST CORPORATIONS

We can expect to see more tension among open source maintainers who are
dissatisfied with corporations and organizations monetizing products built with
their software without funding the maintainers. 

A 2021 Tidelift survey of 400 open source maintainers found that 46% of
maintainers are not paid at all, and only 26% earn more than $1,000 per year for
maintenance work. Over half (59%) have quit or considered quitting maintaining a
project, and almost half of respondents listed lack of financial compensation as
their top reason for disliking being a maintainer.

This sentiment is resulting in real-world consequences. For instance, in January
2022, the maintainer of the widely used npm package colors introduced offending
code that results in an infinite loop and breaks any usage of the package. 

The broken version of colors has been downloaded over 95,000 times. Colors is
used in multiple other projects including the prompt command line helper
(~500,000 weekly downloads) and AWS’s own aws-cdk (~2 million weekly downloads),
so it’s a major area of concern. 

A similar incident also happened with the popular npm package faker, which is
maintained by the same person, where the maintainer opened an issue stating they
will no longer maintain the projects (which are used at numerous Fortune 500
companies) for free.


VULNERABILITY REMEDIATION TIMELINES ARE STILL NOT MEETING EXPECTATIONS

According to the 2020 Open Source Security survey, 47% of respondents said they
expect a vulnerability to be fixed within a week of discovery, and nearly 18%
expect a fix within a day.

Figure 4: Expectation for open source vulnerability fixes

In actuality, only 35% of vulnerabilities in scanned projects were fixed in
under 20 days, while 36% took 70 days or more, within an average fix time of 68
days.

It’s clear organizations need to manage expectations around their risk posture.
They need to be cognizant of SLAs for open source vulnerability fixes,
especially when an individual contributor is responsible for maintaining the
code.


KEY METRICS FOR YOUR OPEN SOURCE SECURITY STRATEGY

A good way to start is to be careful about tracking open source security metrics
in the libraries you consume. Consider metrics like:

 * The number of days between when a vulnerability is discovered and when it’s
   fixed
 * Average time to merge a pull request when an issue is opened
 * The time required to fix code yourself

Answering these gives better visibility into your response to security issues in
packages you’re leveraging, so you can build a strategy for managing components
and uncovering and addressing vulnerabilities.

Furthermore, be proactive with the open source packages you use. Submit pull
requests to maintainers so they’re aware of issues. Understand how open source
software impacts your business, and build a business case for managing open
source software in a systematic way.


6 CAPABILITIES YOU SHOULD BE LOOKING FOR IN AN OPEN SOURCE SECURITY TOOL

Security tools have a key role to play in open source security strategy. They
create ways to automatically review open source code for known vulnerabilities,
and reference vulnerability databases that can give insight into the potential
impact a vulnerability will have, along with steps to remediate any issues.
These tools can continuously monitor code  production and integrate security and
licensing/governance throughout the software development process.

1. COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF PACKAGES AND VULNERABILITIES AFFECTING THEM

Since visibility of open source components and dependencies is part of the
security challenge, having a way to automatically inventory and evaluate
components gives control over the open source environment. Look for automation
that identifies components across CI/CD pipelines and evaluates them for the
level of threat they pose. Are vulnerable components actually being used by the
application? 

2. LICENSE MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY

Security tools can continuously check third-party and custom code for both
vulnerabilities and license risk as code is written in the development
environment, eliminating the need to scan code repositories.

3. AUTOMATION

Security tools allow you to automatically monitor and detect vulnerabilities. In
the event of a breach, tools can then triage the damage and develop an
appropriate response. You can set policies around fixes, requests, patches, and
dependency upgrades to automate these processes as well.

4. DIRECT INTEGRATIONS INTO DEVELOPER TOOLING, WORKFLOWS, AND AUTOMATION
PIPELINES

Integrating security directly into developer tools and processes helps
streamline the process of securing code. Plugins allow developers to easily
apply fixes directly within their CLI or IDE. GitHub integrations allow you to
test repositories, projects, and pull requests and apply fixes with automated
pull requests.

5. UP-TO-DATE AND ENRICHED DATABASE THAT GOES BEYOND KNOWN CVES

Security tools go beyond public databases of known vulnerabilities to build
proprietary, curated databases. These vulnerabilities include those with CVE
numbers, those on security advisories, those identified by issue trackers, and
those discussed on forums or social media, among others. 

6. CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF PROJECTS

Security tools can continuously monitor applications in production to
automatically prevent exploitation of vulnerabilities. This results in
applications that effectively monitor themselves and are equipped to defend
themselves against attacks or licensing issues that arise.

To learn more about how to choose a security tool to monitor open source
components, read our guide, How to Choose SCA Tools.


6 BENEFITS OF USING SNYK FOR YOUR OSS SECURITY

Snyk Open Source provides a developer-first security tool that embeds
application security into the entire software development pipeline, allowing you
to create and deploy applications built with open source software while securing
code against vulnerabilities and licensing issues.


1. DEVSECOPS COMPATIBLE

Snyk Open Source integrates into the SDLC from the first line of code. We’ve
invested significantly into integrations to make security and license scanning
as seamless as possible. This makes developers directly responsible for the
security of their applications and allows for productive loops with security and
operations teams. 

We’ve also created a DevSecOps Hub, which highlights technology, processes, and
people to help organizations develop a DevOps culture that effectively
integrates security; and our DevSecOps Community which brings developers and
security leaders together through a Support portal, virtual and live events, and
an Ambassador program that supports security champions with a more direct
connection to Snyk.


2. FIX ISSUES WITHIN EMBEDDED DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS

Synk Open Source embeds within developer tools like Atlassian Bitbucket, Visual
Studio Code, Maven Central, GitHub, and JetBrains, allowing developers to access
Snyk and uncover vulnerabilities and licensing issues within their tool of
choice.


3. LOW FALSE POSITIVES

Snyk’s team of security experts manages its database to ensure a low
false-positive rate. They analyze and test each item in the database, assign a
CVSS score and vector to each vulnerability, invest in proprietary research to
uncover new vulnerabilities, and include hand-curated summaries with code
snippets where applicable.


4. DEPENDENCY TREE VIEW

Snyk uses your application’s package manager to build a dependency tree and
displays it in the Snyk UI. This helps to visualize which component is causing
an issue and helps Snyk address it, even if the component is a transitive
dependency. It also makes it possible to automate the process of building a
Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) directly in developer workflows. 


5. AUTOMATED FIXES

Snyk automatically suggests fixes for vulnerabilities from within the CLI, IDE,
and CI/CD pipelines whenever they’re available. When fixes are not available for
a dependency, Snyk can notify you when a fix becomes available or when new
vulnerabilities are discovered for that vulnerability.


6. GOVERNANCE/LICENSING 

Snyk Open Source License Compliance Management allows you to manage licenses
from within developer workflows using automated policy enforcement and granular
management. This allows you to monitor every step, from the first line of code
to the deployed application, to ensure your projects do not violate any
licenses.


SCAN YOUR OPEN SOURCE DEPENDENCIES FOR VULNERABILITIES

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FAQ SECTION


WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE SECURITY?

Open source security refers to the risks developers and security teams are
facing today when running third-party, open source code in their applications,
and the processes, methodologies, and tools they are deploying to mitigate them.
Recent attacks exploiting vulnerabilities in open source code have exacted huge
costs from organizations, highlighting the importance of open source security
and the need to execute and monitor related security strategies.


WHY IS OPEN SOURCE SECURITY IMPORTANT?

Open source is powering the digital transformation we are witnessing today and
is used by companies of all sizes, in all industry verticals. Yet it also comes
with risks. Acknowledging these risks is an important first step, but should be
followed up with investment and maintenance of a well-articulated open source
security plan that includes continuous security testing and monitoring.


WHAT IS THE RISK OF OPEN SOURCE?

Developers are pulling in vast amounts of open source dependencies without any
security control or visibility. These open source components are maintained by
volunteers outside the organization, but maintainers have no obligation to
update or secure components. Furthermore, due to its public nature, bad actors
can learn about and exploit vulnerabilities whenever developers become aware of
them. These are several of the risks of open source software.



GUIDE TO SOFTWARE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS (SCA)

The code driving many—in fact, most—applications today includes open source
components. But open source code can contain critical vulnerabilities, such as
the recently uncovered Log4Shell exploit. Software composition analysis is your
best bet for finding vulnerabilities in open source packages and learning how to
fix them, empowering you to secure your code and the health...

Keep reading


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The 2022 State of Open Source Security Report
In collaboration with the Linux Foundation

Learn about open source security perspectives and how to improve OSS security
and sustainability.
Read full report