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INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT: A COURT OF LAST RESORT



INTRODUCTION

One of Arkady’s classmates has been bullying other students. Arkady tells her
teacher, but she ignores it, as do the principal and the superintendent.
Frustrated with their unwillingness to act, she turns to the Department of
Education, who listens to her and opens an investigation. 

EXPLANATION

Similarly to Arkady’s situation, the International Criminal Court is only used
when countries are unwilling or unable to deal with a critical issue. The
Department of Education isn’t going to start handling all the disciplinary
actions of Arkady’s school. Neither is the International Criminal Court meant to
serve as a substitute for the court and legal systems of individual countries.
Instead, it works to address problems that affect the international community.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

The International Criminal Court, or the ICC, is a permanent court of last
resort that prosecutes serious international crimes, like genocide and crimes
against humanity. The ICC began functioning on July 1, 2002. The Rome Statute, a
treaty negotiated by the United Nations, or the UN, established the court,
though the ICC is separate from the UN. As of November 2019, 123 countries have
ratified the Rome Statute and are member states of the ICC.

THE HISTORY

The idea of an international tribunal that judges international crimes is not
new. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 suggested it, as did a League of Nations
convention in 1937. After World War II, the Allied powers convened two tribunals
to prosecute Axis leaders of war crimes. In 1948, the UN General Assembly
drafted two permanent international court statutes, but the Cold War halted
further efforts.

The International Law Commission, or ILC, a group of legal experts associated
with the UN, began working on a draft for such a court in 1990, at the request
of the General Assembly. The ILC presented its draft in 1994, and after several
committee meetings and significant edits, a conference was held in Rome in June
of 1998 to vote. On July 7, the Rome Statute passed. On July 1, 2002, after
sixty countries had ratified it, the Statute went into effect, allowing the
court to prosecute crimes that occurred on or after this date. 

HOW IT WORKS

The Assembly of State Parties, representatives from states who have ratified the
Rome Statute, governs the court and elects the judges and prosecutors. Four
principal organs make up the ICC: the Presidency, the Judicial Divisions, the
Registry, and the Office of the Prosecutor. The Presidency oversees the court’s
administration and consists of three judges whom the other judges elect for
three-year terms. The Judicial Divisions consist of the eighteen judges who
serve in the court. These judges carry out nine-year terms, and each must be
from a different country. The Registry is responsible for non-judicial matters,
like translation services and detention units. 

The Office of the Prosecutor is in charge of investigations and prosecutions.
Prosecutors may open a case that is referred to them by a state party or the UN
Security Council, or when the Pre-Trial Chamber of the Judicial Divisions
authorizes them to open an investigation due to information from outside
sources, like individuals or organizations. All prosecutors must act
independently, but critics say there are few checks on the prosecutors’ power.

A case must meet three jurisdictional requirements and three admissibility
requirements before the ICC can prosecute an individual. The three
jurisdictional requirements relate to the types of crimes committed, as the
court can only prosecute war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity.
Additionally, these requirements question where, when, and by whom the crime was
committed. The admissibility requirements state that if a national court is
already investigating the issue, the court cannot open a case. They also ensure
that the case is serious enough and that the case is in the victims’ best
interests, taking into account the gravity of the crime, the age and health of
the alleged perpetrator, and their alleged role in the crime.

One of the key features of ICC trials is the victims’ rights, unique in
international criminal justice history. The victims can present their views and
observations, allowing them to participate in the trial. Victims can also
collect reparations, like compensation or rehabilitation, if the defendant is
convicted. However, the enforcement of decisions can be complicated. Because it
has no police force of its own, the ICC often relies on national governments to
arrest and, if the defendant is found guilty, permanently detain them.

APPLYING IT

There are various criticisms of the ICC. The United States, for instance, has
historically been critical of the court, voting against the Rome Statute in 1998
and refusing to ratify the treaty. More recently, on June 11, 2020, in response
to the ICC opening an investigation into war crimes in Afghanistan, including
those committed by Americans, President Donald Trump imposed sanctions on
officials involved in the investigation. He also imposed visa restrictions on
the officials’ families and declared a counter-investigation into the ICC for
corruption. The Secretary of State said that the U.S. had reasons to “doubt the
honesty of the ICC.” In response, the ICC expressed “profound regret” that the
U.S. would attempt to influence ICC officials’ actions. Critics of the
President’s decision argue that an attack on the ICC is an attack on the
victims, who turned to the ICC as a last hope.

Additional criticisms include accusations of Western imperialism, with various
African states arguing that the court targets weaker countries while ignoring
cases from more powerful countries. Until 2016, all nine cases that the court
investigated were in Africa, though ICC supporters point out that most of these
cases were referred to the court by those countries’ leaders. Also, people argue
that the court is ineffective in enforcing decisions, biased in the cases it
takes, and that its proceedings are lengthy and excessive. Still, while the ICC
is imperfect, it has also allowed victims to participate in their cases, handles
crimes that national governments refuse to, and works to gain justice for
victims of crimes like genocide. 





THINK FURTHER

 1. What are some possible reasons for countries not wanting to be a member
    state of the ICC?
 2. Why do you think the U.S. has historically been critical and even hostile
    toward the International Criminal Court? 
 3. What are some ways the ICC could be improved? How can you advocate for these
    improvements?


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INFOGRAPHIC




LEARN MORE

 1. Morris, Madeline, editor. “The United States and the International Criminal
    Court.” Law & Contemporary Problems, vol. 64, no. 1, Winter 2001,
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120207143925/http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/journaltoc?journal=lcp&toc=lcptoc64winter2001.htm.
 2. Ogbodo, S. “An Overview of the Challenges Facing the International Court of
    Justice in the 21st Century.” Annual Survey of International & Comparative
    Law, vol. 18, no. 1, Nov. 2012,
    https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/vol18/iss1/7.
 3. “Strengthen the International Criminal Court.” Chatham House,
    https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/strengthen-international-criminal-court. 
 4. Understanding the International Criminal Court. International Criminal
    Court, p. 44, https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/UICCEng.pdf.
 5. “US Sets Sanctions Against International Criminal Court.” Human Rights
    Watch, 11 June 2020,
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/11/us-sets-sanctions-against-international-criminal-court.


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Appreciate this resource; adding it to my collection for use in AP US
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I thoroughly enjoyed this lesson plan and so do my students. It is always nice
when I don't have to write my own lesson plan

Joy Kelly (TPT Seller)
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This gave students an opportunity to watch a video to identify key factors in
our judicial system, then even followed up with a brief research to demonstrate
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connect to them in a meaningful way

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This is a great product. I have used it over and over again. It is well laid out
and suits the needs of my students. I really appreciate all the time put into
making this product and thank you for sharing.

Past is Present (TPT Seller)
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Appreciate this resource; adding it to my collection for use in AP US
Government.

Joy Kelly
 * 
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I thoroughly enjoyed this lesson plan and so do my students. It is always nice
when I don't have to write my own lesson plan

Joy Kelly (TPT Seller)
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 

This gave students an opportunity to watch a video to identify key factors in
our judicial system, then even followed up with a brief research to demonstrate
how this case, which is seemingly non-impactful on the contemporary student,
connect to them in a meaningful way

Jen Ogunsanya (TPT Seller)
 * 
 * 
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This is a great product. I have used it over and over again. It is well laid out
and suits the needs of my students. I really appreciate all the time put into
making this product and thank you for sharing.

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