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COVID-19 VACCINES HALVE RISK FOR REINFECTION AND SEVERE DISEASE

Carolyn Crist

December 15, 2022

81
79



Editor's note: Find the latest COVID-19 news and guidance in Medscape's
Coronavirus Resource Center.

For people who have recovered from a COVID-19 infection, vaccination reduces the
risk for reinfection by half, compared with natural immunity alone, according to
a new report.

Fully vaccinated patients — those with both doses of a two-shot regimen or a
single dose of a one-shot regimen — had slightly higher protection. They had a
55% lower risk for reinfection, compared with a 42% lower risk among partially
vaccinated people who received one dose of a two-shot series.

Among patients who received three doses, or fully vaccinated people with a
booster dose, the likelihood of reinfection was similar to that of the fully
vaccinated people. People with three doses had a 54% lower risk of reinfection.



By variant, vaccinated people had a 60% lower risk of reinfection during the
Delta wave and a 42% lower risk of reinfection during the Omicron wave.



Among seven studies with 2.3 million people that included information about
disease severity, vaccinated people had a 55% lower likelihood of developing
severe COVID-19 if reinfected.



Although the total number of reinfections during the COVID-19 pandemic may seem
concerning, said Manzoli, cases with severe or fatal symptoms are relatively
infrequent (fewer than 1 in 1000).



"It is worth noting that vaccines have reduced a thankfully already low risk,"
said Manzoli. "These findings can thus be useful for planning specific
immunization strategies for people who have already contracted the coronavirus."



Additional studies are needed to understand the long-term persistence of
protection, particularly with new COVID-19 variants, the study authors write.
For now, the evidence appears to show stronger protection through hybrid
immunity (that is, initial infection plus vaccination) vs natural immunity
alone, they say, which may persist for a year and protect against the Omicron
variant.




MAKING FUTURE PLANS

Commenting on the findings for Medscape, Joseph Hogan, ScD, a professor of
public health and biostatistics at the Brown University School of Public Health
in Providence, Rhode Island, said, "This information is crucial for formulating
guidance about when to receive boosters. I continue to believe that high-quality
data about vaccines will lead to high-quality decisions about their use as a
preventive measure."

Hogan, who wasn't involved with this study, has researched COVID-19 vaccination
and reinfection in the US, particularly among Rhode Island residents. He and his
colleagues found that vaccination after recovering from COVID-19 reduced the
risk of reinfection by 49% among long-term care residents, 47% among long-term
care employees, and 62% in the general population when the Alpha and Delta
strains were predominant.



"Vaccines continue to be one of the most important tools we have for preventing
COVID infection. It's easy for that message to get lost because many of us have
COVID fatigue and frankly are tired of talking about pandemics," he said. "But
COVID infection still carries risk of serious illness and death, and preventing
infection needs to remain high on the list of public health priorities."



Hogan pointed to the high-quality data and methodology used in the analysis, as
well as the consistent findings across the studies worldwide. For future
studies, researchers are interested in looking at the differences by age group
and the latest variants, including the use of genomic surveillance data to
receive rapid estimates of vaccine effectiveness when new variants emerge, he
said.



"One of my major concerns as a public health professional is that our federal
government seems to be backing away from continuing funding and support for
vaccines, testing, and treatment," he said. "If access to vaccines becomes more
difficult, we will be limiting the effectiveness of this and other important
tools at our disposal."



The study was conducted without commercial funding. Manzoli and Hogan report no
relevant financial relationships.



Front Med. Published November 9, 2022. Full text



Carolyn Crist is a health and medical journalist who reports on the latest
studies for Medscape, MDedge, and WebMD.



For more coverage of Italian medical news, visit Univadis Italy.



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